Single-family houses appeared around 1900. These houses are basically copies of high-end houses popular in the west at that time, and are generally located in the advantageous areas of the city. Spacious houses, large green area, and buildings are mostly brick (stone) wood structures with one or two floors; It has a living room, a bedroom, a dining room, a bathroom, a study and a billiards room. It is well-equipped and luxuriously decorated. Its appearance is mostly in the form of palaces in France, Britain, Germany and other countries, and its occupants are mainly foreign officials and capitalists. Around the Revolution of 1911, elites in China also began to imitate it. From the "Haonan Bie Ye" built by Zhang Jian, a modern industrialist in Nantong, we can see the characteristics of this kind of high-rise single-family house owned by China people: the architectural form and technical equipment mostly adopt western practices, while the traditional characteristics of China are retained in terms of plane layout, decoration and landscaping.
After the 1920s, the form of single-family residence gradually changed from luxurious single-family high-grade residence to comfortable garden residence, and the number of buildings increased, forming a piece of garden residential area in Shanghai, Nanjing and other cities.
Multi-family and multi-family houses include hutong houses, residential quarters and high-rise apartments, which are mostly built by real estate developers and then rented or sold separately.
(1) The Lane Residence first appeared in Shanghai in the 1950s and 1960s, and it was a dense living style introduced from Europe. Later, Hankou, Nanjing, Tianjin, Fuzhou, Qingdao and other places have also formed a residential area in Lane near concessions, docks and commercial centers. According to the housing needs of different classes of residents, Shanghai's Lane houses are divided into Shikumen Lane, Xinlong Lane, Garden Lane and Apartment Lane. The alley of the early Shikumen clearly reflects the intersection of Chinese and western architectural methods. The residential layout in Lane is compact, saving land and making full use of space.
② Residential compound is quite common in Qingdao, Shenyang and Harbin. "Courtyard" varies in size, surrounded by two or three-story veranda buildings, mostly brick and wood structures, with public water supply and drainage facilities in the courtyard. A compound with dozens or even dozens of households has high building density and low living standard.
High-rise apartment is the product of dense population and high land price in big cities, reaching the height of more than ten floors. For example, Shanghai Broadway Mansion (now Shanghai Mansion, figure 1) is 2 1 floor high, and Shanghai Bikadi Apartment (now Hengshan Apartment) is 2 15 floor high. Most of these high-rise apartments are located in convenient traffic areas. The standard floor is composed of units in different rooms, adopting advanced structures such as steel frames and reinforced concrete frames, equipped with elevators, heating, gas, hot water and other equipment. Some of them have shops on the ground floor, some have Chinese and western restaurants and other service facilities, and their appearances are mostly simple skyscrapers. Modern Architecture in China By the 1930s, various modern industrial buildings appeared in China, which can be roughly divided into three types:
Wooden frame workshop China handicraft workshop has always used wooden frame structure. In the early days of the rise of modern industry in China, many factories were still using this traditional structure, such as Shanghai Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau founded by 1865 and Tianjin Machinery Bureau founded by 1867, which were called "arsenals". In the later period, the old wooden frame workshop has been eliminated in the newly built large and medium-sized factories.
Brick-wood mixed structure workshop is the most common form of large and medium-sized workshops in the second half of 19 century, supported by brick walls and brick columns and supported by wooden frames. Fuzhou Maritime Bureau, built in 1866, has workshops ranging from several hundred square meters to more than 2,000 square meters, all of which adopt this form. Nantong Sheng Da Cotton Mill, built in 1898, has a main workshop area of18000m2, and also adopts a brick-wood mixed structure. In the 20th century, small and medium-sized factories were still in use.
Steel structure and reinforced concrete structure workshops Steel structure workshops appeared in China in 65438- 1960, and were widely used in industrial buildings such as machine factories and textile mills in the 1920s and 1930s. Qingdao Sifang locomotive repair shop, built in 1904, is an early example of a large steel structure workshop. At the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete structures were first adopted by single-story textile workshops, and then reinforced concrete structures such as frames, portal frames, semi-portal frames and various arches were widely used in various long-span single-story workshops. The most common form of multi-storey factory building is reinforced concrete structure, which mainly includes three forms: frame, flat plate and mixed structure. In the 1920s and 1930s, the main workshops and warehouses of many textile factories, cigarette factories, food factories and pharmaceutical factories developed to multi-storeys, and reinforced concrete frame structures with less than five storeys were more common. In modern times, in the second half of the19th century, various types of public buildings appeared in China, and by the 1930s, their types were quite complete. Mainly includes:
Administration building and auditorium building
The administrative buildings and hall buildings built before the 1920s are mainly the "New Deal" activities of foreign embassies and consulates' offices, the Ministry of Industry, the prefect's office, the Qing government, the "consulting" institutions of warlord regimes and chambers of commerce. This kind of buildings are basically modeled after similar buildings in capitalist countries, and their layout and modeling mostly come from classical and eclectic palaces and mansions that are common in Europe, such as Qingdao Fuya and Jiangsu Provincial Consultation Bureau. Since the end of the 1920s, the Kuomintang government has built a number of office buildings and great halls in Nanjing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, such as the Shanghai Municipal Government Building, the Nanjing Foreign Ministry Building, the Ministry of Communications Building, the Nanjing National Great Hall and the Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, all of which are national buildings with modern functions designed by China architects.
Financial architecture and transportation architecture
Financial and transportation buildings include banks, exchanges, post offices, railway stations, bus stations and shipping stations. As a financial institution, banks control the lifeblood of social economy. In order to show their strong financial strength and win the trust of customers, many banks are competing to pursue towering and magnificent building volume, solid and majestic appearance and magnificent interior, most of which adopt classical and eclectic architectural forms, and a few adopt ethnic forms. The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation was established in 192 1 ~ 1923, with an area of 14 mu and an eight-storey building. It adopts steel structure to imitate masonry structure, showing its grandeur, solemnity and luxury with classical image. Shanghai China Bank (Figure 2), built in 1936, is a tower with a height of 17. It is decorated with the simplified architectural details of China and has a faint national charm, which stands out among the buildings on the Bund in Shanghai. Modern architecture in China
The appearance of railway station buildings is mostly transplanted from foreign architectural forms, such as Harbin Station of Middle East Railway built by 1898, which was a popular art nouveau style in Russia at that time. Jinan Railway Station (Figure 3), built in 19 12, imitates the German style in the late Middle Ages. These two railway stations, as well as the Beijing Railway Station built by 1900 and the Shenyang Main Station built by 1927 (see color map), are roughly equivalent to foreign railway stations at the same time.
Cultural and educational architecture
Modern cultural and educational buildings include museums, libraries, universities, primary and secondary schools, hospitals, sanatoriums, gymnasiums, stadiums, parks and various memorial buildings. Museums, libraries, gymnasiums and memorial buildings set up by the Kuomintang government clearly stipulate that "China's inherent form" should be adopted. Almost all schools and hospitals in the church system adopt "Chinese style". A group of China architects and a few foreign architects have devoted themselves to this national creative activity, and created such successful works as Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing (see color map), as well as modern national buildings with different treatments such as yenching university in Beijing (now Peking University), Beijing Library, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Nanjing Central Museum (Figure 4).
Commercial service industry building
This kind of building is the largest and most widely distributed in modern public buildings in China, and it has the closest relationship with most urban residents. It can be divided into old and new categories.
① Old-style commercial service buildings generally follow the traditional architectural forms and adopt new materials and new structures for local transformation. The main purpose of the transformation is to expand the activity space, accept more customers, strive for more commodity display space, and strengthen the advertising effect of the storefront in facade treatment. General department stores, suit shops, barbershops and photo studios often adopt the methods of expanding entrances and exits, opening glass windows, highlighting signs and imitating foreign-style facades. Large silk villas, bathhouses, pubs, etc. In addition to transforming the fa? ade, a steel ceiling with skylights was added to the courtyard of the quadrangle building, which turned each courtyard into an indoor commercial space and connected in series with the business halls of the surrounding buildings to become a large commercial area running through the upper and lower floors. This kind of building was originally converted from an old house and later adopted by a new store. Beijing Qianxiangyi Silk Satin Village is an example of this kind of building (Figure 5). As for large-scale comprehensive shopping malls, we should break through the independent layout of old shops, build roofs on dense vertical and horizontal streets, set shops under them, turn open-air streets into indoor commercial areas, and form large shopping malls gathered in pieces. Beijing Dongan Market, which covers an area of more than 20,000 square meters and accommodates 600 vendors, is a typical example of this modern large-scale comprehensive shopping mall built with simple technology.
(2) New commercial service buildings include large department stores, large hotels, theaters, clubs, playgrounds, etc. They are the largest, most modernized and most prominent buildings in modern China. Many of these buildings are multi-storey, high-rise or large-space, long-span and high-standard high-rise buildings, such as Shanghai Sassoon Building (now Peace Hotel, 1926 ~ 1928) and Shanghai International Hotel (193 1 ~ 1934). Some of these buildings use the lower floors as shops and business halls, and the upper floors as restaurants, tea rooms, cinemas and dance halls, and open up roof gardens. In fact, they are comprehensive commercial and entertainment buildings. Shanghai Daxin Company (now Shanghai No.1 Department Store, built at 1934, designed by Ji Tai Engineering Department) is a large-scale and high-level model of this kind of building.