The name of "official history" first appeared in the Annals of Sui Shu Classics: "There are writings in the world, all of which are intended to be official history." Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty approved the Twenty-four Histories, and the word "official history" specifically refers to the Twenty-four Histories. According to the provisions of Sikuquanshu, the official history class "anyone who has not been judged by Chen knows that it is not chaotic." To respect, righteousness, and cover the official history, do not hang government decrees, and dare not increase privately ",that is, without the approval of the emperor, it may not be included in the official history.
Twenty-four histories, 3249 volumes, about 40 million words. Its narrative time is more than 4,000 years, from the first historical record to the legendary Yellow Emperor, and then to the last Ming history to the Ming Chongzhen in 17 (A.D. 1644), written in a unified biography. The twenty-four histories are very rich in content, recording the deeds of economy, politics, culture, art, science and technology in past dynasties.
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The development of twenty-four histories
The Twenty-four History published by the Commercial Press in the Three Kingdoms period has always been called the "Three History". "Three History" usually refers to Historical Records, Hanshu and Dongjian Hanji written by Serina Liu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. After the appearance of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, it replaced the History of the Eastern Han Dynasty and was listed as one of the "three histories". Three History and History of the Three Kingdoms are collectively called "the first four histories".
There is also the name of "Ten History" in history, which is a general term for the history books of the Three Kingdoms, Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Northern Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasties. Later, the History of the Thirteen Dynasties appeared. The History of Thirteen Dynasties includes Historical Records, Hanshu, Houhanshu and Ten History.
In the Song Dynasty, on the basis of the thirteen histories, the history of the South, the history of the North, the book of the New Tang Dynasty and the history of the New Five Dynasties were added, forming the seventeenth history.
In the Ming Dynasty, History of Song Dynasty, History of Liao Dynasty, History of Jin Dynasty and History of Yuan Dynasty were added, which were collectively called "Twenty-one History".
In the early years of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, the History of Ming Dynasty was published, and together with the previous history, it was named Twenty-two History. Later, the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty was added as Twenty-three History. Later, the History of the Old Five Dynasties compiled from Yongle Dadian was also included in the official history, which was decided by Emperor Qianlong and collectively called the Twenty-four History of King James. The Twenty-four History of King James, which was carved in Wuying Hall from four to forty-nine years in Qianlong, is the most complete large-scale collection of China's ancient official history.
1920, ke shaowen wrote the new yuan history. In the tenth year of the Republic of China (192 1), President Xu Shichang took the New Yuan History as the "official history", and together with the Twenty-four History, it was called the "Twenty-five History". However, some people do not include the history of the New Yuan Dynasty, but list the draft history of the Qing Dynasty as one of the twenty-five histories. In other words, if both books are included in the official history, the "twenty-six histories" will be formed. [ 1]
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Major version
Mao Zedong's Evaluation on the Engraving of Twenty-four Histories by Nanjing imperial academy.
Ming Wanli Engraving the Twenty-first History (Northern Edition) in imperial academy.
Seventeen histories engraved in Qijia Pavilion, Shi Mao, Chongzhen, Ming Dynasty
The Twenty-four History of Qingyan Long Wuying Hall was engraved in Qingyan Long Wuying Hall.
During the Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty, the official bookstores of five provinces jointly engraved Twenty-four History.
The Commercial Press of the Republic of China printed Zhang Yuanji's series "Piece Together Twenty-four History".
School-based History of Twenty-four Editions printed by Zhonghua Book Company
Twenty-four History of Mao Zedong's Comments
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Correlation evaluation
Evaluation of Liang Qichao in the Twenty-fourth History
Liang Qichao took the historical revolution in China as an example and said, "Twenty-four histories are not history, but genealogy of twenty-four surnames."
School-based evaluation of twenty-four histories
Click on the twenty-four history of school-based, choose the best books, proofread carefully, proofread accurately, and design clearly and easily.
Dianben School has mobilized many accomplished experts, scholars and ancient books collating workers all over the country. It lasted more than 20 years and was published in 1978, which is the best version of the twenty-four histories so far.
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The content of the twenty-four histories
Schich
Sima Qian of Han Dynasty, Volume 130.
At first, there was no fixed title for historical records, or "Taishi Office" or "Taishi Gong", etc., and it was also called "Taishi Gong" in the province. Historical Records was originally the general name of ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of Taishi Gongshu.
Author Sima Qian, word length, Zuo Fengyi from Xiayang. Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, he died in the third year of Emperor Zheng of Han Dynasty.
Sima Tan, the father of Sima Qian, made an official order in the central government of Han Dynasty, in charge of imperial books, collecting historical materials and studying astronomical calendars. Sima Tan intended to write a general history, but his wish didn't come true and he died. When he died, he told Sima Qian to finish his unfinished business.
Sima Qian worked hard as a child. At the age of ten, he began to learn the ancient prose at that time. Later, he followed Dong Zhongshu and Kong Anguo to study the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram and the History of Ancient Literature. Emperor yuan Shuo of the Han dynasty was three years old, and Sima Qian was twenty years old. With the desire for knowledge, he traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, inspected historical sites and collected legends from all over the country. Sima Qian broadened his horizons and increased his knowledge by on-the-spot investigation of places of interest and historical facts before and after the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, which made a good preparation for the later compilation of Historical Records. After Sima Tan's death, Sima Qian inherited his father's footsteps, formulated imperial edicts, and was able to see a large number of books, documents and national archives, which was an indispensable condition for Sima Qian to compile historical books.
In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian began to write historical records. In the second year of Tianhan, Li Ling led the troops to attack the Huns with Li Guangli, and they were defeated and surrendered. Emperor Wu asked Sima Qian what he thought of Li Ling, so Sima Qian said that Li Ling surrendered because he was outnumbered and had no reinforcements, and the responsibility was not entirely on Li Ling. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that Sima Qian intended to excuse Li Ling's asylum, so he publicly accused Li Guangli, the brother of Li Furen, the favorite of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. As a result, Sima Qian was thrown into prison and sentenced to corruption. Three years later, he was pardoned and released from prison, and worked harder to write history books. In about two years, the compilation was basically completed. Many years after Sima Qian's death, his grandson Yang Yun made this immortal masterpiece of more than 520,000 words public.
Historical Records is a general history that runs through ancient and modern times. It describes the history of China for about 3,000 years from the legendary Huangdi to the first year of Emperor Wudi's yuanshou. According to the preface to biographies of Historical Records: biographies 12, tables 10, 8 books, 30 aristocratic families, 70 biographies, * * 130. Ban Gu mentioned in the Biography of Sima Qian in Hanshu that there are ten missing pieces in Historical Records. Wei pointed out that these ten articles are Biographies of Emperor Jing, Biographies of Emperor Wu, Book of Rites, Le Shu, Law and Discipline, Biographies of Generals since Han Dynasty, Biographies of Japanese People, Biographies of Three Kings, Biographies of Tortoise and Fujin. Most descendants disagree with Zhang Yan's statement, but the incompleteness of Historical Records is beyond doubt. Today's Historical Records is also 130, and several chapters are obviously not written by Sima Qian. Chu Sun Shao, a doctor in the Han Dynasty, wrote Historical Records when he was Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the "Mr. Chu's Theory" in Historical Records was his supplement. Historical Records has a wide range of materials. At that time, the national documents and archives such as Shiben, Guoyu, National Policy, Ji Qin, Chunqiu of Chu and Han Dynasties, and A Hundred Schools of Thought contend, as well as the materials obtained from field investigation, were all important sources for Sima Qian to write Historical Records. What is particularly valuable is that Sima Qian carefully analyzed and screened the collected materials and eliminated some nonsense. For some problems that cannot be clarified, we either take a skeptical attitude or record various opinions. Due to its extensive materials and serious attitude in compiling history, Historical Records is informative and rich in content.
Hanshu
Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, 100.
After Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, Ban Gu wrote Hanshu. Ban Gu, Meng Jian, was born in the eighth year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty. My father Ban Biao is a historian. He wrote 65 biographies to supplement the historical records. Hanshu was completed on the basis of Houzhuan. In the first year of Yongyuan, Ban Gu followed the general Dou Xian to crusade against Xiongnu and participated in the proceedings. Later, because of some things in prison, Yongyuan died in prison for four years. At that time, there were still eight tables in Hanshu and Tianzhi. Emperor Gaozu called Ban Zhao, the sister of Ban Gu, as a supplement, and Ma Xu assisted Ban Zhao in writing Tianzhi. Ban Zhao is a unique female writer in Twenty-four History.
Hanshu includes twelve biographies, eight tables, ten records, seventy biographies and one hundred * * *. Later generations are divided into 120 volumes. Its chronicle began in the first year of Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, and ended in the fourth year of Emperor Wang Mang.
Compared with historical records, the style of Hanshu has changed. Shiji is a general history, and Hanshu is a dynastic history. "Hanshu" is called "Historical Records", which is a biography of the province, a biography of the province, a book record, and a family of Han Dynasty. These changes were inherited by some later history books.
The time recorded in Hanshu overlaps with Shiji, and the history of the Western Han Dynasty before the middle period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty is recorded in both books. In this part, Hanshu often displaces Historical Records. However, due to the different ideological realm of the author and the different criteria for selecting materials, there are also additions, deletions and changes when transcribing.
Records of criminal law, five elements, geography and art have been added to Hanshu. For the first time, the annals of criminal law systematically recorded the evolution of the legal system and some specific laws and regulations. Geographical records record the administrative divisions, historical evolution and number of households of counties and countries at that time, and the records on local products, economic development and customs are even more striking. Yiwenzhi verified the origin of various academic schools and recorded the books handed down in the world. It is the earliest existing book catalogue in China. Shihuozhi evolved from PingZhun Shu, but its content is richer. It has two volumes. The first volume talks about "grain", that is, the agricultural economy; The second volume of Commodities, namely, Commercial and Monetary Conditions, was an economic monograph at that time.
Among the eight tables in Hanshu, there is a table of ancient and modern characters, from Tai Hao to Guangwu. It is "ancient" rather than "present", so it has aroused the contempt of future generations. Later generations admired the officials of Hanshu. The table first describes the establishment of posts, the authority and salary of each official in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and then records the rise and fall of officials and ministers in the Han Dynasty with a brief table divided into 34 levels, such as 14, and shows the bureaucratic system and changes at that time in detail.
In terms of ideological content, Hanshu is not as good as Shiji. Ban Gu once criticized Sima Qian's "theory of right and wrong is quite absurd for saints". This reflects their ideological differences. The so-called "sage" is Confucius. What is worthy of recognition is that Sima Qian did not take Confucius' thought as the criterion for judging right and wrong. But Ban Gu's knowledge is not as good as Sima Qian's. This change from Sima Qian to Ban Gu reflects that Confucianism, as the feudal orthodoxy of the Eastern Han Dynasty, has gained a firm foothold in the historical field.
book of later han
Ye Fan in Southern Song Dynasty, Volume 120.
Ninety volumes of Hanshu were written by Ye Fan in the Southern Song Dynasty. Fan Yezi is a great man and Yang Shunren. Born into a clan family. His grandfather, Fan Ning, was a satrap of Jin Dynasty and wrote Gu Liang Ji Jie. The Biography of Gu Liang, Notes to Thirteen Classics, was written on the basis of Gu Liang Ji Jie. His father, Fan Taiguan, worships Dr. Jin Zi Guanglu and is a constant attendant. He is the right-hand man of Emperor Wu of Song Wudi. He read widely and devoted himself to writing, and wrote 24 good ancient and modern words. Therefore, Ye Fan has a deep family background and has always considered himself a noble family. He is aloof and informal by nature, and he doesn't want to live behind others, whether in his official career or in his writings. Become famous and then die.
In the ninth year of Yuanjia, Ye Fan offended Stuart Liu Yikang when he was mourning for Taifei in Pengcheng, and was demoted as the satrap of Xuancheng. Ye Fan was very depressed, so he relied on the revision of history to pin his ambition and began to write the Book of Were Han. In the twenty-second year of Yuanjia, he completed biographies and biographies, and at the same time, he and * * * completed five chronicles, such as Li Lezhi, Yu Fu Zhi, Wuxing Zhi, Tian Wenzhi and Zhou Junzhi. It was reported that he participated in the plot of usurping the throne by Liu Yikang, so he died in prison. For fear of being implicated, Xie Yan destroyed the manuscript in her hand, so only the biographical part of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty was handed down.
Before Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, there were more than ten important works about the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ye Fan took the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty as the basic historical data, and Hua Tuo's book as the main blueprint, absorbed the strengths of his books, deleted the complexity, sorted out the stories, surpassed others, and came from behind. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty replaced the Book of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it was called the "Three History" together with Shiji and Hanshu, which prevailed in the world. However, except Justin's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, all the books of the Later Han Dynasty have been lost. So Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty has become the most basic basis for us to study the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The account of Ye Fan in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty began when Liu Xiu rose up and overthrew Wang Mang, and finally Emperor Xian of Han meditated on Cao Pi, which recorded the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty 195 in detail.
History of Three Kingdoms
"Western Jin Dynasty" by Chen Shou, 65 volumes.
There are 65 volumes of The Three Kingdoms, including 30 volumes of Shu Wei, 0/5 volumes of Shu Shu/Kloc and 20 volumes of Wu Shu, which mainly record the history of Wei, Shu and Wu dynasties. Author Chen Shou, born in Han An, Brazil (now Nanchong, Sichuan), was born in the 11th year of Jianxing, Liu Chan after the Han Dynasty (233) and died in the 7th year of Yuankang, Jinhui Emperor (297). He works as an official in Han Shu. At the age of 30, the Han Shu regime perished. After entering Jin, he was an official. Before Chen Shou wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms, there were some historical books about Wei and Wu, such as Shu Wei, Wei Lue by Yu Huan and Wu Shu. Shu Wei and Wu Shu in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are mainly written according to these historical books. The regime of Shu did not set up historians, and there was no special person responsible for collecting materials and compiling the history of Shu. Shu Shu's materials were collected and edited by Chen Shou. Chen Shou's writing time is close to the Three Kingdoms, and there are not many achievements for others to learn from. In addition, as a private writer, he has no access to a large number of documents and archives. When we read the History of the Three Kingdoms, we will find that Chen Shou has the difficulty of lacking historical materials and the content is not sufficient. Chen Shou didn't keep a diary. If you want to understand the system of laws and regulations in the Three Kingdoms period, you have to turn to the Book of Jin. The History of the Three Kingdoms was well received at that time because of its good narrative, concise writing and proper tailoring. Xiahou Zhan, who was writing Shu Wei with Chen Shou at the same time, saw the History of the Three Kingdoms, and thought it unnecessary to write a new history, so he ruined his work. Later generations are more respected. They think that in the history books that record the history of the Three Kingdoms, Chen Shou can be compared with Historical Records and Hanshu, but the content is too little. Therefore, the chronicles of the Three Kingdoms of other schools have been lost in obscurity one after another, and only the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms has survived to this day.
Jin Shu
Tang Fang Lingxuan, Volume 130.
The Book of Jin consists of 130 volumes, including 10 Historical Records, 20 Chronicles, 70 Biographies and 30 Records. It records the two-year history of the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty from Sima Yi to Emperor Xi of the Jin Dynasty, and describes the rise and fall of the sixteen kingdoms in the form of a factual record.
Emperor Taizong was an accomplished monarch, and he attached great importance to the compilation and revision of history books. Before Emperor Taizong, none of the historical materials about the Jin Dynasty were satisfactory. When Emperor Taizong revised Jin Shuzhao, he criticized all the historical works one by one. Writing a systematic, complete and interesting history of Jin Dynasty is a great wish of Emperor Taizong. In the twenty years of Zhenguan, Fang, Chu Suiliang and Xu Wei were ordered to organize the compilation of the Book of Jin.
It took only two or three years for everyone to write the book of Jin. There are two main reasons for the short writing time. First, the Book of Jin is backed by the government, and its manpower, material resources, financial resources and books and archives are guaranteed, which is incomparable to private history compilation. Second, there are many works on the history of Jin for reference. Because there is a blueprint as the basis, writing a book is naturally easier.
The Book of Jin pays little attention to the choice of historical materials, preferring to use anecdotes in novel notes, and some absurd remarks in Search and You are also included, which is not conducive to its historical value. In addition, there are inconsistencies and omissions in the book. Most of the authors of the Book of Jin are good at poetry and prose, and in the process of writing history, they often unilaterally pursue gorgeous rhetoric. Therefore, later generations criticized it as "striving for beauty and not seeking truth." This is also one of the shortcomings of the Book of Jin.
Song Shu
Nanyue, 100.
The Book of Song Dynasty is a biographical historical book, which records the historical facts of Liu Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties from Liu Yu's founding of the country to Liu Zhun for 60 years. The author is Shen Yue. The book has 100 volumes, 10 volumes, 30 volumes and 60 volumes. According to He Chengtian, Xu Ai, etc. The author continued to write a book based on the old version of The History of Song Dynasty.
Part of the biography was written in the sixth year of Qi Yongming in the Southern Dynasties, and Zhi Zhu was considered as something after the first year of Longchang. The book is famous for its rich materials in Shilin, which is the basic historical material for studying the history of Liu and Song Dynasties.
Local chronicles are huge and detailed, accounting for half of the book. There is a preface to Shi Lu before Shi Lu, which records the compilation of the previous generation of Shi Lu in detail and traces the origin of the system recorded in each Shi Lu, which is helpful to make up for the shortcomings of the previous generation of historical records. County Records records the geographical evolution since the Three Kingdoms and the situation of overseas Chinese counties since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which is helpful for historical research. The Annals of Fa Li includes all the characters of Jingchu, Yuanjia and Daming, and it is a precious material of calendar study.
Yuezhi recorded the situation of Yuefu in Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties. The Yuefu poems are classified and recorded, and a large number of Yuefu poems and Yuewu poems have been preserved since the Han and Wei Dynasties. Most of the "ancient poems" are left over from the Han Dynasty and are important documents for studying Yuefu and poetry history. The biography is detailed, listing more than 230 people. A large number of imperial edicts, scripts, letters and articles included in biographies are long in length, but they have a lot of historical value.
Shen Yue, the author of The Book of Song Dynasty, was a famous historian, litterateur and temperament scholar in the Southern Dynasties. He was born in Wu Kang, Xing Wu. Father Shen Pu, Liu Song was the satrap of Huainan, and Yuanjia was killed in the chaos of the royal family's struggle for power and position at the end of the year. Shen Yue was thirteen years old. As a teenager, Shen Yue encountered family difficulties, wandered around and lived in poverty. He is determined to study and study tirelessly day and night, so he reads widely and is good at poetry. Tian Jian died twelve years ago at the age of seventy-three. He was called "Yin" and later "Yin Hou".
Qi Shu
Nan Liang Xiao Zi Xian, 59 volumes.
The Book of the Southern Qi Dynasty records the 23-year history of the Southern Dynasty from the first year of the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty by Emperor Gao of Qi to the second year of Qi Zhongxing. It is the earliest chronology of the Southern Qi Dynasty in China. Originally named Nan in Song Dynasty, it was written by Xiao Zixian, which is different from Li Bai's medicine North.
Xiao Zixian, the word Jingyang, was a historian and writer in the Southern Dynasties. Xiao Zixian was born in the royal family, knowledgeable and good at writing. He has always been a noble figure in the Liang Dynasty. He was familiar with or personally experienced many historical events and royal situations in Nanqi. Coupled with the Liang Dynasty and the Southern Qi Dynasty, there was no major war, and many books and documents were preserved, which provided favorable conditions for Xiao Zixian to write history books.
There are fifty-nine volumes in the Book of Southern Qi, including eight volumes of Emperor Ji, eleven volumes of Chronicle and forty volumes of Biography. The missing volume is the preface.
Liang Shu
By Don Yao Silian, 56 volumes.
Liang Shu records the 56-year history from the establishment of Xiao Yan, Liang Wudi to the demise of Liang Jingdi's little local chronicles. The author is Yao Cha and his son Yao Silian.
Yao Cha, a native of Wukang, Xing Wu, was a historian of the Southern Dynasties. After Liang, Chen and Sui, Chen Ren was the secretary supervisor, the director of major projects, the official department minister, and Sui served as secretary Cheng. After entering the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi was ordered to compile History of Liang Chen for nine years and died unfinished. On his deathbed, he ordered his son Yao Silian to continue compiling history.
Yao Silian, in short, Yao Silian made full use of his father's historical works in his work of compiling history. It took seven years to complete the writing of Liang Shu and Chen Shu from three years to ten years of Zhenguan.
Although Yao Cha and Yao Silian are historians, they both have profound literacy in writing. In terms of historical writing, the writing style is simple and simple, and they do not pursue the floweriness and superficiality of rhetoric. They inherited the style and brushwork of Sima Qian and Ban Gu, which is valuable in the history of the Southern Dynasties.
Chen Shu
By Don Yao Silian, 36 volumes.
Chen Shu is a biographical history book of Chen in the Southern Dynasties, written by Yao Cha and Yao Silian and his son, which describes the historical events in the thirty-three years from his accession to the throne to Chen's pacification by Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. Yao Cha, whose real name is Boshen, Wukang, Yao Silian, whose real name is Jane, moved to Guanzhong after Chen's death and became a native of Wan 'an. Their deeds have been introduced in the preface of Liang Shu for reference.
Chen Shu Diji has six volumes, biographies of thirty volumes and * * thirty-six volumes.
The feudal regime of Chen Dynasty only existed for thirty-three years, and made no special achievements in politics, economy and culture, which may be related to this. Chen Shu is not as full as Liang Shu, and its biography and biography are too short.
Shu Wei
Beiqi Wei Shou, Volume 130.
Shu Wei, a total of 124 volumes, including biography 12 volumes, 92 biographies and 20 recorded volumes. Because some biographies and records are too long, they are divided into upper, lower or upper, middle and lower volumes, totaling 130 volumes. By Wei Shou of the Northern Qi Dynasty.
Xianbei nationality is an ancient nationality at the eastern foot of Daxing 'anling Mountains in northeast China. At the end of 1 century, with the disintegration of the Xiongnu empire, Xianbei people gradually moved westward and became a powerful nation in the desert. At the beginning of the 3rd century AD, Louis, the leader of Xianbei Tuoba Department, established Daiguo in Saibei. In 376 AD, Daiguo regime was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty established by Di people. In 386 AD, Tuoba Xianbei's ministries regained Tuoba GUI as king and rebuilt the political power. Tuoba GUI dissolved the original tribal organization of Tuoba Xianbei, settled in farming and moved the capital to Pingcheng. In 398 AD, it was renamed Wei, which was called Northern Wei in history. Due to the absorption of advanced Han culture, the Northern Wei Dynasty became stronger and stronger, and finally unified the northern part of China in 439 AD, ending the turbulent situation in the Sixteen Kingdoms period. In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong moved his capital to Luoyang and changed his surname to Yuanshi County, and carried out a series of sinicization reform measures. In Yuanke, Xuan Wudi, the Northern Wei reached its peak, attacked Hanzhong in the west, and got a glimpse of Bashu. In the east, Luoyang consolidated its defense and competed with the Liang Dynasty for Huainan, but it soon collapsed due to political corruption and people's resistance, and split into two confrontational regimes, the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei. The Book of Wei records the history from the early stage of Xianbei Tuoba Department to the replacement of the Eastern Wei Dynasty by the Northern Qi Dynasty in 550 AD.
Tuo Domineering ordered Deng Yuan to write ten volumes of Dai Ji, and compiled the historical events of this dynasty by year. In the second year of Tuoba Tao's becoming a god Jia, Taizu wrote the "Credentials", which was written into thirty volumes as a chronological style.
Shu Wei lost a lot in the process of circulation. This chronicle is short of two volumes, the biography is short of twenty-two volumes, and three volumes are incomplete. Later generations use other historical books to supplement it.
Wei Shou, a native of Quyang, Julu, Northern Qi Dynasty, was born with the word Bo and the small word Buddha. He is alert and literate, and he is called "three gifted scholars" with Wen Zisheng and Xing Zicai, but he is frivolous by nature and is called "the butterfly that surprises". When he was ordered to write Shu Wei, he once claimed: "Which boy dares to defend it, and if he lifts it, it will be the sky, and if he presses it, it will be the ground." After the book was completed, the people clamored for "indecent history", and Wei Shousan changed its draft before it became the final version.
Beiqishu
Tang Li Bai Yao, 50 volumes.
At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, a massive rebellion took place in six northern towns. Later, Gao Huan, a junior military attache from Huai Shuo Town, gained the leadership of more than 200,000 Xianbei people and took control of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 534 AD, the filial piety emperor established by Gao Huan was forced to move westward to Chang 'an, so Gao Huan established another filial piety emperor Yuan and moved its capital to Yecheng, known as the Eastern Wei Dynasty in history. In 550 AD, Gao Huan's son Gao Yang abandoned filial piety and established Beiqi. The Eastern Wei Dynasty ruled the Yangtze River in the north and Qi Dynasty in the south, and confronted Liang Chen successively. Today, Shanxi, Henan and Hubei border on the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 577 AD, Northern Qi was annexed by Northern Zhou Dynasty.
The book of Northern Qi was originally named Shu Qi, and the word "North" was added in the Song Dynasty. Although it mainly recorded the history of the Northern Qi Dynasty, it actually recorded the history of about 80 years from Gao Huan's starting to the demise of the Northern Qi Dynasty, reflecting the rise and fall of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty.
Li Baiyao (565-648 AD) was born in Anping, Dingzhou (now Anping, Hebei) and was born in an official family. Li Baiyao was eager to learn and read books on classics and history since he was a child. In the early years of Sui Dynasty, he served as a concubine of the prince and attacked his father, Prince Anping. Zhenguan died twenty-two years ago at the age of eighty-four.
In the Northern Qi regime, uncles and brothers in the royal family killed each other, turning the short-lived dynasty of 20 years into six emperors. The Book of Northern Qi describes the power struggle between feudal rulers more. The Book of the Northern Qi Dynasty was seriously damaged during its circulation. At present, only 17 volume keeps its original appearance, and others have been supplemented by later generations with works such as History of Northern Qi, which greatly reduces the value of the Book of Northern Qi.
Zhou Shu
Tang Linghu Defen et al., 50 volumes.
Zhou Shu, 53 volumes, including 8 biographies and 42 biographies. Tang Gulingde was the editor-in-chief, and Cen Wenben and Cui participated in the compilation.
At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, political turmoil and chaos broke out everywhere. Yu Wentai, who was born in Wuchuan Town, six northern towns in the Northern Wei Dynasty, led a group of Xianbei troops, mainly Wuchuan Town, and joined hands with Han Haozu armed forces in Guanlong area to establish the Western Wei regime. The third son, Yu Wenjue, was born in Wei Jianzhou in 557 AD, and was known as the Northern Zhou Dynasty in history. The Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, two successive regimes, ruled most of Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Sichuan today, as well as southern Shanxi, western Hubei and western Henan. With the Eastern Wei Dynasty, Northern Qi Dynasty and Liang and Chen Cheng in the south of the Yangtze River. In 577 AD, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty and unified northern China. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty replaced the Zhou Dynasty and established the Sui Dynasty.
Although the title of Zhou Shu is Zhou, it actually records the history of the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties from the division of the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties in 534 AD to the Sui Wendi Zhou Dynasty in 48 years.
Due to the lack of information, and most of the characters recorded in Zhou Shu are the ancestors of the dignitaries in this dynasty, it seems thin and not true. But it basically reflects the establishment of Yuwen regime, the war between the three feudal regimes after the establishment, and the internal struggle of the upper group of Yuwen regime. It is the most basic and primitive history book to study and understand the history of the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Sui Shu
Tang Weizheng Waiting, Volume 85.
There are eighty-five volumes of Sui Shu, including five volumes of Emperor Ji, fifty volumes of Biography and thirty volumes of Chronicle. This book was compiled by many people, and it was divided into two stages, from the initial creation to the complete completion of * *, which lasted for 35 years. In the fourth year of Wude in Tang Dynasty (AD 62 1), Ling put forward the revision proposal of History of Liang, Chen, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasty. The following year, the Tang court ordered Mitchell to compile it, but a few years later, it was still not written. In the third year of Zhenguan (AD 629), the History of the Five Dynasties was rebuilt, and Wei Zhi "knew about it" and edited Sui Shu. The author of Sui Shu is well-read and has a high level of revision of history.
Sui Shu is the earliest extant monograph on the history of Sui Dynasty, and it is also one of the historical records with higher revision level in Twenty-five History.
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