First, the origin of ancient books
The word "collection of books" first appeared in Everything is done by Yu Lao. The collection of books may be * * * in the world history, but the ancient collection of books in China should be the earliest in the world, which can be traced back to the Xia Dynasty. In the General History of Library Collection in China, there are many documents before Xia Dynasty and Three Emperors and Five Emperors. There are various carriers of documents in the Xia Dynasty, and the Xia royal family formed the concept of preserving documents. The ancestral temple is a "special place" for the collection of books of the Xia royal family, and it is clearly stated that the official collection of books in China appeared as early as the Xia Dynasty, which should be the beginning of the collection of books in China.
In Shang dynasty, there began to be official historians, called "books" or "histories", who were the drafters and savers of royal documents. In the Zhou Dynasty, the historians of the Zhou royal family and various vassal States called it "history" or "Taishi", which not only recorded the political events of various countries at that time, but also kept government documents. Historical Records records Lao Zi as "the history of Zhou Shoucang", which is the place where the Zhou royal family purposefully collects books and files. The origin of ancient books in China is roughly the same.
Second, the reason why ancient books are valued.
So, why did ancient times attach so much importance to book collection? Investigate its root causes, mainly for the following two reasons:
First, the rulers of past dynasties attached importance to "articles", which is the fundamental reason why China's ancient books have a long history. Literature and books are the most direct and effective ways to understand ancient times. In order to learn from the past and learn from the present, Zhou, and princes often ask the historians in charge of book collection. Few ancient emperors talked directly about reading and collecting books. Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei, said: "It is a great event for the gods to govern the country." From one side, it fully expressed the views of rulers of past dynasties on book collection. The collection of books is actually related to the great cause of rule and the rise and fall of events. How can you not pay attention to it?
Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin said: "The Prime Minister needs a scholar", and his successor Song Taizong ordered the compilation of a large-scale classified encyclopedia "Taiping General Category". After the book was finished, he stipulated that he should read at least two or three volumes every day and finish them all within one year, so he changed the title to Taiping Yu Lan. Yong Zhengdi in Qing Dynasty said, "Reading to nourish the mind", realizing that reading can change one's temperament. It can be seen that reading has so many benefits, how can we not pay attention to book collection?
In fact, more dynasties used practical actions to illustrate the importance of book collection. After the Zhou Dynasty had a "storage room" for books and officials in charge of books, the Qin Dynasty had a special library called a "room". Even in the Western Han Dynasty, "Emperor Wu set Taishi Gong and ordered the world to write books. First, he went to Taishi Gong, the deputy prime minister, and opened the way to offer books and set up an official to write. There are books of a surname, a surname and a doctor outside, and there are houses in Yan Ge, Guangnei and the Secret Room. "
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were national libraries such as Secretariat Library, Chinese and Foreign Library and Lantai Library, and it was not until Sui, Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties that there was a special national library. According to some data, from the first large-scale royal certificate in the history of China-Liu Che's Road to Book Donation to Qing Qianlong's large-scale collection of books in the whole country for compiling Sikuquanshu, about 57 emperors directly questioned and participated in the collection of books, from personnel selection, letter sending, funding sources, preferential policies, organization setting, to cataloguing and defining circulation scope. It is precisely because of the attention of the rulers of past dynasties that China's ancient books can emerge in an endless stream and be magnificent.
Second, the practical view of bibliophiles in past dynasties. Sima Qian once talked about his sincerity in writing historical records when he endured great humiliation: "The courtiers sincerely chose this private mountain, passed it on to people, passed it on to the city, and then paid for the previous humiliation. Although slaughtered, there is no regret. " The famous mountains in Tibet tell about their people, which is the best summary of the collection views of many ancient bibliophiles.
The book collection thought is the essence of China's book collection thought, which is to learn and apply from the world. Han Fei was not only the first person who put forward the word "collection of books" in ancient China, but also the first person who explicitly advocated the use of collection of books. In his article "Three Difficulties", he said that "the law maker and the book editor are determined by the officials and divided among the people." Cloth for the people, that is to say, books cannot be shelved, but should be used by the people. This idea was carried forward by later bibliophiles.
The practical application of ancient books has not only theory, but also practice. For example, Ping Fan, a bibliophile in the Jin Dynasty, has more than 7,000 books, and there are often more than 100 readers from far and near. Cui Wei, the ancestor of Southern Qi Dynasty, has thousands of books. Neighborhood teenagers come to borrow books from his house, and he "takes them himself and never quits his job". It is not only consistent with the rulers' collection of books, but also beneficial to society to open the collection to the outside world and let the collected books play their social function of cultivating talents.
Third, the collection system of ancient academies.
Carving books from the collection of books makes the collection really spread from hiding to spreading, which has to be said to carry forward the spirit of collecting books and play a greater role in the collection of books. China's ancient books can last for a long time, mainly because the rulers attached importance to "articles" and books. Therefore, the collection of books also started from the "official family", and with the historical process, from official collection to private collection, and then developed into temple collection and academy collection, which is a four-in-one and four-in-one, thus forming a grand view of ancient China collection.
Mao Zedong is a teacher among the successive leaders of the Chinese Production Party. We can also read the "lesson plan" he used in class. As a person with a unique experience in learning and becoming a talent, he also has a unique view on the traditional education in China. Generally speaking, there are many criticisms and denials. However, he has his own views on the college.
Mao Zedong put forward the form of college as his own new model of learning organization. Here, the relationship between teachers and students, free research and short and concise course discussion week are all highly respected by Mao Zedong. Throughout Mao Zedong's series of expositions on education, traces of this thought can be seen everywhere. "Academies and schools have their own advantages and disadvantages. Self-study universities should learn from their strengths and get rid of their shortcomings", which is a special organization in the form of ancient academies and integrated into the contents of modern schools, suitable for human nature and easy to study.
Fan Kezheng mentioned in the book History of Academy: "Academy is a special educational institution in the history of China. Its unique teaching and organizational management system sprouted in the Tang Dynasty, formed in the Song Dynasty and abolished in the late Qing Dynasty, with a history of more than 100 years. "
From the perspective of educational history, a deeper reason for the emergence and development of academies is that, since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with the establishment and development of the imperial examination system, official studies have gradually become subordinate to the imperial examination, and some serious scholars will inevitably look for places to study outside official studies. Academies with the nature of schools have just adapted to this objective need. The development of academy and the formation of the whole system are linked with the rise and development of Neo-Confucianism.
Because the role of Neo-Confucianism in maintaining and strengthening feudal rule was not recognized by feudal rulers in the initial period, Neo-Confucianism had to regard the academy as an important base for studying and spreading Neo-Confucianism, which would inevitably promote the development of the academy and the maturity of its system.
On the other hand, the academy has also played an important role in promoting the development of Chinese civilization, which is embodied in the following aspects: the academy has promoted the development of China's academic history, China's literary history and China's book career history, which is of great significance to the development of China's educational history. For example, the famous academies in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were generally the educational centers of various places at that time, which played a decisive role in promoting the development of cultural and educational undertakings in their respective regions.
At the same time, in the long-term development process, the academy has accumulated a lot of experience in teaching, organization and management, and formed many characteristics that are completely different from those of official schools, such as the combination of teaching and academic research, different schools can give lectures in the same academy, attach importance to the cultivation of students' self-learning ability, have strong feelings between teachers and students, and have fewer administrative staff. These not only enrich China's educational heritage, but also provide useful reference for today's educational reform.
Summary:
Some scholars pointed out: "The ancient official schools in China attached importance to humanities education and neglected natural science education. In recent years, scholars have studied natural science education materials, carried out medical teaching and practice, carried out military education, standardized China's language and pronunciation, and educated foreign languages and characters. These studies and materials are precious. "
From the historical development, social education has many functions. Cultivating talents is only an important aspect of education, and social education also undertakes the important tasks of developing culture, developing people's wisdom and improving people's quality. The talent mode of academy is different from that of official school, and its main purpose is to cultivate Confucian scholars, attach importance to moral education, cultivate ethical talents and pursue fame and fortune. The above is the relevant content of the development of China's ancient book collection system. Thank you for reading.