First, explain the order.
Check mode
1) accurately understand part or all of the interpretation order; 2) be able to arrange the sentence order according to a certain interpretation order.
There are three detailed explanation sequences: chronological sequence, spatial order sequence and logical sequence.
1. time sequence: that is, arrange the order of explanation according to the time sequence of things' occurrence and development, so as to write the development and changes of things. This order is generally used for biographies, scientific observation records, and explanatory words to explain the occurrence, development or production process of things or events. For example, books from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to microfilm are written in chronological order from ancient times to the present. The article "Trap" was written according to the procedure of trap making.
2. spatial order: That is, according to the spatial existence form of things, or from the outside to the inside, or from top to bottom, or from front to back, or from far to near, explain them in turn. This order of interpretation is generally used to explain the shape and structural characteristics of things. For example, the article "Immortal People's Heroes" is introduced from far and near, from low to high, first around the center, first on the steps, and then on the monument and pedestal.
3. Logical order; That is, the order of interpretation is arranged according to the internal relationship of things or things or the process of people's understanding of things. The internal relations of things include causal relationship, hierarchical relationship, primary and secondary relationship, total score relationship and juxtaposition relationship. The process of understanding things or things refers to from shallow to deep, from concrete to abstract, and so on. For example, the article "The Immortality of the Dead Sea" reveals the characteristics of the Dead Sea from the phenomenon to the essence (reason), introduces the present situation and future of the Dead Sea, and has in-depth content and clear logic.
Answering the first question is relatively simple. Memorize these three orders and judge their order according to the context. The second question confuses several sentences and requires them to be arranged in a certain order. So, you should pay attention. First, you should look at the cohesion between the first sentence and the second sentence, which sentence is more closely related. Then, you can judge the order between several sentences and arrange them in this order.
Super experience
Because of these characteristics, fingerprints have long attracted people's interest. (1) Now, with the development of science and technology, fingerprints have new uses in medicine. Some doctors find that some diseases can be detected by checking people's fingerprints and palm prints. (2) In ancient times, people used fingerprints as "stamps" and printed them on official documents. (3) In recent years, fingerprints have become good friends of computers. (d) It is said that the police began to use fingerprints to solve crimes over 100 years ago. Scientists have developed a "fingerprint lock" in which the key is a person's fingerprint. When people open the door, as long as they hold down the computer on the door with their hands, the computer can quickly and accurately identify whether the person who opens the door is the owner, and if so, the door will automatically open immediately.
There are four sentences marked (a), (b), (c) and (d) at the beginning of the previous paragraph. The order of sentences is unreasonable. Write the letters in the correct order.
Reference answer BDAC
This passage has obvious adverbial of time, so we can judge the order according to time, which should be BDAC from ancient times to the present.
Second, explain the structure.
Check mode
1) accurately understand the structural features of the full text;
2) Mastering the functions of turning sentences, referential sentences and general sentences;
3) Explain the position and function of local content in the full text, and explain the reasons for whether to delete it.
There are two structural modes commonly used in detailed explanation.
1. Total formula: including total -sub, sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub.
2. Progressive: the interpretation of events adopts a progressive structure, and the events are analyzed layer by layer.
There are two kinds of structures in the article, so the topic of the first one is not difficult to understand.
The second topic,
The function of turning sentence: connecting the preceding with the following, summarizing the above, leading to the following, can generally become the central sentence;
The function of reference sentence: echo before and after, highlight a certain feature or the author's point of view.
The function of summary sentence: Summarizing the above is usually a summary and generalization of the whole article.
The third kind of topic: the role of local content usually examines the above three kinds of sentences, so refer to the second kind.
Third, explain the method.
Check mode
Be able to quickly judge the interpretation methods used in this paper and explain their functions.
Detailed comments
In order to clarify the characteristics of things, or to explain things clearly, we must use appropriate interpretation methods. The commonly used explanation methods are: example, number, category, ratio, determination, ratio, interpretation and imitation. Perhaps the students are a little unfamiliar with "explanation" and "imitation", and the requirements for these two methods of explanation in the exam are not high. Let's explain:
1) is an explanatory method to explain things. The difference between definition and explanation lies in that definition requires completeness, that is, the object of definition should be equal to the extension of definition, and the whole connotation of concept should be completely revealed from one aspect; However, the explanation does not require completeness, as long as part of the connotation of the concept is revealed, and the object of explanation and the extension of explanation are not necessarily equal. For example, in the article "The Dead Sea is Undead", "This is probably the reason why the Dead Sea got its name." The method of explanation is used. "Death" here refers to the death of fish, shrimp and vegetation. Because of the high salinity of the Dead Sea, organisms cannot grow, so it is called "Dead Sea", which partly reveals the characteristics of the Dead Sea.
2) Imitation: It reveals the characteristics of things through specific descriptions, which helps to make the explained objects more concrete and vivid. For example, "China Stone Arch Bridge" "Some stone lions are hugging their mother and son, some are whispering, and some are like listening to the sound of water, which is very realistic". This explanation is very lively.
The purpose of the author's use of an interpretation method is to explain its "explanatory object". Attention should be paid to the characteristics of several interpretation methods. For example, examples and column numbers give people a more intuitive feeling; Comparison can highlight one side; Metaphor makes the explanation more vivid. In a word, the function of explanation method is often to turn abstract into concrete, complex into simple, or plain into vivid.
This paper discusses the basic knowledge of expository writing from three aspects: the order, structure and method of explanation, as well as the test sites, answering directions and answering skills of these basic knowledge. The accumulation of basic knowledge and some tips will definitely help you go further and further in expository reading.
Reading Explanatory Text-Understanding Text
The key and difficult point of expository writing is the understanding of the meaning of the text, including the understanding of words and sentences. The expositions of junior high schools are basically selected from the latest scientific and technological achievements, natural ecology, human environment and so on. These articles generally require rigorous and accurate language. When setting questions, questioners often deliberately set up some obstacles, misinterpreting the meaning of the original text and hindering our correct understanding of the article. How to solve this problem? This article will show you the maze.
(A) to understand the meaning of words in a specific context
Understanding the meaning of words in a specific context is an important part of expository investigation, and there are three kinds of words that are often investigated:
1. Some scientific terms and concepts often appear in the reading materials and need to be explained.
2. It is required to specify the contents of some important pronouns, such as "this" and "those";
3. Modify restrictive words and explain their functions clearly. Common adverbs, degree adverbs or negative adverbs, etc.
Investigate the problem
1. Choose a word from the original text, "Please talk about the meaning/function of this word".
2. Can this word be deleted/replaced by another word? Please explain the reason.
Detailed comments
For the first question, talk about the meaning and function of words, and we will analyze three words respectively.
The first word is usually the key word in the original text, or we are required to define it, because its definition is scattered, and what we have to do is to extract information and summarize it; Or ask us to point out the specific content of the reference according to a definition.
The second word has appeared in the last article. In order to avoid repetition, pronouns are used instead in the next article. This situation often examines what your pronoun refers to.
The third word is often investigated by asking if you can delete or get rid of it. These words are often adverbs of degree, which have an important restrictive effect on the whole sentence. Generally speaking, after being removed, the meaning of the sentence will change, even completely, misinterpreting the original intention and affecting the rigor of the language.
case analysis
Chicago currently has three tallest buildings in the world-Sears Tower, Amokota and John F.? 6? 1 Hancock heart. But they will soon become "dwarfs". At the end of last year, a Chicago man named Li? 6? 1 Lorraine and a man named Paul? 6? 1 Beightler's famous real estate owners announced that they would build a 120-storey skyscraper near the Sears Tower on the 105 floor, thus breaking the representative of the highest architectural art in the world architectural history. "They will stand on our building overlooking the top of Sears Tower."
At present, the preparatory work for this high-rise building is basically ready. Construction started in the second quarter of this year and is expected to be completed in three years. The whole project cost is expected to reach $340 million.
The total height of this building is 19 14 feet. Although it is 15 stories higher than Sears Tower, it covers an area of1500,000 square feet. Sears Tower is 1552 feet high, covering an area of 4.2 million square feet and a building area of 50,000 square feet. The skyscraper to be built covers an area of only 6500-8000 square feet. The whole building is in the shape of a rocket. Users can rent hierarchies according to their own needs.
1. "There are currently three tallest buildings in the world in Chicago", and the word "at present" cannot be removed because. (Hint: The way to answer this question is to analyze the difference between having this word and not having this word, and then from the perspective of the rigor of explaining the language)
2. "But they will be the explanation of' will' in the sentence of' dwarf'." "Shorty" means.
3. "Architecture" appeared twice in Beightler's writing. The first "building" refers to; The second "building" refers to.
Reference answer: 1. "At present" refers to the time, emphasizing that there are only three new buildings before the completion, and there will be four after the completion. It is inaccurate to remove it. 2. New tall buildings will be born soon, and taller buildings will surpass them and make them short. 3. architecture.
The in-depth analysis of these three problems belongs to the investigation of word understanding. The first question and the first half of the second question are all about the third word, that is, the adverb of degree; The second half of the second question can be located in the original text, belonging to a certain sense of "pronoun", and the third question lies in the understanding of content words, which can only be tested in the original text.
(2) Understanding the sentences in the explanatory text
In explanatory texts, the investigation of sentences is usually presented in the following ways:
(1) This sentence is taken from the original text. Where should it be placed in the article?
(2) What is the special significance and function of this sentence in the article?
(3) What is the central sentence of this article or this paragraph?
(4) Which of the following options is correct in understanding the original text?
The first topic appears randomly, and students should pay attention to the connection and relationship between each sentence; The third question type, which we have already talked about in the topic, is how to find the central sentence in the original text.
The second type of problem, that is, the meaning and function of sentences, is rarely studied in explanatory texts. Generally speaking, this sentence is a figurative sentence if such a topic appears. The author is afraid of being unclear in order to explain something, so he uses metaphors to help everyone understand.
case analysis
Q: How to understand "the human body is like a beautifully set computer, and the brain is the CPU. If there is something wrong with the CPU, the whole computer will be paralyzed. "
A: This sentence emphasizes the importance of the brain to the human body through metaphor (the first step is to point out special techniques) (the second step is to point out the special meaning of metaphor), which makes readers feel more intuitive and helps to understand the meaning in the text. (Step 3, explain the benefits).
The fourth question type, often in the form of multiple-choice questions, lists four sentences, so that you can find out the one that understands the original text correctly or wrongly.
How to do such a problem? There are three steps: the first step is to locate the original text, find out every sentence in the option from the text, and look at it word by word to see if there is any difference; The second step is to find out the differences. If it is different from the original text, it depends on the difference, perhaps just the difference between two synonyms, so it is consistent with the original intention. If there are the following differences, be on your guard.
A. Is logical causality reversed? B. did you exaggerate or shrink, advance or postpone the content of the original text?
C. Didn't you give the original text? D. is it absolute?
The most important feature of expository writing is accuracy and rigor. Time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. All require accuracy. Therefore, when we understand the meaning of words and sentences in the article, we must judge them from rigor and accuracy.
Read the explanatory text-main text
On the second day of junior high school, we began to have large-scale contact with expositions, which not only accounted for a large proportion in our texts, but also appeared frequently in exams. Therefore, we should begin to learn how to read expository texts. Generally speaking, we need to understand the explanatory object and the overall structure of the explanatory text. From a local point of view, it is necessary to understand the key words and expressions of the explanatory text, the interpretation methods of the explanatory text and so on. In this chapter, we will enter the first step of reading the explanatory text-defining the main idea of the article and how to extract the center of the explanatory text to help us find the correct starting point for doing the problem.
First of all, we can make it clear that the reading answers of almost all scientific and technological discourses can be found from the direct original text, including the main idea of the article. Students who have studied expository writing should know what is expository writing and what is expository writing. Simply put, expository texts can be divided into two types:
1. Description of things, indicating that objects are things, including their characteristics, shapes, functions, properties and states.
2. Descriptive words of things, indicating that the object is abstract, including the essence of things, the interior of things or the relationship between things.
Although we have defined the concept, we are often confused by some appearances, because most of the discussions are the combination of things. In this case, we have some tricks up our sleeves.
Wise advice
1. Explanatory text for judging things: When the same noun (a thing) keeps appearing in the article, each paragraph, or two or three adjacent paragraphs, explains one aspect of the content and one aspect of the thing. When you finish reading the article, you suddenly realize "what is this?", such as the trap we learned. After reading it, we understood "what is a trap".
2. Explanatory explanation of judgment: When the same noun or nouns (one thing or several things) appear constantly in the article, it means that there is some phenomenon on these things or between things. The article first tells you what this phenomenon is, and then leads you to solve the mystery of the phenomenon, telling you the essence after the phenomenon and the relationship between several things. After reading the article, you will know "what happened (this/these things) and why?" For example, in Strange Phenomenon in the Desert, the article first tells us what strange phenomena exist in the desert, and then leads us to solve the mystery with scientific basis and tell us the root cause of this phenomenon.
Super experience
With this, we can easily understand whether an article is expository or expository. When judging this article, we should pay attention to the hints given by the title. Please pay attention to the following topics to determine which ones are explanatory and which ones are explanatory:
Why are flowers so red? Greenhouse effect, squirrels, manned spacecraft.
Gossip about sb.' s mistakes
According to the front sleeves, in fact, it is easy for students to see that the title "Why are flowers so red" is an attempt to explain flowers red's reasons; "Squirrel" and "manned spaceship" are both things. Usually, the objects described in the description of things are either old things described in a very scientific way or new things that we are not familiar with; Then "greenhouse effect" is just a noun. Is it one thing or one thing? So we have to consider, is the greenhouse effect a thing? Still a phenomenon. Obviously, we can easily conclude that the greenhouse effect is an expository text.
In addition to judging whether the object of our explanation is things or things, we are often asked to find out the central sentence in the article. Where is the central sentence of the article usually hidden?
1) at the beginning of the article.
Explanatory articles are mostly straight to the point, and usually point out the center of this article in the first paragraph or even the first sentence. In most descriptions of things, the first sentence puts forward the object of description and tells you what the object is by definition. For example, "nuclear energy, commonly known as atomic energy, is the energy released by the redistribution and combination of neutrons or protons in the nucleus." This article discusses nuclear energy, and the first sentence points out the center of the article.
2) Turning sentences in the article
This situation often appears in expository texts, because phenomena and essence are always related in expository texts. There are often turning sentences in the text, and turning sentences are the center of the whole text.
3) Argumentative essay in the article
Explanatory articles are mainly explained, and occasionally argumentative sentences interspersed in articles are usually special. At this time, please note that the sentence of the argumentative paper is likely to be the center of the full text.
4) Between the lines
This sentence means that some articles can't find a specific central sentence, so it's between the lines, and we need to summarize it ourselves, or even skillfully say the original indirect sentence directly, or summarize it with a specific word.
For example, "This passage/this article introduces (features/functions/principles/development history/structure ...)"
Super experience
Cutting steel plates with water is much more complicated than coal mining. Because the ultimate strength of the steel plate can bear the pressure of about 700 MPa, even the best sealing equipment is easy to wear and lead to leakage when the water pressure is raised to such a high pressure. In order to solve the sealing problem, scientists added 5% soluble emulsified oil to the water, which not only played a lubricating role, but also improved the sealing effect. At the same time, the sealed high-pressure pump has also been specially treated, and oil is injected into the double-layer sealing ring, which ensures the sealing of high-pressure water pump equipment by using the characteristic that the viscosity of oil becomes larger under high pressure.
Secondly, water has no fixed form, so when it is ejected from the nozzle, it will immediately disperse. The dense water column is scattered, which not only reduces the water pressure, but also can not cut accurately. Therefore, scientists try to add some long-chain polymers, such as polyethylene oxide, to water. Water molecules are attached to this long-chain polymer, so that the water sprayed from the nozzle is like a long stick, which will not spread over a long distance and maintain a strong pressure.
The third problem encountered is that due to the high water pressure, the strength of the nozzle on the nozzle should be high and the aperture should be small, so that the sprayed water can accurately hit the target. At present, the nozzle of the high-pressure water gun is made of advanced cemented carbide, sapphire, diamond and other materials, and its aperture is only 0.05 mm, and the inner wall of the nozzle hole is smooth and flat, which can withstand the water flow pressure of 1700 MPa.
Q: What is the central sentence of the above article?
A:
Obviously the first sentence, "cutting steel plates with water is much more complicated than coal mining." These three paragraphs all explain why it is very complicated to cut steel plates with water.
To sum up, we have made it clear how to find the theme and object of the article, and the students have also learned some clever judgment methods. Hurry up and practice!