However, no matter what kind of library organization mentioned above, it is enough to focus on books. Books are only for emperors and generals, and they are also only for the literati to write books and make statements. It is difficult for ordinary Confucian scholars and ordinary people to see it. Moreover, due to the restriction of the traditional academic category structure in China, the books that read and interpret the classics account for the vast majority, and there are few books on natural science and technology.
Because the channels and scope of cultural information dissemination are limited, it occupies a place in Tibet; T5 building schematic diagram; T5 utilization rate is extremely low, and social education function is missing.
In the ancient land of China, it has a history of nearly a hundred years to break the pattern of traditional libraries and establish public libraries with social education functions. This is a pioneering work in the cultural history of the 20th century, and it is also one of the symbols of China's modernization. In the process of realizing the transformation from ancient libraries to modern libraries, two factors are crucial, namely, the exemplary role of libraries run by western missionaries and the promotion of reform and reform.
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Western missionaries tried to set up a library in China as early as the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, the most famous of which was the map of Bei Tang. The library, which belongs to Beijing Xishiku North Catholic Church, was built in the 19th year of Kangxi (1700). According to the statistics of 1938 when the National Government arranged the library, Beitang Library has 5000 books in western languages and Q000 books in Chinese, among which there are many rare books. However, the previous Qing governments, such as Kang, Gan, Yong and Jia, closed their doors to the outside world and implemented a strict policy of banning teaching, which made it impossible for early missionaries to carry out activities in China, and the germination of modern libraries was also stifled, delaying the process of transforming ancient library buildings into modern libraries.
After the Opium War, western powers broke the locked door of China, and western missionaries came to China with the pace of invaders and western culture to build factories and new libraries in churches and missionary schools in some cities in China. The process from China library to modern library has been reopened. One of the most famous is the Xujiahui Catholic Church Library, which was established by Jesuits in Shanghai from 65438 to 0847. * * * There are more than 200,000 books (80,000 in western languages and 6,543,800 in Chinese). In addition, Xiqiao Society founded the Library of the Ministry of Education in Shanghai 1849, < 185 1 renamed Shanghai Library). 187 1 year, the "Asian Language Association North China Branch" was founded by British pastor Wiley Alex, and systematically collected maps of politics, economy, history, geography, language, art and religion in Southeast Asia and China. Books and materials have been called "the best oriental library in China" by western scholars, Shanghai Gezhi Academy and Academy Library founded by British missionary John Flair in 1874, and "Guangxue Society Library" established by Christianity in Shanghai in 1887.
The library founded by Western Missionary X is the earliest new library in China's modern history, which has become a window for China people to understand western culture. At the same time, it has also become the reference system of modern library cause in China. Its enlightenment and demonstration function cannot be underestimated.
First of all, it brings the new concept of western libraries, which is in sharp contrast with the conservative concept of "public * * *, openness, * * * enjoyment and service" in China ancient library architecture. For example, as early as 1849, the library of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology stipulated that:
"From 9 noon to 8 pm, call a room. There is a news room in the museum, which ordinary people can read, and those who pay membership fees can borrow it, limited to four volumes. In the purpose of running the library, we wrote: "In order to seek the broad interests of the public, we will strive to make the library an open book forest that meets the educational and entertainment needs of Chinese and foreign residents. "Another example is the Library of the North China Branch of the Asian Language Association, which was established in 87 1. It advertises: "No one can read it, no restrictions", "You can freely consult the stacks and borrow books, three volumes at a time, with a term of 2 1 day". The implementation of these new ideas has realized the social education function of the library to a certain extent, which is a great impact and challenge to ancient libraries. Objectively promoted the modernization of the library cause.
Secondly, it brings new catalog classification and new management methods. Books or libraries founded by western missionaries generally have a relatively complete organizational style and a relatively systematic classification system, and most of them adopt a combination of Chinese and Western classification that takes into account China's traditional four-part classification, which comes from western classification, especially Dewey's Millennium classification. For example, the library of Gezhi Academy mainly collects China's books. The old books are still classified by the four-part method, while the new books are divided into 36 categories, such as science and operator. St John's University Library is the first library in China to classify Chinese books by Dewey method. The method is to accommodate China's books with some empty numbers in Dewey's Law. Although these methods are not reasonable, they have great influence. Before several new Chinese classification methods came out, many libraries in China used this method to classify Chinese books. So that it affected the large-scale reform of the old classification movement. It laid a foundation for the emergence of a more scientific and reasonable classification bibliography adapted to China's national conditions.
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After the Opium War, with the spread and diffusion of capitalist new culture, new ideas and advanced science and technology. People of insight in China, while broadening their horizons, deeply feel the urgency of being competitive. The Reform Movement rose in 1890. Reformists believe that reform should start with revitalizing education, cultivating talents and enlightening people's wisdom. They advocate opening libraries to the society as an important measure to spread new knowledge and new ideas while establishing societies, schools and newspapers. Liang Qichao, the leader of the reform movement, put forward that "opening the museum" was one of the five major events to strengthen the society in the 1898 coup. Driven by the trend of reform, some enlightened ministers also suggested to the court to set up a new library. 1896, official Sun Zhai, played the role of official bookstore. The first thing is to apply for a new library. In the same year, Li Duanfen, a senior official, played the role of political reform. The first thing was to open a big library. In order to implement the general plan of political reform, Kang Youwei, the leader of reform, and others first set up libraries of reform society in Beijing, Shanghai, Hunan, Guangdong and Tianjin. The books in the library are mainly western languages and new books, and the management system is relatively perfect. There are detailed regulations on the purchase, classification, cataloging, circulation and borrowing of books. Besides reformists, readers also include ordinary scholars and ordinary citizens. It can be seen that the social bookstore has initially possessed the nature of a social and cultural institution and is the bud of modern libraries in China.
Where is the earliest library in China? What's your name?