An editor is a civil servant who has professional qualities and is engaged in professional writing. The most important work units are publishing houses, magazines, TV stations, online media and so on.
There are two types of editing, namely copy editing and Art editor. The former is mainly responsible for writing expression, knowledge point description and content structure, while the latter needs to ponder and analyze the topic, central idea, academic authenticity and theoretical value of the work, so the editor prefers to major, such as literature, education, philosophy, biology and computer.
Different from text editing, as a professional post, an editor not only needs to know a certain type of books, but also needs to be able to comment on a certain type of professional content. Editors play a decisive role in the publication of a book, a paper or an article. The text editor is only responsible for the detailed arrangement and modification of the selected content.
Besides the carefulness, keen observation, good communication skills, clear logic and analytical skills required by general work, the basic qualities also require a flexible mind and a steady stream of creative imagination. Of course, the most basic writing ability will also have requirements.
History of development and evolution
China's editing work appeared very early, and there are written records in Shang Dynasty, which shows that some people have been engaged in editing and sorting out simple strategies. In fact, China's editing industry has a long history as China's academic culture. It is precisely because of exquisite editing activities that splendid academic culture can be preserved and developed. The ten tables and eight books in Sima Qian's Historical Records are the crystallization of editing work. The Warring States Policy, which is good at narration and has strong artistic appeal, was compiled by Liu Xiang according to different popular books such as national policy, state affairs, length, stories, long books and revised books. The Warring States Policy written by him is a famous editorial. Xiao Tong, the king of Zhao Ming in the Southern Dynasties, and the literary scholars around him edited the Selected Works and wrote a preface to it. Explain the principles and methods of editing and selection, which have great influence on the development of literature later. Later, Li compiled Caotang Collection for Li Bai, Mr. Changli Collection for Han Yu, Selected Works for Liu Yuxi, Bai Xiangshan Collection for Yuan Zhen and Li Heji for Du Mu, all of which were edited out of respect and commemoration. Sima Guang devoted himself to the study of history and compiled "Learning from Mutual Aid". He spent 65,438+09 years leading a small but sophisticated editorial department, which can be described as a full-time editor. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, woodblock printing prevailed, commodity economy developed, bookstores in handicraft towns rose, and editors employed by bookstores appeared, represented by Feng Menglong in Suzhou and Linglang Primary School in Xing Wu in the late Ming Dynasty. Real modern professional editors began to be active in academic and cultural circles and became freelancers during and after the Reform Movement of 1898 in the late Qing Dynasty. Among the famous figures are Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, Tang, Fan Ju, Zhang Taiyan, Cai Yuanpei and.
Modern Times
With the development of cultural activities and science and technology, in addition to books, newspapers, periodicals, pictures and other publications. Audio, video, symbols and images are also used to provide knowledge, spread information, accumulate culture and exchange ideas. Therefore, the connotation of editing work has expanded. Usually editors can be divided into book editors, periodical editors, newspaper editors, radio editors, television editors and electronic publication editors.
The word editor has developed into a polysemous word in modern times, which generally refers to professional work. Such as publishing house's topic selection, soliciting contributions, reviewing manuscripts, processing and sorting. In non-publishing institutions, it is also the work of editors to organize documents, compile work briefing and professional journals. Some edited works are huge and complex systems engineering, such as large encyclopedias, dictionaries and collections compiled by many countries.
According to1the Trial Regulations for Publishing Professionals in China promulgated on March 30th, 986, editing posts (including Art editor) can be divided into four types: editor, deputy editor, editor and assistant editor, among which the editor is an intermediate post. In publishing institutions in other countries, editors can be roughly divided into senior editors, text editors and technical editors.
In the past 20 years, the basic concept of "editing" is the most controversial. There are more than 100 explanations put forward by researchers, which can be seen from the two books "Introduction to Editorial Studies" edited by Zhu and "Introduction to Editorial Studies" edited by Xinyang.
Example: Dai Wenbao: "Use the facilities and means of material civilization to organize, collect, sort out, compile, examine and approve various spiritual products and other documents and materials, and disseminate them to the public".
Liu Guangyu: "In the communication activities using communication tools, I am in the pre-publication work between the author and the reader."
Wang Zhenduo: "According to the social and cultural needs, according to the guiding principles, the spiritual products are organized, collected, identified, selected and sorted by using material carriers and technical means to form a certain cultural symbol pattern as an activity of social media".
Ye Xiangrong: "Organize, review, edit and process the original works to form a creative work activity about the whole works (edited works)".
Zhang Jueming (Taiwan Province Province): "Collect materials (articles, stories or drafts) and put them together for identification, selection, classification, sorting, arrangement and organization." "From the fact of work, it is first compiled and then compiled."
Ren Dinghua: "Editing is an orderly, carrier and socialized business activity of information and knowledge".
B. no, compilation is one of the ways of ancient works; Has nothing to do with publishing; Historians have long denied whether Confucius deleted poems.
Classified electronic editing
When making TV programs, we usually combine the materials on different tapes in a certain order, which is called "editing". In the early video editing, the editing method was similar to that of film: the material strips were cut and then glued together in the required order. This method is very troublesome for TV editors, and the bonding point is not accurate, so it is quickly eliminated.
The editing mode is not tape splicing, but "electronic rough editing", that is, an electronic editing button is added to the ordinary video recorder. When the edit button is pressed, the video recorder is in a recording state. Editors try to use two video recorders with similar tape speeds, one for the master and one for the slave, to copy the contents of the master tape. When the host is about to present the material to be edited, press the edit key of the slave to copy the input signal of the host to the editing tape. In this way, the control of editing points depends entirely on the sensitivity and proficiency of the operator, and errors are inevitable. At the same time, the editing machine can't start accurately and synchronously, and it is common to have jumps or black fields.
With the development of technology, the "control track editing method" appears, that is, the tape speed and frame number are calculated by the synchronous pulse signal on the control track, and the editing controller can calculate the entry point and exit point of the player and recorder in the editing system. The editor selects the editing point through the operation of the editing controller. The controller can start the master and slave, synchronize at the same speed, start recording signals at a predetermined editing entry point, and stop recording at a predetermined editing exit point. The control track editing method is much superior to the previous editing method, and it is widely accepted by people soon, but it also has defects, because the number of pulses is not recorded in the signal of the video tape, and the editing points are not recorded on the video tape, so sometimes the editing points will slide and deviate, resulting in inaccurate editing points.
Then the time code editing method is a very accurate editing method, and each frame of video signal is counted by the time code inserted into the track. To realize time code editing, a time code generator is needed to write the invisible time code on the magnetic tape, and the reader can read the time code, so that the editing controller can control the master and slave computers of the editing system according to the time code. The equipment of time code editing system is expensive, and it is generally only used for editing and production at the broadcast level.
From the concept of editing sequence, the above editing methods all belong to "linear editing". The insurmountable defects of linear editing are as follows: ① linear editing must pick up the required signals back and forth on the sequentially recorded material tape. This method not only wears the tape and head, but also wastes time and energy. ② Using magnetic tape as the signal carrier of linear editing. In the process of making and copying, it will inevitably cause signal attenuation and damage the image quality.
With the rapid development of digital technology and computer technology, especially the maturity of multimedia computer technology and digital compression technology, a new editing method-nonlinear editing came into being, which is essentially different from the previous editing methods. The so-called "nonlinear editing" is a chronological concept, not a mathematical concept, which is relative to "linear editing". Non-linear editing system is based on computer, using optical disc library instead of tape library, so that TV tapes can edit TV programs like movies, and the image quality will not decrease after repeated editing and copying, which has become the development direction of TV equipment. The specific content of nonlinear editing will be introduced in another section.
Editing steps and editing skills
Some editors think that editing is like that, and there is no skill at all, so they rob the manuscript editor regardless of the willy-nilly. After editing for a period of time, I found that there was something wrong with the manuscript, which was useless at all, or when I was finishing editing, I found that what should have been left in front was deleted. It can be seen that careless editing skills are often wasted. Actually, editing is as skillful as writing. The author thinks that every manuscript should be written according to the following five steps.
Browse the whole article
The purpose of browsing is to see if the manuscript can be sent by understanding the general idea of the manuscript; See where the manuscript needs to be hacked and where it only needs to be cut and patched.
The main browsing methods are: look at the title of the manuscript, the beginning of the manuscript, the beginning of each paragraph, the end of each paragraph and the end of the manuscript. The title is generally the highly concentrated content of the manuscript; The beginning or end is generally a summary of the content of the manuscript; The beginning of each paragraph or the end of each paragraph is generally the general idea of a paragraph. Therefore, in order to accurately understand the content of the manuscript, it is necessary to slow down the speed of browsing the above places. The rest of the place can speed up, in order to find the place that needs to be hacked.
Cut out the embryonic form
Editors have to cut materials into blanks first, and then plane them, just like carpenters do furniture. It takes three axes to cut the prototype.
One is to cut off unnecessary background. The so-called unnecessary background refers to those backgrounds that people are not generally concerned about or are familiar with although they are generally concerned about.
The second is to cut off redundant examples. If there are several cases of a certain type in a manuscript, then cases other than typical cases can be called redundant cases. Because a typical example is enough to illustrate a problem.
The third is to cut off the content that has nothing to do with the theme. A manuscript can only have one theme. If you don't cut off the content that has nothing to do with the theme, then there will be multiple themes in a manuscript, which is against the law of writing.
Carve with exquisite craftsmanship ―― make something exquisitely.
The rest must be carefully crafted.
The first is to correct typos. Mistakes are easy to find and often confuse people's eyes, so we should distinguish them carefully.
The second is to change uncommon words into popular words. The uncommon word is "obstacle", which makes readers daunting.
Third, pay attention to fixed phrases to see if it has been misused or tampered with.
Fourth, pay attention to whether the abbreviations of words are appropriate. In the body of the manuscript, you must not abbreviate a sentence when it first appears, otherwise, the reader will be confused.
The fifth is to make sick sentences smooth.
Sixth, pay attention to whether the internal relationship between sentences and paragraphs is logical.
Seventh, pay attention to whether the measurement unit meets the statutory requirements.
Refined title
Whether a manuscript is read or not depends on the content of the manuscript. But even the best content, if it doesn't attract people's attention, there will still be no readers. What can attract readers first in a manuscript? The title, of course. Therefore, making attractive headlines is an important part of editing work. In a sense, the focus of editing work should be the production of titles. When the title is done, the editing work is half finished. There are various forms of headlines in China newspapers, but there is no uniform and fixed model. But there are rules to follow in making attractive headlines, that is, pulling out the freshest and most attractive things in the manuscript to make headlines. In order to avoid the long topic and ensure the integrity of the topic content, the topic, topic and subtitle can appear at the same time.
Read carefully
This is the editor's final check on the manuscript in order to reduce or eliminate mistakes. Major mistakes are often found at this level and often seen in newspapers, because this level is ignored. So this step is not only indispensable, but also should be taken seriously. Careful reading should be done by reading the full text word for word, including titles and punctuation marks. Never look at it as roughly as the first step, but look at words that are easily confused with suspicion. Look at writing skills with a critical eye; Look at the content of the manuscript with a negative attitude and never let go of the misled manuscript. The above five links are closely related, and each link has a certain function, so it should not be discarded at will. As long as you follow these five links carefully, you will be able to easily compile a manuscript and make a beautiful "wedding dress".