In the Middle Ages, many writers believed that the pyramids were big warehouse used to store grain during the Egyptian grain-rich period. In recent years, pyramids have been described as something associated with sundials and calendars, observatories, measuring tools and even mysterious alien life. They are regarded as the landing sites of spacecraft.
However, most prestigious Egyptian scholars believe that the pyramids are the tombs of the pharaohs. This theory is also the most widely accepted. Pyramids are scattered on the west bank of the Nile. According to Egyptian mythology, the Nile is connected with the road to the afterlife. Archaeologists found many boats used for funeral ceremonies near the pyramids. It is said that these ships were the tools for Pharaoh to sail to the afterlife.
It has long been proved that there are sarcophagi or wooden coffins in many pyramids. Before the19th century, the mysterious pictures found on or near the sarcophagus were identified as spells to help the Pharaoh from one world to another.
However, an iron fact makes the tomb theory lack the main basis, that is, scholars can't find the Pharaoh's body in the pyramids, and many pharaohs seem to have built more than one pyramid.
Kurt Mendelssohn, a famous physicist in the 20th century, insisted that in the era of scattered tribes, Pharaoh built the pyramids to consolidate Egypt's national status, not the pyramids. Mendelssohn's theory solved the problem that the tomb theory could not explain.
Some people think that there is no body in the pyramid, but there are a lot of funerary objects, which shows that the pyramid is a cenotaph and a monument to the dead Pharaoh, but it is not their real grave.
Most Egyptian scholars still believe that although pyramids have other uses, they were originally built as tombs. They were surrounded by other tombs whose owners were all under the rule of Pharaoh.
In addition, a compromise view about pyramids is that pyramids can be understood as one of the signs of the progress of ancient architecture. This kind of building began with a rectangular flat-topped brick mud tomb, which we call the ancient Egyptian tomb today (in which the body was found). Then, the architect began to build a flat-topped structure on another building, thus building what we call a "stepped pyramid" today, the most famous of which is still located in the south of Cairo in the Sahara region.
Almost everything that continues Egyptian civilization is related to death, which seems to be the limiting force of their religion and literature. Pharaoh believed that their purpose was not this life but the afterlife, whether through the help of boats, steps or sunshine, as long as they could succeed. So the pyramids were designed to store their remains, that is, graves, which is the most reasonable speculation at present.
However, science is endless, history continues, and human nature lies in exploring the infinite unknown world. With the development of science, under the unremitting efforts and inspiration of explorers, the mystery of the pyramids will definitely come to the bottom. Perhaps a new and unknown theory will be presented to the world, and perhaps more mysteries cannot be solved. What will happen next?
However, Damien doesn't think so. He believed that the cracks in Liang Shi appeared during the construction of the pyramids, and ancient Egyptian architects knew all about it. Dominion's evidence is that in some cracks, some 4500-year-old plaster was daubed. Dominion believes that this is evidence that ancient Egyptian architects tried to repair and strengthen the roof.
Damian wrote in his new book "The Tomb of Hops", "All the problems in pyramid of khufu can be summed up in the following theories. Khufu built three tombs for himself that year, but the first tomb (Queen's Room) was not completed. Tomb No.2 (undiscovered secret room) can be put into use; There is a crack in the third tomb (the king's room). Therefore, Khufu was finally buried in the second tomb. " Daoming said that he didn't think the "Queen's Room" was the cause of Khufu's tomb because its entrance was too narrow to be carried into Khufu's big sarcophagus.
The "mysterious tomb" is in the "heart" of the whole pyramid?
Jean pierre Huang Fengying Gini, a famous ancient Egyptian scientist of the French Oriental Archaeological Association in Cairo, Egypt, was deeply impressed by the pyramid research of Domien and Faldat from the beginning.
According to Huang Fengying Ghianni, he was interested in their research because he provided their radar detection data to a French ground radar data expert for analysis, and the expert's explanation confirmed their guess. Huang Fengying Ginny said, "This expert works for a big company. One of the company's projects is to design the track line of the express train from Paris to Strasbourg in the future. If the expert says it is safe to lay tracks here, it is because he found that there are no holes in the ground. I don't think he can make mistakes, otherwise there will be a big car accident in the future. "
Huang Fengying Gini said that the second reason that interested him was that the location of the "mysterious tomb" imagined by two amateur archaeologists was just to the west of the bottom of the "Queen's Room". Structurally, it was "the heart of the whole pyramid", so it was probably the symbolic final resting place of Pharaoh Khufu.
Once confirmed, it will become "one of the greatest discoveries of ancient Egyptian archaeology"
According to the latest discovery, Domien's new book "The Tomb of kipps" will be published in France. Nicholas Grimal, an expert in the study of ancient Egypt at the French Academy, wrote a preface to the new book. He said that if Dominion and Fordhart's discovery is proved to be true, then "there is no doubt that it will be one of the greatest discoveries of ancient Egyptian archaeology".
However, the "new discovery" of Domien and Fordhart may be bombarded and questioned at the World Congress of Egyptian Archaeologists in Grenoble, France. Aidan dodson, an expert on Egyptian funeral archaeology at Bristol University, told reporters: "Khufu's grave has not been found yet? This idea is unbelievable. From an architectural point of view, there is no reason to have a corridor under the queen's room. The location of Khufu's tomb, the king's room, is well known. "
The "amazing discovery" has not been proved. In order to determine the "last tomb" of Khufu, it is necessary to explore the interior of the pyramid.
In order to prove the existence of Khufu's "last tomb", Domien and Fordhart must use high technology to explore the interior of the pyramid more deeply and comprehensively. However, Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities refused to authorize them to conduct more tests. Egypt's Supreme Antiquities Committee did not give any explanation for its refusal, nor did it comment on the reporter's interview. In fact, pyramids have always been a sensitive topic in Egypt, and Egypt's Supreme Council of Cultural Relics has rejected similar requests from other researchers in the past.
The "amazing discovery" cannot be proved. Damien and Fordhart are obviously unhappy. Fordhart described his feelings as "absolute disappointment"
Data map of southern passage of posterior ventricle
The picture shows three known rooms in pyramid of khufu: the king's room, the queen's room and the basement.
How many unsolved mysteries are hidden in the mysterious Egyptian pyramids? Especially the mummy of Khufu, the owner of the Great Pyramid, has never been found. For a long time, groups of archaeologists have been trying to solve the mystery of the pyramids. A few days ago, some media disclosed that archaeologists had discovered a new secret passage in pyramid of khufu. I wonder if this exploration and discovery is close to unveiling the mystery of the pyramid, or is it another layer of ghosts?
Two years ago, Egyptian archaeologists inspected the north-south passage of the "Queen's Room" pyramid of Khufu through the "Pyramid Rover" robot and found two "middle doors". Since then, pyramid of khufu's old riddle has not been solved, but a new one has been added.
A few days ago, two French amateur Egyptian antiquarians wrote a book after studying pyramid of khufu for 20 years with ground penetrating radar, claiming that they had detected a previously unknown secret corridor under the "Queen's Room". They believe that this secret corridor leads to the third unknown "grave" besides the "king's room" and "queen's room"-if the "grave" really exists, then it will exist. However, when the two French researchers tried to apply for further exploration inside the pyramids, they were flatly rejected by the Supreme Council of Egyptian Cultural Relics.
Recently, the British "Guardian" disclosed this news exclusively.
Ground Penetrating Radar Discovers pyramid of khufu's "Secret Corridor"
Pyramid of khufu in Egypt is one of the "Seven Wonders of the World" and is said to be the tomb of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu. However, so far, the mummy of Pharaoh Khufu (also known as King kipps) has not been found. Some archaeologists suspect that Khufu's mummy may have been stolen by ancient grave robbers.
It is understood that there are currently three rooms in pyramid of khufu. "The King's Room"-There is a huge granite sarcophagus in it, which is considered to be the burial place of Khufu's mummy. But actually, it's empty now. Under the "King's Room", there is a slightly smaller tomb called "Queen's Room", although scientists tend to think that it is not arranged for the queen. In addition, there is a small basement that has never been used under the pyramid.
However, a few days ago, two French amateur experts in Egyptology, after years of on-the-spot investigation, put forward a breakthrough new view: under the "Queen's Room" in pyramid of khufu, there is also a "mysterious tomb" that is still unknown, which may be the final burial place of Pharaoh Khufu! Now, they have detected a secret corridor leading to the chamber of secrets through ground penetrating radar!
"The Queen's Room" hides a secret room? Suspected burial place of Khufu's mummy
The two amateur egyptologists are French architect Ghiles Domien and retired French real estate agent Jean-Eus Fordette, who have been studying Egyptian pyramids for 20 years. In 2000, when they used ground penetrating radar to analyze a pyramid in Maiden, Egypt, they successfully discovered two secret rooms that had never been discovered before.
A few days ago, Ghiles Domien and Jean-Euss Fordhat announced that they had discovered a secret corridor in the pyramid of khufu under the Queen's room, using the same radar detection technology. They think it leads to the "last secret room" in the pyramid-this secret room is probably the last burial place of Pharaoh Khufu!
"In order to prove this, just put a fiber-optic camera cable through the existing hole in the pyramid and reach the place where the secret corridor is located to see if there is a suspension braking device in the corridor. Next, it needs to reach the first half of the corridor and penetrate the secret room to ensure that it is not polluted by the outside world. " Fordhart said.
He said that if sluices did exist, they should be huge granite slabs. When Khufu's funeral was held, ancient Egyptian engineers would gradually lower granite slabs from above to the corridor leading to Pharaoh's tomb through a rope system to block the passage, prevent outsiders from breaking in and disturb the peace of Pharaoh's soul.
Ford Hart also said that although they have detected the "secret corridor", only through further detection can we finally prove whether the "last secret room" really exists.
Khufu built three graves for himself? One didn't finish writing, and the other cracked it.
One of the most popular theories about how pyramid of khufu was built is that all the internal structures of the pyramids were designed in advance and the workers built them according to the design drawings. However, Dominion and Fordhat believe that the design idea has changed repeatedly in the process of building pyramids. When ancient Egyptian architects found that the original "king's room" might not be able to bear the weight of the boulder above, they began to return to the drawings.
It is understood that the roof of the "King's Room" is fixed by several granite Liang Shi, each weighing 50 tons, which divides the roof into four small spaces. Geoffrey Spencer, deputy director of the ancient Egyptian Sultan Pavilion of the British Museum, said: "This design is to spread the weight of the boulder in the center of the pyramid to the side." However, it is obvious that cracks can be seen on these granite Liang Shi. Spencer explained that archaeologists usually think that these cracks were cracked in an earthquake long after the pyramids were built.
Pyramid is the representative of ancient civilization and special history, which records the history and legends of Egypt. Because it was impossible to leave any credible written records 50 or 60 years ago, and it left so many magical, interesting and intelligent hints to future generations in architecture, mathematics, geometry and physics, and left many unsolved mysteries.
Modern engineers are deeply puzzled by how these pyramids were built. Before 6000 years, laborers didn't have wheeled vehicles to help them transport such heavy stones, which weighed several tons to dozens of tons. They can only move stones with the help of sliding logs. For many years, experts believed that laborers were slaves who were forced to work. However, the new discovery convinced them that the workers were not slaves, but Egyptian citizens. The marks found on some stones in the pyramid provide evidence for this view. Experts believe that these signs are a way for workers to state their work to show that they are proud of building the pyramids. These marks are written in ancient hieroglyphics. They are workers' names. Archaeologists from Yale University and Egypt also found the ruins of a large building near the pyramid. They think this used to be a place for storing food and baking bread. They think that the grain produced in this place can feed 65438+ ten thousand workers.
Some scientists also believe that the huge stones used to build the pyramids are not natural, but artificially poured. The small stones taken from the pyramid were examined one by one, and the results showed that these stones were made of artificially poured shell limestone. It can be inferred that in Egypt, slaves probably built pyramids to "break the whole into parts". First, put the mixed concrete into the basket, and then pick up the pyramid being built. In this way, as long as you master certain skills, you can fall into pieces of boulders. Interestingly, he also found an inch long hair in the stone. And this strand of hair may be a witness to the hard work and brilliant wisdom of ancient Egyptians.
For many years, it has been thought that the Egyptian pyramids were built by Egyptian slaves by hand more than 3000 BC, but this view is challenged by archaeologists today. According to the construction scale of the pyramids, experts estimate that there should be at least 50 million Egyptian residents when the Great Pyramid is built. But according to historical statistics, the total population of the world at that time was only 20 million, which is an amazing contradiction. What is even more puzzling is that the stones used to build the pyramids were transported from far away to the Giza desert. These stones are as big as 50 tons and as small as 2 tons. 5 tons, the Great Pyramid of Khufu alone used 2.3 million such stones. According to the level of science and technology in Egypt at that time, it was impossible to transport such a heavy and large stone. Therefore, some people boldly imagine that stones are transported by land or water, rather than by space tourists in the air. This bold idea may be considered absurd. But taking pyramid of khufu as an example, the length of the first side of the tower bottom is 230M, and the error is less than 20CM. Tower height 146. 5M, which is equivalent to 40 stories high. The height error between the southeast corner and the northwest corner is only 1. 27CM, such a low error rate, even many modern buildings are far behind. What is even more surprising is that the height of the Great Pyramid of Khufu multiplied by one billion equals the distance from the earth to the sun; Divide the height of the tower by the area of the bottom of the tower, which is equal to π, that is, 3. 14 159, and the tower has been built for almost 3000 years, and people still calculate pi to this accuracy. Khufu's meridian crossing pyramid just divides the land and sea on the earth into two equal halves. The four sides of the tower are facing the four directions of southeast and northwest, and the number of meters around the tower is consistent with the number of days in a year (that is, 365. 24), its perimeter multiplied by 2 is exactly the time division of the equator, the height of the slope is 6% of the latitude, and the weight of the tower multiplied by the power of 10 is exactly the weight of the earth. Therefore, whoever chooses this tower site should have a full understanding of the global structure, land and sea promulgation. Obviously, the ancient Egyptians five or six thousand years ago could not have this ability.
In 1930s, when a group of scientists visited the Egyptian pyramids, they found a bucket of garbage at the tower height 1/3. There are some dead animals such as cats and dogs in the bucket, and some fruits surprise them. Although the temperature in the barrel is quite high, these bodies have not rotted and deteriorated, but dehydrated and turned into "wood". After in-depth study, scientists found that the original pyramid structure is actually a better microwave resonator. Microwave energy heating will kill bacteria; And dehydrate the body and become "Muyiyi". People call this phenomenon "pyramid energy" effect. It is puzzling that how did Egyptians know the wonderful use of microwaves five or six thousand years ago?
Fascinating myths and legends, wonderful and profound scientific principles, and many unsolved mysteries hidden in the pyramids have attracted many scholars, travelers, sociologists and explorers who are obsessed with this to explore the most infinite mystery of the world miracle. In the world of pyramids, there are beautiful and moving myths and legends, detailed and in-depth scientific arguments, and many explorers have left long footprints.
The Unsolved Mystery of the World: Death Curse of Pharaoh in Ancient Egypt
The Death Curse of Pharaoh in Ancient Egypt
"If someone interferes with the peace of Pharaoh, death will fly to his head." This is a curse engraved on the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
Tutankhamun, a young Pharaoh of the first 18 dynasty in ancient Egypt, ruled Egypt for 9 years. BC 1350, when he 18 years old, he died mysteriously. Historians suspect that his political opponents murdered him.
Tutankhamun Mausoleum sank and slept for thousands of years,1reopened on the afternoon of October 26th. British archaeologist howard carter presided over the excavation. His project was initiated by Lord carnarvon. Carter came to Egypt in 189 1 and vowed to find the Pharaoh's tomb hidden underground. 1922, he brought back a canary from England. His foreman saw it and shouted, "This is the golden bird! It will take us to the mausoleum! "
This might really work. 165438+1October 4th, the workers finally found the stone steps cut in the rock, leading to an unopened tomb door with Tutankhamun's name written on it.
That night, Carter's servant reported to him that he was worried that the canary would be eaten by the snake. He held up a yellow feather and shouted to Carter, "Pharaoh's snake ate it!" Because it took you to the mausoleum! Please don't open it! " Carter didn't listen, but sent the servant away. He immediately sent a telegram to Lord carnarvon of England, and Lord carnarvon arrived on 26th. Carter opened a hole in the tomb door, holding a candle and went in first, followed by Lord carnarvon. They were stunned by what they saw. The tomb is well preserved and contains a large number of gold treasures, including a sarcophagus with three gold coffins nested inside. Tutankhamun's mummy is in the innermost part, and the inner coffin is made of pure gold, which reads the famous words of the young Pharaoh-"I saw it yesterday; I know tomorrow. " Lying in the coffin, Tutankhamun carried a big golden giant. This mask is almost identical to his own appearance. X-ray inspection only found a scar on the mask and a scar on Lao Wang's face, with slightly different thickness. The young Pharaoh looked sad and quiet. There are necklaces made of rosary beads and flower-shaped carvings on the chest. Although the colors of cornflower, lily and lotus have peeled off, they are still faintly visible. Experts believe that this collar was given by the young Pharaoh before the coffin was closed.
Pharaoh's mummy was wrapped in a thin cloth, covered with collars, amulets, rings, gold and silver bracelets and various gems. Among them, there are two short swords, one is gold, and the other is made of gold handle and iron blade. The latter is extremely rare, because the Egyptians just knew how to use iron.
For all the people involved in the excavation, this is undoubtedly a festival, and no one shows signs of being cursed.
But a few months later, the tragedy began. Lord carnarvon fell ill and was sent back to Cairo. He died before long. It is said that the cause of death was bitten by a poisonous mosquito, which is the location of the scar on Tutankhamun's face.
When Kana died, his son was resting in the next room. He recalled, "All the lights in Cairo went out at once, and we kept praying."
Death followed. George Gould, a close friend of carnarvon, arrived in Egypt as soon as he heard the terrible news of God. He also went for a walk in the Pharaoh's mausoleum. He had a high fever the next day and died 12 hours later. The radiologist who X-rayed the Pharaoh's mummy felt exhausted. He died soon after he returned to England.
Richard Bethel served as Carnaveen's secretary in the expedition. He died in his bedroom bed, apparently due to a heart attack. Joel Woolf, a British industrialist, was one of the first people to visit the Pharaoh's mausoleum. Soon, he fell ill with nameless fever and died soon. 1930 in the second half century, the Pharaoh's curse can still travel through time and space and take away people's lives. 1970, the last survivor of the expedition said in a TV interview about this curse: "I never believed in this myth." As a result, he almost died in a car accident on his way home from the TV station. This is the third time he has paid the price after talking about the curse. His wife died of a sudden illness and his son was disabled. This time, he never dared not believe it again. In addition, after 1972, the organizers and related personnel of several exhibitions of Tutankhamun's gold mask were killed and suffered greatly.
But some people don't believe all this from beginning to end. Howard carter, the main digger, is always safe, so he has to come forward to refute the rumor. He said that the so-called "absurd reports" such as Tutankhamun's revenge are just word games, and this danger simply does not exist. He stressed that scientists have proved that there are no germs in the tomb, and the results of infection detection in the tomb also prove that the above report is very irresponsible and absurd. In order to correct the audio-visual, Professor George Stan Dolf, a German expert in Egyptology, published an article on the curse of the Pharaoh in 1933, and took pains to explore the sources of newspaper news and other similar reports. After enumerating a large number of facts, he clearly concluded that the "Pharaoh's curse" did not exist at all. There is nothing similar in ancient inscriptions.
Carter later published an interview article on this issue, writing: "As far as modern Egyptians are concerned, their religious traditions simply do not allow this curse to exist. On the contrary, the Egyptians sincerely hope that we will express our best wishes to the deceased. "