Sichuan's ancient buildings are rich and colorful, with brilliant achievements, especially the Han Que, rock tomb and Mo Yan statue since the Liang Dynasty, which occupy an important position in the cultural history. Brick towers and archways also have a great influence on the residential buildings of various ethnic groups. In the aspect of wooden architecture, it not only has local characteristics, but also preserves some ancient official structural methods, which is of great value to the study of architectural history.
1. Overview of the development of ancient buildings in Sichuan
(A) Pre-Qin period
There were humans in Sichuan tens of thousands of years ago. There are more than 200 Neolithic sites such as Wushan Daxi Site and Xichang Lizhou Site. There are a large number of ground buildings in Sanxingdui site in Guanghan, most of which are rectangular, with a general area of 10 square meter, and the largest is more than 60 square meters. The structural form is overlapping or tenon-mortise wood structure, and the wall is wood-bone mud wall, similar to modern gray board wall and bamboo woven wall. In order to adapt to the humid environment in Chengdu, a large area of wooden structure dry fence buildings in Shang and Zhou Dynasties were found in the site of Chengdu Twelve Bridges, and the ground floor was uninhabited. Its pattern not only belongs to the residence in Shang and Zhou dynasties, but also has the embryonic form of modern Sichuan folk houses, which is of great value.
Chengdu Yangzi Mountain Terrace, a relic of the Western Zhou Dynasty, is a Zen altar for sacrifice or alliance meetings. Its plane is square, divided into three steps, with a total height of more than ten meters.
Adobe walls are used to build soil platforms, fill in the middle and tamp in layers. This method of replacing board with wall was also a pioneering work at that time. After a while, influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, the ancestral hall was established. Therefore, the historical records record that "the Nine Emperors had enlightened emperors before the establishment of the ancestral temple", and towns such as Yufu City, Dujuan City and Baocheng appeared one after another.
(2) Qin and Han Dynasties
In 3 16 BC, the Qin dynasty destroyed Shu and established the second county of Bashu, and a large number of immigrants entered Sichuan, and successively established the capital, Yong and San cities, which were horns with each other. It was repaired again, and the city was listed as a company with Xianyang. Chengdu is very large. Gongsun Shu proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, known as the Zhangyilou after the "Trial Construction of a Ten-story Red Building". It is an early high-rise building in Sichuan. . From the grand perspective of urban construction and towers, it shows the high achievements of Chengdu architecture in Qin and Han Dynasties.
Li Bing's construction of Dujiangyan canal head project in Chengdu Plain has greatly promoted the economic prosperity of Bashu area. In the Han Dynasty, Wen Weng vigorously advocated education and opened the first school in the world-Shishi, which promoted the development of culture. Langzhong Zhou Qun also built its own high-rise building to observe astronomical phenomena, and the first folk observatory appeared in China. Sichuan Han Dynasty stone reliefs have made great artistic achievements, and Sichuan is one of the areas where stone reliefs are found most. For example, the pottery houses in Lushan Mountain are very elaborate, which vividly reflect the structural characteristics of the wooden structures in the Han Dynasty, and also show that the wooden structures in the Han Dynasty have matured and formed their own unique architectural system.
The wind of thick burial prevailed in the Han Dynasty, and a stone que was erected in front of the tomb in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Up to now, the number of stone que preserved in Sichuan ranks first in China. Gaoyi Que in Ya 'an and Fan Min Que in Lushan Mountain, with simple and beautiful shapes and fine carvings, have high artistic value and are important objects for studying Han Dynasty architecture. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Buddhism began to be introduced into China, and Sichuan was the main birthplace of Taoism, so Taoist temples began to appear in the Han Dynasty. Baoguang Temple is one of the largest temples in western Sichuan Plain, and it is a typical layout of early temples in China. Qingcheng Mountain has always been a famous Taoist shrine in China.
(3) Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Frequent wars, ancient battlefield sites all over the province. Chengdu is the capital of Shu Han, and Liu Chan was interested in civil engineering and built a grand Shu Han Palace. Religion was very popular in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. Chengdu Wenshuyuan, Emei Wannian Temple and Qingcheng Mountain Shangqing Palace were all founded during this period. The wind of digging rocks also rose. Yizhou in the Southern and Northern Dynasties was the only way for monks to communicate with the North and the South. On the one hand, it promotes the development of stone carving art, on the other hand, it makes Buddhist statues deeply influenced by different styles in the north and south.
(4) Tang and Five Dynasties
During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, Sichuan enjoyed social stability and economic prosperity, and workshops, commercial buildings and cities also developed greatly. Chengdu has not only regular markets, but also seasonal markets and night markets. Buddhism flourished in Sichuan in the Tang Dynasty, leaving a large number of historical sites.
There were many stone buddhas and cave temples in Sichuan in the Tang Dynasty, such as Leshan Giant Buddha and Guangyuan Thousand Buddha Cliff, which showed the great artistic attainments of ancient sculptors.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, pagodas were gradually built with bricks. Three tombs of the Five Dynasties were discovered in Chengdu, among which Wang Jian's tomb is the most famous. These three tombs of the Five Dynasties have different shapes and stone carvings. The theme of the tomb is music and dance, Meng Zhixiang's tomb is decorated with carved dragons, and Zhang's tomb is decorated with animal portraits. Reflect a high level of architecture.
(5) Song Dynasty, (6) Yuan Dynasty
A large number of water conservancy projects were completed in Song Dynasty, and ceramics were highly developed. Chengdu has not only become a metropolis in the southwest, but also a prosperous market town.
After three large-scale schools, stone carving technology flourished in government-run schools and academies, and made remarkable progress after Tang promised. For example, Dazu stone carving is not only a treasure of stone carving art, but also reflects the extraordinary creative ability of ancient craftsmen in engineering technology such as machinery, drainage and lighting.
Up to now, the well-preserved Yuan Dynasty buildings in the province include Langzhong Ai 'an Temple, Langzhong Wulong Hall and Emei Feilai Hall. They are all sloping roofs, with large scale, many materials and solemn and simple style. The wind of building stupas gradually flourished after the Tang Dynasty, and a large number of Song pagodas were preserved in the province. Another brick pagoda in the Yuan Dynasty was a square brick pagoda with dense eaves.
(7) Ming and Qing Dynasties
Two large-scale immigrants in the early Ming and early Qing dynasties promoted the development of production. Academies developed rapidly in the Ming Dynasty, and the imperial examination system was the most prosperous in the Qing Dynasty, with numerous examination sheds in various counties. Well salt production continued to develop. The development of salt industry and a large number of immigrants into Sichuan promoted the development of fellow guilds and trade guilds. That is, "Nine Palaces and Eighteen Halls". For example, Xiqin Guild Hall in Zigong, Chunqiu Ancestral Hall in Xuyong and Shaanxi Guild Hall in Chengdu are all famous. Advocating culture and education since Ming and Qing Dynasties. Sichuan Kuixing Pavilion and Wenfeng Pagoda were built one after another. Kuixing Pavilion in Sichuan is the most magnificent and exquisite in China.
The unprecedented development of gardens in the Qing Dynasty is a great achievement in the architectural history of the Qing Dynasty. Natural landscape gardens, private houses, government-affiliated gardens, ancestral halls or temple gardens have all developed greatly, especially in western Sichuan. There were hundreds of garden buildings in Chengdu in the late Qing Dynasty, most of which were residential, small, beautiful and simple.
The number of archways in Sichuan ranks first in the country, and most of them were built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Dezheng Square and Xiao Jie Square are all over urban and rural areas, and a large number of tombs and wooden archways have been built. Good proportion and fine carving.
Second, the main features of ancient buildings in Sichuan
(1) distinctive cultural characteristics
Sichuan ancient architecture is an important part of traditional culture, with various forms and postures. Because all kinds of buildings with wood structure as the main body have strong cultural consciousness, all kinds of buildings show the same design ideas and cultural concepts, forming their own unique architectural cultural system. Sichuan's ancient buildings are all-encompassing, rooted in Bashu culture, and gradually developed by absorbing various foreign cultures and integrating architecture, culture, art, religion, music, painting and sculpture. , rich in connotation, profound. The architectural culture of each period also widely reflected the social life at that time.
(2) adjust measures to local conditions, and (3) use local materials.
Guided by the concept of advocating nature, Sichuan ancient buildings have always been based on the environment and integrated with the natural environment. Due to the complex terrain and many mountainous buildings in Sichuan, although the layout of all kinds of buildings is based on the central axis and quadrangles, in order to adapt to the environment, the platforms are built layer by layer and fall down layer by layer. By using the methods of axis turning, sketch transition and guiding treatment, all groups of buildings form a unified whole and form a free and flexible layout. Mountainous buildings often use stilts and platforms to expand space. Most of the streets in the town are arranged along the river and bend with the tide. Because of the vertical outline layout, they fall down layer by layer, stone steps are set up on the street, and various forms appear.
Most parts of Sichuan are rainy and hot, and the space is open. Courtyards and patios are as dense as honeycombs, and there are many open halls and flower covers. The interior and exterior spaces blend and the spatial levels are rich. Planting flowers and plants in the courtyard has formed a pattern with a courtyard and a garden.
(4) unique structure, (5) exquisite workmanship.
Sichuan folk houses have a long history. According to the original dry rail building of the 12th Bridge in Chengdu in Shang Dynasty recently unearthed, it is a wall and roof structure with wooden pile foundation, wooden floor beam, bamboo-wood combination and tenon-mortise combination. In the Han Dynasty, on the basis of the dry fence building, it has developed into a wooden frame building with high feet or raised wooden floors. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, there had been a garden-style house with a porch courtyard and a hall with heavy doors. The whole mansion is separated from the courtyard by the surrounding cloisters: the front hall, the back bedroom, the kitchen and the wooden watchtower are "distinct", and a teasing and beam-lifting wooden frame has been formed, and the eaves are supported by bucket arches, bucket arches and purlins, which has begun to take shape in the prototype of traditional houses in Sichuan. There are five types of dwellings in Sichuan: dry wells, dry diaphragm, quadrangles, bunkers and tents. Hall is an indispensable house in folk houses, all in the center of the plane, for thousands of years. Most farmers have a hall, which is used by their ancestors, mainly for reception, work and daily life. In an exquisite family, the shrine is the back hall, and the front hall and the second hall are specially used to receive banquets. The gate directly reflects the cultural, economic and ethnic characteristics of residents, and people pay great attention to the orientation design of the gate. The gates in Sichuan are called "Chaomen" and "Longmen", and people can get together and "put on a dragon gate array".
Five, "green tiles and white walls, heavy courtyard, do as the Romans do, light and exquisite, simple and natural"
Sichuan dwellings are made of fine wood, with wide carved parts such as door and window grids, covers, hangers, purlins, arches and melon columns, which are exquisite in workmanship, beautiful and natural. Wood carving, stone carving, brick carving and clay sculpture are exquisite, and various themes such as "Fulu Xi Shou", "Chyi Chin's calligraphy and painting", "good luck and wishful thinking", "animal flowers and plants", "historical stories" and "dramatic figures" are adopted, with vivid and natural images and high artistic value. Sichuan culture has a long history.
(6) Unique artistic style.
(7) All ethnic groups have different characteristics (8)
Diaojiaolou is a traditional Tujia folk house. Popular in Qianjiang area of southeast Sichuan. Make more use of the natural terrain of the hillside, erect long wooden columns below, support short wooden columns above and lay the floor. Upstairs is the living room, and downstairs is used to put sundries or cattle and sheep pens. There are corridors on one, two or three sides of the building. Outside, fences are used as fences. Houses are usually arranged with 7 columns, 9 columns or 1 1 column. The height of the central column is generally 10 feet, 58 feet, 68 feet, 78 feet and 88 feet. In the middle is the hall, and on both sides are the bedroom, guest room or kitchen. The bedroom is equipped with a floor, about one meter from the ground, and there are stairs at the door. There is a fire shop outside the bedroom, which is made of wood on all sides and filled with earth. The middle is lit with fire and the pot is hung on the fire. Usually used in museums or boiling water.
The houses of Miao people in eastern Sichuan are dry fences, while those in southern Sichuan are bungalows.
Carved houses are traditional Qiang folk houses. Also known as the carved building. The plane is square, narrow at the top and wide at the bottom, and the top is flat. Many areas are built by mountains, with stone walls and straight and tidy walls. There are often dozens of houses in a row, such as ancient castles, which are very spectacular. Generally divided into three layers, with wooden ladders up and down between layers. The flat roof is used as a place for threshing and resting, and there are white stones on the low corners around it. Food and sundries are piled up on the upper floor, people live in the middle floor and livestock are raised on the lower floor. Put a board on the flat top between the carving room and the carving room to facilitate family contacts. There is also an ancient carved building of the Qiang nationality, which is 65,438+00 feet high, quadrangular, hexagonal or octagonal, with a wide bottom and a narrow top. The lower wall is about 1 m thick and is made of rubble and yellow clay. In the past, it was used for defense, but it was also used to store food. In the Qiang area, there are still such carved buildings.