Niu's surname has four origins: 1, which comes from Zi's surname and is a descendant of Shang Tang. According to the records of Tongzhi imperial clan, the compilation of Yuan and surname, and the genealogy table of Tang books, Zhou Wuwang took Wei Zi's name (his ordinary brother), worshipped Tang Wang, and Song Sikou, the descendant of Wei Zi, as his surname in Song Dynasty. 2. Old name changed to cattle. According to Sui Shu and Tao Shi, Niu Hong in Sui Dynasty was his father Liao Yunci's surname, Niu, and Liao Yun was a courtier of the Northern Wei Dynasty (in the Three Kingdoms period, General Wei changed his surname to Laobi, and then changed his surname to Laoyun). 3. Form among the people. Farmers and cows are companions, always inseparable, and some take cows as their surnames. His family changed his surname. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was always a Niu surname in Shigu and Zhongjiang in Lijiang, Yunnan Province, which was Naxi nationality. Manchu surname in Qing dynasty, living in Shenyang, belongs to Huangqi Tuguan; Today, Manchu, Tibetan, Tujia, Mongolian, Dongxiang, Hui, North Korea, Yi and other ethnic groups all have this surname.
The surname is the ancestor cow symbol. Niu's surname comes from Zi's surname and is the descendant of Shang Tang, the founding emperor of Shang Dynasty. After the destruction of Zhou Wuwang, the Shang royal family was sealed in the Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) and the Song State was established. After Wei Zi, there was a cow father whose official was Guo Song Scott (in charge of the prison). During the period of Duke Wu of Song Dynasty, the nomadic Xirong Di people repeatedly committed crimes against the State of Song, and Niu Fu led the army to defeat the enemy in Changqiu. Later, in a battle, he unfortunately died heroically. Because he died for his country, later generations took his word as his surname and called him an ox. They regard the father of the cow as the ancestor of the cow's surname.
As can be seen from the above, the surname Niu originated in Shangqiu, Henan Province in the Spring and Autumn Period. In 286 BC, at the end of the Warring States, the Song Dynasty was divided among Qi, Chu and Wei, and the descendants were scattered all over the country. At this time, the names of cattle in the history books are: Niu Que, a college student of Qin State, Niu Jian, a general of Zhao State, and Zhao State's cattle and livestock. It can be seen that some cattle names have entered Hebei and Shaanxi today. The historical figures of Niu surname in Han Dynasty are: Zhang Ye, the satrap of Niu Shang; Niu Di, the captain of Hu Qiang (now Lintao, Gansu); Han Niu, a native of Longxi; and Niu Fu, the son and daughter of Dong Zhuo. The cattle merchant later went to Fufeng, and his father was a close friend of Dong Zhuo (Dong is a native of Lintao, Gansu). Judging from his experience, they should also be from Shaanxi and Gansu, so it can be seen that Niu surname has begun to take shape in Longxi. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, warlord disputes and Yi invasion led to social unrest and people's hardship. There was once a cattle surname from the Central Plains who moved to the south of the Yangtze River, but the number was small. Although the surname of cattle in Longxi is adjacent to other ethnic groups, it is far from the land of right and wrong in the Central Plains and is not greatly affected. On the contrary, the population is prosperous and the population is prosperous, forming the most important county in the history of Niu surname-Longxi County. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the surname of Niu in Longxi was even better, and there were many celebrities and high officials, such as Niu Hong, the elegant scholar, Niu Xiangu, the grandson of Niu Xiangu, the poet Niu Qiao, and Niu Xiji, the nephew of Niu Qiao, all of whom were famous in the history books. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the people of the Central Plains once again fell into a helpless predicament and had to migrate everywhere. At that time, the surname of Shaanxi-Gansu cattle moved south to Sichuan, the Yellow River moved east to Shanxi, and the surname of Zhongyuan cattle moved south to Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Shanxi cattle surnames began to flourish. At the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Shanxi Niu surname, as one of the surnames of Huaishu settlers in Hongdong of Ming Dynasty, moved to Henan, Anhui, Shandong, Hebei and Northeast provinces. In the Qing Dynasty, there were Niuxing in Shanxi, which entered Inner Mongolia in the west, and Niuxing in Henan, which entered Northeast China in the east. At this time, Taurus has spread all over the country, and some people have crossed the sea to Taiwan Province and emigrated overseas. Nowadays, Niu surnames are widely distributed all over the country, especially in Henan, which accounts for about 4 1% of the national Han population, and in Shanxi, which accounts for about 55% of the national Han population.
In the process of long-term reproduction and migration, the main counties formed are: Longxi County-Qin Zhi County. The old town is in the south of Lintao, Gansu Province. Its jurisdiction is equivalent to the east of Dongxiang, west of Wushan and north of Lixian. Wei moved the capital in the Three Kingdoms, so the old city is in the southwest of Gansu Province.
Hall number: Longxi, Daya, Weiming, etc.
Clan characteristics 1, the surname of Niu originated from Song Weizi after the father of Niu. Niu's surname, like theirs, is hard-working and hard-working. 2. Niu surname originated in the north and flourished in the north. According to the Index of Scholars' Inscriptions in Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were 65 people surnamed Niu in Ming and Qing Dynasties, only two of them were southerners, and they were called talented people in the south of the Yangtze River. These alone are enough to show that Niu is a typical northern surname.
Han Niu, the essence of celebrities: Taoist, a famous soldier in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Full of talent and courage, he was a powerful frontier, a strong official and captain, and later a doctor. Niu Hong: A native of Anding Quail (now Lingtai, Gansu), minister of Sui Dynasty. Emperor Wendi of Sui was generous, studious and well-read. He was then the minister of rites, and devoted himself to implementing the policy of appointing and removing local officials at all levels by the central government. Good at literature, proficient in laws and regulations. There is a collection of cattle's works. Niu Xianke: A quail, a minister in the Tang Dynasty. When he was appointed as our special envoy in Hexi, he kept the huge prescription accumulated. Later, he served as Minister of Industry and Prime Minister. During his tenure, he was alone and only made promises. Niu Xiangu: Ding An quail, minister of the Tang Dynasty. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, he was a representative of the Niu Party. When he was in Mu Zong with Wenzong, he got married twice and was relegated repeatedly. He is the author of the legendary collection "The Record of Mysteries". Niu Qiao: a native of Longxi, an official and poet in the late Tang Dynasty. During the years of Ganfu, scholars and calendar officials made up for the gaps and proofreaders. Wang Jian town Shu, monarch as a judge, and the founding, worship for things. This series of "cow gives stone words". Niu Xiji: Longxi people. Officials and poets in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Before Shu, I was a tired official until I became a bachelor of Hanlin and an imperial consultant. Shu died and entered Luo, and I was appointed to Yongzhou in the later Tang Dynasty. This album has "Niu Loyalty Collection". Niu Cun Festival: Bochang, a native of Qingzhou (now Shouguang, Shandong), was a general of Hou Liang in the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. He is brave and resolute, noble in moral integrity, invincible, attacking cities and pulling out villages, so his reputation is far-reaching, and he is highly valued by Liang Wudi. What is even more rare is that he is loyal, has the demeanor of a general, takes pains to check the school, and guards the Pacific Ocean in the same state and our times. Niu Hao: A native of Lushan, Ruzhou (present-day Henan), was a famous gold fighter in the Southern Song Dynasty. As the deputy commander-in-chief of Yue Fei, he recovered Suizhou and Xiangyang, rushed to Luzhou, and defeated the nomads from the army. Later, Yue Fei suppressed Yang Yao's uprising, and Yang Yao took Zhong Xiangzi Zhong Yi into the water and was captured by him. Hou Zhuo, deputy county magistrate of "Ma bu" or horse stance just look, is on Hunan Road. 1 147, he was poisoned by Qin Gui, and his last words said, "I hate peace between the north and the south". Niu Fu: Huoqiu (now Anhui) was a famous Yuan fighter in the Southern Song Dynasty. He stayed in Xiangyang for five years, and then moved to Fancheng, where he led the army to defend himself and refused to surrender. After breaking the city, he was seriously injured and his head hit the column and was killed by fire. Niu Xingzu: A native of Xiangling, Jinning (now Xiangfen, Shanxi), was an official in the Yuan Dynasty. In the calendar, the book was written by the governor, the director of the Ministry of Punishment and the director of the Ministry of Industry. After that, most commanders and envoys went to Yunnan to participate in politics. Niu Tianqi: Taigu, Shanxi, general of Qing Dynasty. During the Qianlong period, Wu Jinshi went to Guizhou Province as a magistrate, led officers and men to suppress the Miao people in northern Sichuan, slaughtered tens of thousands of people, and was later killed by the Miao people. Niu Jian: A native of Wuwei, Gansu Province, was a minister of the Qing Dynasty. Jinshi in Jiaqing period. 184 1 year as governor of liangjiang. During the Opium War, he feared the enemy like a tiger and retreated without fighting, which led the British captain to enter the Nanjing River. Later, he signed the treaty of nanking with a British ship, and was soon removed from his post.
Textual research on the family history of Niu surname
Surname is a word for a family. According to the latest research results of China Academy of Sciences, there are more than 22,000 surnames in China in ancient and modern times, and there are about 3,500 Han surnames being used by contemporary China people (Xinhua News Agency, Shanghai, July 27th). Among the numerous surnames, Niu's surname accounts for about 0. 14% of the Han population in China, ranking 96th according to the number of surnames (Wang Daliang's Contemporary Hundred Surnames). Nevertheless, because of the profound implication of the surname Niu, there have always been a large number of talented people, who have made great contributions to the country and the nation and attracted attention from all walks of life.
For a long time, many people with lofty ideals have devoted their efforts to the research and development of the surname Niu, forming a wealth of historical materials. Due to the change of current events, the restriction of conditions, and the wide distribution of Niu clan in the whole country (even in the world), there has never been a unified pedigree, and all walks of life do not know much about the history of Niu clan, and some even have different opinions. This paper tries to make textual research on the relevant historical materials of the ancestors of the Niu family, so as to teach the Fang family the truth and let the Niu family know their lineage, so as to respect the family and create a new civilization.
First, the origin of Niu surname
Surnames are produced and developed with the development of human society. The surname comes from matriarchal clan society, and the surname comes from paternal clan society. However, before Shang Dynasty, there was no historical record of Niu surname in Han nationality, and it first appeared from Wei Zi.
According to Records of Historical Records, Song Weizi Eighth Family and Wei Zishu, Cabbage is an ordinary brother of Shang Zhouwang (both of them were born by the same father and mother, but Wei Zi is the brother. When he was born, his father Di Yi had not succeeded to the throne, and his mother was still a concubine, so he was called Shu Xiong. When he was born, his father was a king and his mother was a princess. Zhou has been glib and strong since childhood. He was favored by his father and succeeded to the throne, becoming the 3rd1ren (the last) king of Shang Dynasty, while Wei Zi became his courtiers, and * * * together safeguarded the regime of Shang Dynasty. However, the people were suffering from extravagance, and Wei repeatedly advised him to no avail (the minister was later killed), but he was loyal to the country. Shi Zai, at that time, Wei Zi had the intention of "dying without self-determination", so he pleaded with his father (that is, Ji Zi), one of the three major public offices in North Korea. According to textual research, Ji Zi went to North Korea), and finally listened to Ji Zi's "today's sincerity to govern the country, the country does not hate death. If you die, you can't cure it in the end. It is better to go. " He got angry and ran away.
According to the record of "Old Preface of Cattle Family Tree" in Nanguanzhuang, Jiyuan, Henan Province in the 42nd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1704), Wei said, "When I left, I looked up after noon and started with the word noon, because I thought it was my surname". In the first year of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty (182 1), the genealogy of Niu family in Niuji, Yanling County, Henan Province said: "Yin was sealed in the Song Dynasty, and the pawn said,' No surname can be born, and it is noon, that is, the word' noon' is taken as the surname. This is the origin of Niu family. There is also a record that "the ancestors of Niu family came from (Yin) Weizi" in the monument of Niujia ancestral forest in Dongniujiazhuang, xintai city. Many genealogies, related historical materials and historical legends of Niu's family have consistent records on the origin of Niu's family name, and Wei Zi is considered as the ancestor of Niu's family name.
Wei Zi, whose real name is Qi, was named Wei Zi when he was a prince (now Weishan, Shandong Province), and his title belongs to Zi. Confucius once called him "Yin Zhi San Ren" with Bi Gan and Ji Zi (see the micro chapter of Yu Yi). After Zhou Wuwang put down the rebellion in Wu Geng, "Wei Zi named Song Gong and worshipped Tang (Tang Shu Li Mi), and later called him Song Weizi." Lin Bao, a doctor in the Tang Dynasty, was ordered by the Prime Minister to compile Yuanhe's Family, which read: "After that, the cow's father was the cow's father, and later generations took the name of Wang Fu as their surname". The Interpretation of Surnames in the Song Dynasty, A Brief History of Clans and the Origin of Surnames in the Qing Dynasty all recorded the same thing: "After Song Weizi, the descendants of Sikou Niu took Wang Fu as their surname". Now, the state has raised a huge sum of money to build the Huangdi Mausoleum in Shaanxi Province, which has been confirmed by the cattle in the People's Ancestral Temple arranged by relevant institutions, and a bronze statue of the father of the cow has been carved for people to pay tribute to.
In history, some people have changed their surnames to take refuge for nearly 300 years. However, in order to recover, the emperor gave them surnames, and many enlightened people who were proud of surnames voluntarily changed their surnames to Niu. At the same time, there are also cattle surnames among Hui, Tibetan, Manchu, Naxi, Mongolian, Tujia, Bai, Dongxiang, Korean and Yi nationalities. Nevertheless, Niujia, whose ancestor is Niu's father, has always been the main body of Niujia in China, with distinct branches and a long history. Until the year of Tai Chou (1325), Niu Chuancai became a scholar after his father and moved to Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, becoming the ancestor of Guo (Niu) all over the country.
Second, the pedigree of cattle.
Niu surname is a distant ancestor, which can be traced back to Huangdi, the ancestor of Chinese humanities. Huang Di gave birth to Xuanzang, Xuanzang was extreme, and Di Ku was extreme. Di Ku is one of the famous "Five Emperors" in the history of China, known as Gao Xin. Confucius said: Hou Ji, Qi, Yao and Zhi (half-brothers), Yao Chan was located in Shun, Shun Chan was located in Yu, and Yu passed it on to his son Qi. Yu lived from the end of 22nd century BC to the beginning of 2nd/kloc-0 century BC, and was a key figure in China's transition from primitive society to slave society.
Yao lived in the 23rd century BC (it is said that he was in power for only 65,438+000 years). When his brother Qi was here, he was appointed as Stuart, managing his subjects, making him Shang Dynasty, and giving him the surname Zi Shi. His 14 grandson became Tang, leading the world to defeat Jie, the last monarch of the dissolute Xia Dynasty, thus establishing the Shang Dynasty. Shang Dynasty lasted for 3 1 year and 67 1 year, and perished in Shang Zhouwang.
According to the Records of the Historian, which was praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme", Shang Zhouwang had no choice. Zhou Wuwang (Ji Fa) led many people to "swear to admire Ye" and overthrew his rule in one fell swoop and established the Zhou Dynasty. After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, King Wu looked for sages everywhere and invited Wei Zi, a well-known brother of Zhou Wang who fled abroad because of his opposition to Shang Zhouwang, to be sealed back to the Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan) as a sacrifice for merchants. The Song Dynasty was one of the waiting states of the Zhou Dynasty, and Song Weizi was the founding monarch of the Song Dynasty, and later became the ancestor of China's Niu surname.
It should be pointed out that according to Zheng Qiao's A Brief History of Clans, the word Wang Fu (grandfather) was determined by the patriarchal clan system of the Zhou Dynasty. At the same time, after that, in addition to Niu's surname, there were three surnames 13, such as Kong, Le, Bian, Yu and Huangfu, with Wang as the surname, and five surnames 15, such as Wei, Qiu, Qiu and Huo, all related to Niu's surname.
To sum up, the Yellow Emperor is the ancestor of the Chinese Niu family, Wei is the ancestor of the Niu family, and the ancestor of the Niu family is the ancestor of the Niu family. Niuchuan is the general ancestor of shabu-shabu cattle. In the later historical changes, the later generations started from different branches, and one branch "Niu Gang" started from Gangzu. The ancestors of 28 surnames, including Kong, Le, Bian, Yu, Huangfu, Wei, Qiu and Huo, are all related to cattle. In the historical development, those who voluntarily changed their surnames from Pang to Niu are now members of Niu, and the Niu surnames of Naxi, Manchu, Tibetan, Hui, Yi, Bai, Tujia, Mongolian, Dongxiang and Korean are all members of the Chinese nation.
Among many Niu families, the origin of China Niu family, with Niu father as the ancestor and Niu Chuan as the ancestor, has always been extremely simple. In the development and reproduction of more than 2,800 years, there have been many branches, such as shouldering cattle, whipping cattle, and beating pot (pot residue) cattle, but they have never been taken as surnames or mixed in, and they are descendants of Shang Tang. If we study surnames from the perspective of genetics, many other surnames can't compare with the simple origin of Niu. As descendants of the Niu family, we should be proud of this, and then encourage ourselves to respect harmony more and make greater contributions to the nation, country and society.
Note: Other materials referred to in this article are:
1, Wang Genquan's Cultural Analysis of Surnames in China, Unity Press, 2000, 1 Edition.
2. The Analects of Confucius in the Western Zhou Dynasty
3, "Chunqiu Zuozhuan Wengong II"
4. Complete Works of Lu Xun
5. China surname dictionary.
6. China's surname encyclopedia