[Edit this paragraph] The significance of interior design
People spend most of their lives indoors. Therefore, the indoor environment designed and created by people will directly affect the quality of indoor life and production activities, as well as people's safety, health, efficiency and comfort.
The creation of indoor environment should take ensuring safety and benefiting people's physical and mental health as the primary premise of indoor design. In addition to material functions such as arrangement, cold and warm lighting, people often require spiritual functions such as indoor environment atmosphere, style and context that are suitable for architectural types and personalities.
Because people live indoors for a long time, modern interior design, or indoor environmental design, is relatively the most closely linked link in the environmental design series.
The overall interior design, including artistic style, can often reflect the characteristics of social material and spiritual life in the corresponding period from a macro perspective. With the development of society, the interior design of past dynasties always bears the imprint of the times, just like a history book without words. This is because interior design, from design conception, construction technology, decorative materials to internal facilities, is bound to be related to the material production level, social culture and spiritual life of the society at that time; In the aspects of indoor space organization, plane layout and decoration treatment, it is also closely related to philosophy, aesthetics, social economy and folk customs at that time.
From the microscopic and personal works, the level and quality of interior design are related to the professional quality and cultural and artistic accomplishment of designers. As for the achievement grade of each single design after its final implementation, it is closely related to the project and the specific construction technology, material quality, facility configuration, and the coordination with the construction party (that is, the owner), that is, design is the most critical link and premise, but the quality of the final achievement depends on the overall coordination of design, construction, materials (including facilities) and the owner.
In interior design, the basic factors to grasp the design object as a whole are: the nature of use-why to design functional buildings and indoor spaces; Location-the surrounding environment and indoor space of this building; Economic input-the total investment of the corresponding project and the control of the unilateral cost standard.
It is well understood that materials and technical means, that is, all kinds of decorative materials and facilities, are needed when designing ideas. It is also necessary to follow the principles of architectural aesthetics, because the artistry of interior design, in addition to aesthetic principles (such as symmetry, balance, proportion, rhythm, etc. Like painting and sculpture, as an "architectural aesthetics", it needs to comprehensively consider many factors such as use function, structural structure, materials and equipment, and cost standards. Architectural aesthetics is always associated with practical, technical and economic factors, which is the difference between it and pure art such as painting and sculpture. Modern interior design not only has high artistic requirements, but also involves high technical content, which is closely related to some emerging disciplines, such as ergonomics, environmental psychology, environmental physics and so on. Modern interior design has developed into an independent emerging discipline in the environmental design series. Understanding the meaning of interior design and its relationship with architectural design is analyzed from different angles and different emphases. Many scholars have many incisive views that deserve our serious consideration and reference, such as:
It is considered that interior design is the continuation and deepening of architectural design and the re-creation of indoor space and environment.
It is considered that interior is "the soul of architecture, the connection between man and environment, and the combination of human art and material civilization".
Mr. Dai Nianci, a senior architect in China, believes that "the starting point and focus of architectural design is connotative architectural space, and the spatial effect is the goal pursued by architectural art, while interfaces, doors and windows are the necessary subsidiary parts of space. The subordinate part is the material basis of space and plays a decisive role in the perception of the use of connotation space, but it is a subordinate part after all. As for the appearance, it is only the inevitable result of the connotation space. "
Plattner, an architect, thinks that interior design is "much more difficult than designing buildings containing these internal spaces" because indoors "you should communicate with people more, study people's psychological factors and how to make them feel comfortable and excited. Experience has proved that this requires more experience and more professional training than dealing with structures and building systems. "
Adam, the former president of the American Association of Interior Designers, pointed out that "the work involved in interior design is much broader than simple decoration, and their concerns have extended to all aspects of life, such as the design of houses, offices, hotels and restaurants, improving labor productivity, barrier-free design, compiling fire prevention codes and energy-saving indicators, and improving the efficiency of hospitals, libraries, schools and other public facilities." In a word, it gives comfort and safety to all kinds of people in the indoor environment. "
E. Banomalieva, a Belarusian architect, believes that interior design is to design "an artificial environment with visual limitations to meet people's physiological and spiritual requirements and ensure the needs of life and production activities", and interior design is also "the interdependence and close combination of function, spatial form, engineering technology and art".
[Edit this paragraph] The concept of interior design
This paper analyzes the understanding of the meaning of interior design and its relationship with architectural design from different angles and different emphases. Many scholars have many profound insights, which are worth our serious consideration and reference. For example, they think that interior design is the continuation and deepening of architectural design and the re-creation of indoor space and environment. Interior design is considered as "the soul of architecture, the connection between man and environment, and the combination of human art and material civilization".
Mr. Dai Nianci, a senior architect in China, believes that the starting point and focus of architectural design is connotative architectural space, the spatial effect is the goal pursued by architectural art, and the interface, doors and windows are the necessary subsidiary parts of space. The subordinate part is the material basis of space and plays a decisive role in the perception of the use of connotation space, but it is a subordinate part after all. As for the appearance, it is only the inevitable result of the connotation space.
W. plattner, a master architect, thinks that interior design is "much more difficult than designing a building containing these internal spaces", because indoors "you have to deal with people more, study people's psychological factors and how to make them feel comfortable and excited. Experience has proved that this requires more experience and more specialized training than dealing with structures and building systems. "
G. Adam, the former president of American Association of Interior Designers, pointed out, "Interior design involves much more than simple decoration, and their concerns have extended to all aspects of life, such as the design of houses, offices, hotels and restaurants, the improvement of labor productivity, barrier-free design, the compilation of fire prevention specifications and energy-saving indicators, and the improvement of the utilization rate of public facilities such as hospitals, libraries and schools. In a word, it gives comfort and safety to all kinds of people in the indoor environment.
Belarusian architect e? Banomalieva (e? Ponomaleva) believes that interior design is to design "an artificial environment with visual limitations to meet people's physiological and spiritual requirements and ensure the needs of life and production activities", and interior design is also "the interdependence and close combination of function, spatial form, engineering technology and art".
[Edit this paragraph] The development of interior design
Modern interior design, as a new discipline, has existed since the beginning of human civilization, although it is only a matter of recent decades. People consciously decorate and even beautify the interior of their life and production activities, giving the indoor environment a desired atmosphere.
First, at home
Primitive society; Xi An banpo village square living space-circular living space-primitive clan society-Neolithic Age-Shang Dynasty-architectural space is orderly and rigorous.
Qin Dynasty and Western Han Dynasty —— Epang Palace and Yang Mo Palace
Interior design and architectural decoration have been closely related since ancient times.
The documents of past dynasties —— Kao Gong Ji, Zi Renzhuan, Architectural French, Yuan Ye —— all involve interior design.
Furniture and interior decoration in ming and qing dynasties. Development reached its peak.
Qing Dynasty-Li Weng and Li Yu
Various traditional houses in China-quadrangles in Beijing, mountain houses in Sichuan, a letter in Yunnan, houses in Shanxi, Hakka earth buildings in Fujian, dry houses of Thai people, alley buildings in Shanghai, etc. There are extremely valuable reference results in architectural form and space indoor organization, architectural decoration design and decoration technology production.
Second, abroad.
In ancient Egypt before BC, the ruins of aristocratic mansions were painted with colored vertical bars on plastered walls, which were covered with straw fabrics and equipped with various furniture and daily necessities. The decorative patterns, sculptures in front of the temple and stone pillars in the temple of Amon in the Karnak Temple in ancient Egypt are extremely exquisite, and the huge stone pillars and extremely depressed space in the temple hall meet the rigorous and mysterious indoor atmosphere needed by the ancient Egyptian temple and the spiritual function of the temple.
Ancient Greece and Rome-Ancient Greece and Rome have developed to a high level in architectural art and interior decoration.
Since the Middle Ages and Renaissance in Europe, there have been various styles of architecture such as Gothic, Classical, Baroque and Locke.
Its interior decoration is becoming more and more perfect, and its artistic style is becoming more and more mature. The exquisite decorative styles and techniques of past dynasties are still worth learning.
Gothic architecture Notre Dame de Paris
British "Arts and Crafts Movement"-Some "real" architects and artists began to think and explore, trying to find a new way to adapt to social development and progress. British Ruskin and Morris were the earliest pathfinders.
Bauhaus in Germany
Gropius. He experienced the whole development stage of modern architecture, was the most important founder of modernist architecture and design thought, and was also the founder of modern design education.
Frank wright, American Rice's modernism, is the most representative pioneer of American modern architecture. As an active participant, he is recognized as one of the most important founders of modern architecture.
The foundation of the development of modern interior design—
1, the building function is becoming more and more complicated.
2. The rapid development of science and technology:
3, the change of people's ideas:
[Edit this paragraph] Basic ideas of interior design
First, to meet people's needs and interpersonal activities as the core
According to different people and different users, consider their different requirements:
Space design; We need to pay attention to the requirements of people's behavioral psychology and visual feelings. Different spaces for different people.
Feeling.
Second, strengthen the overall environmental concept.
The conception, conception, style and environmental atmosphere of interior design need to focus on the integrity and culture of the environment.
And the functional characteristics of the building.
1 macro environment; (natural environment) space, atmosphere; Mountains and rivers, forests, plains and grasslands; Keywords climatic and geographical characteristics, natural scenery,
Take local materials.
2 meso-environment; Urban and rural environment (urban and rural, neighborhood, outdoor environment); Neighborhood buildings and outdoor environment;
Historical context, folk customs, architectural functional characteristics, modeling style;
3 Micro-environment; (Indoor environment) The indoor environment of various buildings; Indoor functional characteristics, spatial organizational characteristics, style.
Third, the combination of science and art.
Another basic point of modern design is to attach great importance to the scientificity, artistry and their relationship in the interior design environment.
Combination.
Scientific,; Including new materials, structural composition, construction technology, facilities and equipment with good sound, light and thermal environment to
And the change of design means (computer design)
Artistic quality: while emphasizing materials and technical means, we attach great importance to the principles of architectural aesthetics and creativity, expressiveness and appeal.
The power of indoor space image, the visual pleasure and cultural connotation of indoor environment.
Scientific and artistic; The indoor environment with different types and functional characteristics may have their own emphasis, but from the macro perspective,
Starting from the design concept, we should still combine the two. In short, it is to achieve the balance and integration of physiological requirements and psychological requirements.
Fourth, both the sense of the times and the historical context are equally important.
Historical context: it can not be understood simply from form and symbol, but broadly involves planning thought, plane layout and space.
Cross-organizational characteristics, philosophical thoughts and viewpoints in design.
Five, the concept of dynamic sustainable development
My opinion on the dynamic development of interior design;
1), market economy and competition mechanism. 2) Changes in shopping behavior and business methods. 3), new decorative materials, efficient lighting, air
Adjust the equipment for launch. 4) Revision of fire protection codes and building standards.
It will promote modern interior design to be updated and changed in space organization, plane layout, decoration, construction and installation.
There is room for architecture.
2. Sustainable development: all kinds of human activities should pay attention to the future in ecology, environment, energy and land use.
Sustainable development.
[Edit this paragraph] Methods and procedures of interior design
A method of interior design;
1. Focus on the overall situation, start with the details, and thoroughly scrutinize the whole and details.
2. From the inside out, from the outside in, local and overall coordination.
3. Idea first or idea synchronization, idea and expression are equally important.
Second, the procedure steps of interior design
Interior design can usually be divided into four stages according to the design process.
1. Design preparation stage
2. Scheme design stage
3. Construction drawing design stage
4. Design and construction stage
[Edit this paragraph] Interior design style
The cause and influence of style
The formation of interior design style is different trend of thought of the times and regional characteristics, and it gradually develops into a representative interior design form through creative conception and performance. Typical styles are usually closely related to local cultural factors and natural conditions, and the characteristics of conception and modeling are also needed in creation. External and internal factors that form style. Although style is expressed in form, it has profound connotations such as art, culture and social development. In this profound sense, style does not stay or is equivalent to form.
Classification of interior design styles
While embodying artistic characteristics and creative individuality, relatively speaking, it can be considered that the style spans a longer time and covers a wider area.
The styles of interior design can be mainly divided into: traditional style, modern style, post-modern style, natural style and mixed style.
First, traditional style.
The traditional interior design style is in the aspects of interior layout, line type, color tone, furniture and furnishings.
Take the characteristics of "shape" and "spirit" of traditional decoration.
Second, modern style.
The modern style originated from the Bauhaus School established by 19 19, under the historical background at that time.
It emphasizes breaking through the old tradition, creating new buildings, paying attention to function and spatial organization, and giving play to the formal beauty of the structure itself.
Simple modeling, opposing redundant decoration, advocating reasonable composition technology, respecting the performance of materials and paying attention to the texture of materials themselves.
Non-traditional asymmetric composition technology based on functional layout is developed. Bauhaus school
Attach importance to actual process operation and emphasize the connection between design and industrial production.
Third, postmodern style.
The word postmodernism first appeared in 1934 in Selected Poems of Spain and Euban by Spanish writer De Anisch.
In the book, it is used to describe the inner rebellion of modernism, especially a rebellious psychology against the pure rationality of modernism.
It's postmodern.
Fourth, natural style.
Natural style advocates "returning to nature", aesthetics advocates "natural beauty", and thinks that only by respecting and combining nature,
In today's high-tech, high-tempo social life, people can achieve a physical and psychological balance, so the room
The use of natural materials, such as wood, cloth and stone, shows the texture of the materials, which is fresh and elegant. In addition, due to its Sect,
The purpose and technique are similar, and the pastoral style can also be classified as natural style. The pastoral style strives to be expressed in the indoor environment.
Nowadays, rural life is leisurely, comfortable and natural, and simple patterns of natural wood, stone, rattan and bamboo are often used.
Ingeniously set up indoor greening to create a natural and elegant atmosphere.
Five, mixed style
In recent years, architectural design and interior design are generally diversified and compatible with good storage. Interior layout
Some of them tend to be modern and practical, but they also absorb traditional characteristics and integrate ancient and modern Chinese and western in decoration and furnishings, such as
Such as traditional screens, furnishings and coffee tables, with modern walls and doors and windows decoration, the new sofa: European antique.
Classic glazed lamps and wall decorations, including traditional oriental furniture and Egyptian furnishings and sketches. Mixed wind
Although the plaid is eclectic in design and uses a variety of styles, it is still ingenious in design and has been thoroughly scrutinized in shape.
The overall composition and visual effect of color, material, etc.
[Edit this paragraph] The genre of interior design
Genre, here refers to the artistic differentiation of interior design. Starting with the analysis of the artistic features of modern interior design,
There are also many schools, mainly high-tech, bright color, white, new rococo, style vibration, surrealism,
Deconstruction and decorative arts.
1. High-tech or weighing technology.
High-tech school or weighing school highlights the achievements of contemporary industrial technology in the design of architectural form and indoor environment, which is dazzling.
Yao, who advocates "mechanical beauty", exposes structural members such as beams and grids, as well as various equipment and pipelines such as air ducts and cables indoors.
Emphasize technology and sense of the times. Typical examples of high-tech schools are Pompidou National Art and Culture Center in Paris, France and Hong Kong.
Bank of China, etc.
Second, the Illuminati
Guangming School, also known as Baiyin School, prides itself on the precise and bright effect of new materials and modern processing technology in interior design.
Mirrors and flat glass, stainless steel, polished granite and marble are often used as interior decoration materials.
In the lighting of indoor environment, new light sources and lamps such as projection and refraction are often used, and metal and mirror materials are used.
In contrast, a radiant and dazzling indoor environment has been formed.
Third, white schools.
The interior of the White School is unpretentious, and the interior interface and furniture are often white, which is simple and clear, such as the United States.
The Smith residence designed by architect R. Meyer and its interior are such examples. R. Meier's white interior,
It not only stays in simplifying decoration, choosing white and other packaging treatments, but also has a deeper conceptual connotation.
In the design of indoor environment, people who move indoors and the ever-changing outdoor scenery visible through doors and windows are considered comprehensively (
Just like "borrowing scenery" in traditional garden buildings in China, in a sense, the indoor environment is just an activity place.
"background", so as not to do too much eagle dyeing in decorative modeling and color.
Fourth, the New Rococo School.
Rococo was originally a lotus architectural decoration style popular in European courts in the18th century, which was exquisite, light and delicate.
As a feature, the new rococo inherits the complicated decorative features of rococo, but the "carrier" and processing technology of decorative modeling
However, the technique uses modern new decorative materials and modern scientific and technological means, which is gorgeous and slightly romantic, but still unconventional.
There is no decorative atmosphere of the times. I
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Descartes abstract painting school
De stijl originated in the Netherlands in the 1920s, and is an art school represented by the painter mondriaan.
It emphasizes "the expression of pure modeling" and "liberating art from the bondage of tradition and personality worship". De stijl thinks that "it will be an excellent ring"
Abstract environment is a reality of people's life. They often use geometric interior decoration and furniture.
And the three primary colors of rainbow, yellow and cyan, sometimes mixed with black, gray and white.
All aspects have extremely distinctive characteristics and personalities. Buildings and interiors are often based on geometric squares, which are empty to the inside and outside of buildings.
Use the interpenetration between the internal space and the external space to form a unified whole, and make the roof and wall concave and convex and firm.
Emphasize the color of the block. Figure LO- 19 (d) shows the residential design of V. Doesburg and others, and the picture shows V. Deuce.
A Strasbourg cafe-style movie hall designed by Ford.
Sixth, surrealism.
Surrealism pursues the so-called artistic effect beyond reality, and often uses abnormal space organization and music in interior decoration.
There are flowing arcs on the surface or interface, strong colors, unpredictable light and shadow, strange furniture and equipment,
Sometimes modern paintings or sculptures are used to contrast the surreal indoor environment. Surrealism indoor environment is more suitable.
Some indoor exhibition or entertainment spaces with special requirements for visual image (Figure 10-
20) 。
Seven, deconstruction.
Deconstruction was founded by the French philosopher J Derrida in 1960s.
Eight, decorative arts or decorative arts.
Decorative art originated from an international exposition of decorative art and modern industry held in Paris, France in the 1920s, and later spread to the United States and other places. For example, some skyscrapers built in the early days of the United States adopted this genre. Decorative art is good at using multi-level geometric lines and patterns, focusing on the decoration of doors and windows, notches, waist lines and corner lines. In recent years, the interiors of some hotels and large shopping malls are often decorated with decorative art patterns and patterns on the basis of modern styles, taking into account both the flavor of the times and the connotation of architectural culture. As shown in Figure 10-22, the lobby of Shanghai Hegan Hotel is rich in cultural connotation, with exquisite patterns of lamps and iron railings, and well-shaped flat-topped paintings. Although the lobby has been renovated recently, it still maintains the typical decorative art style of the original building and interior. Figure10-23 shows the interior of the newly-built Paris Spring Department Store on Huaihai Road, Shanghai. According to multi-level linear patterns and decorative features, it can also be classified as decorative art handshake method.
Basic concepts and requirements of indoor lighting and lighting
As far as human vision is concerned, there is nothing without light. In interior design, light is not only to meet the needs of people's visual function, but also an important aesthetic factor. Light can form space, change space, or destroy space, which directly affects people's perception of the size, shape, texture and color of objects.
First, the characteristics of light and visual effects
Like known electromagnetic energy, light is a special form of energy, and its prescribed unit of measurement is nanometer.
Second, illumination, light color and brightness
1, illuminance: measured with luminous flux as the reference unit.
The unit of luminous flux is lumen, and the unit of luminous efficiency of light source is lumen/watt.
2. Light color: Light color mainly depends on the color temperature of the light source and affects the indoor atmosphere.
3. Brightness:
As a subjective evaluation and feeling, brightness is different from the concept of illuminance. It means the luminous flux reflected per unit area of the illuminated surface, which is also called luminescence, so it is related to the reflectivity of the illuminated surface.
4. Optical characteristics of materials, reflected light, absorbed light and projected light.
Third, the control of lighting.
1, glare control
Shade, reduce the brightness of the light source, move the position of the light source, and hide the light source.
2. Control of brightness ratio
(1) General lighting arrangement: whole, local, combination of whole and local, and angulation.
(2) Lighting partition: suspended ceiling area, surrounding area and use area.
(3) Maximum allowable brightness ratio of indoor part:
The ratio of visual work to nearby working surface is 3:1; The ratio of vision work to surrounding environment is10:1;
Location and mode of indoor lighting
I. Lighting components and light source types
1. Lighting location: The indoor lighting effect mainly depends on the lighting location and the size and layout of the lighting port.
Generally divided into three forms: side light, high side light and top light.
2. Light source type:
(1) incandescent lamp: advantages and disadvantages
(2) Fluorescent lamps:
(3) Neon tube lamp (neon lamp)
(4) High pressure discharge lamp
Different types of light sources have different color light and color rendering characteristics, which have different effects and influences on indoor atmosphere and object color, and should be selected according to different needs.
Second, the way of lighting
According to the astigmatism of lamps and lanterns, lighting methods are divided into:
1. Indirect lighting;
2. Semi-indirect lighting;
3. Direct and indirect lighting;
4. Diffuse lighting;
5. Semi-direct lighting;
6. Wide beam direct illumination;
7. The highly concentrated beam projects downward for direct illumination.
Indoor lighting function and artistic effect
Whether in public places or at home, the use of light affects everyone. Indoor lighting design is to use all the characteristics of light to create the required aura.
Environment, through lighting to give full play to its artistic role, and performance in the following four aspects:
First, create an atmosphere:
Second, strengthen the sense of space and three-dimensional:
Three, light and shadow art and decorative lighting:
Four, lighting layout art and lamps plastic arts:
[Edit this paragraph] Indoor color and material texture
Color is another basic element of indoor form, which is not only the main medium to create visual form,
But also has practical function. In other words, indoor color has the dual goals of aesthetics and applicability, which can show aesthetic effect on the one hand and enhance environmental utility on the other.
Besides shape and color, the texture of all indoor objects also conveys information such as lines, shapes and colors. Moreover, the aesthetic feeling of texture also includes touch, which is slightly better than the simple visual phenomenon.
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