The new peak of Ming and Qing culture is characterized by inheriting the past and bringing forth the new.

1, technology

Ancient scientific works are comprehensive, and modern science and technology are introduced at the beginning.

2. Ideological aspect

Capitalism gradually sprouted and the early Enlightenment was born.

3. literature.

The mainstream of literature is fiction, and citizen literature reaches its peak.

4. Classical culture

The official books in China civilization are rich in content and profound.

5. Western culture

Western learning spread to the east in science and technology, and western learning spread to the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Second, natural science.

1, medicine

Pharmacologist Li Shizhen is innovative in observing analogy.

Compendium of Materia Medica contains thousands of prescriptions and medicines.

Oriental Pharmacopoeia is widely known, reflecting the theory of evolution and treating diseases.

2. Agriculture

Xu Guangqi, an agronomist in Ming Dynasty, paid attention to people's diligent writing.

According to the Book of Agricultural Administration, the system of farming and agronomy is relatively complete.

Preliminary translation of western Qin water law by European water conservancy works.

3. Geography

Geographer Xu Xiake, wading through mountains and rivers to explain the problem.

The record of landform karst (2) is 200 years earlier than that of Europe.

Geographical correction (3) It is found that the history of travel notes is famous.

4. Encyclopedia

"Heavenly Creations" by A&M Song in Ming Dynasty.

The Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (4) spread abroad, and foreign science and technology also stated (5).

5. Foreign technology introduction

The west opened up a new air route, and technology spread to the east at the beginning of colonization.

Come to China to preach Matteo Ricci, spread science and technology and make friends.

Xu Li ⑥ Co-translated many books, and China has a new blood of science and technology.

Third, social science.

1, philosophy of thought

In Ming and Qing dynasties, the social atmosphere was new, and capitalism gradually sprouted.

Neo-Confucianism and psychology ⑦ as the main body, democratic thought was initially enlightened.

① Li Zhi.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zhi advocated innovation and denied Confucius' criticism of Confucian classics.

Exposing the hypocrisy of Taoism is the most typical example of opposing feudalism.

The advanced thought is called "heresy", which is initially reflected by the new class.

② Huang Zongxi

The "three gentlemen" in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties criticized Neo-Confucianism from a new angle.

Li Zhou attending exposed and criticized the imperial system and advocated opposing the emperor's "rule of law".

"Jing Shi" is anti-business, which influenced the late Qing Dynasty academically.

③ Ancient Yanwu.

Gu, a scholar in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, studied the knowledge of "applying the world".

Combining theory with practice, writing a book can benefit the country and the people.

Oppose the monarchy, the world belongs to heaven and earth.

Down-to-earth new style of study, subsequent scholars, preschool students.

④ Wang Fuzhi

Mr. Chuanshan's thought is novel and materialism is dialectical.

Qi is the law of material reason and the only materialism in the world.

"Moving without giving up quietness" and "quietness contains motion" are absolutely dialectical.

Deny the quiet theory of Neo-Confucianism and admire the view of ship and mountain.

Looking at history from the perspective of development, politics often has innovations from time to time.

2. Literature

College entrance examination resource network

(1) The Romance of the Three Kingdoms

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Luo Guanzhong created many typical characters.

The first historical novel, the dispute between the Three Kingdoms, asks for help.

(2) The Water Margin

Shi Naian wrote Biography of Little Hu, and Liangshan heroes are more vivid.

The first novel of the uprising, opposing feudalism and praising farmers.

③ The Journey to the West.

Wu Cheng'en said that during the Journey to the West, the Tang Priest learned a lot.

Kill the monster Sun, and fight the Long Fairy Song.

(4) A Dream of Red Mansions

Cao Gao [13] once said that the Red Mansion Jia Fu rises and falls, and Bao Dai falls in love.

Complaints about the old ethical code system reflect the decline of feudalism.

In ancient novels, Chinese and foreign redology competed with each other.

⑤ Scholars

Scholar Wu satirized the imperial examination for poisoning the body and mind.

⑥ Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio

Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio wrote a fox whip for the Qing court.

3, series and books.

China's culture is extensive and profound, and the classical culture has reached its peak.

① books

Ming and Qing dynasties compiled a series of books ⒂, and gave a brief explanation of the evidence respectively.

A Yongle ceremony

Jie Jin presided over the compilation of books, and the Yongle Grand Ceremony is well known.

Classified as 20,000 books, 1 10,000 books are dying out today.

B "Integration of Ancient Books and Books"

Book integration has 10000 volumes, and this kind of book still exists today.

C si ku quan Shu

Sikuquanshu is a series of books, which expounds the subsets of classics and history in detail.

There are 3000 kinds of ancient books and records, and many ancient cultures have been preserved.

There are 36,000 books, of which repairing books and destroying ⒄ are the most typical.

Fourth, western learning spread to the east.

1, reason

West Portugal opened up new routes and colonized the East.

The Portuguese occupied Macau and the Dutch occupied Taiwan Province, condemning the priest Matteo Ricci.

Confucianism worships Han, offering the unique skill of "Tuqin". Making friends with Confucian scholars is colonization.

2. Western learning spread to the east

The clergy translated books to spread science and spread mathematics, science, art and astronomy in China.

Revising the calendar to cast guns, China has new scientific and technological blood.

3. Learning from the East to the West

The Ming and Qing dynasties were also enlightened, and the exchanges between China and the West were once prosperous.

Confucianism and Taoism spread to the west, and Taoist priests lived in China with two sides.

4. recession

Developing Christians to oppose folk customs and interfere in internal affairs is unbearable.

The imperial edict of Yongzheng forbade preaching, and western learning gradually stopped.

[Notes]

(1) Oriental Pharmacopoeia: refers to the Oriental Pharmacopoeia. ② "Karst": Karst landform, which is the most famous karst area in the former Yugoslavia. ③ Error correction: Xu Xiake's Travels corrected some mistakes in previous geographical works, such as Yuanjiang and Lancang River entering the sea respectively, not tributaries of the Yangtze River. ④ Encyclopedia of Arts and Crafts: Wu Kai, a foreign country, is called "17th century China Arts and Crafts Encyclopedia". ⑤ Description: Tiangong Wu Kai includes Japanese forging weaving method, Korean cotton dyeing and finishing method and Xihongyi gun casting method. ⑥ Li Xu: refers to Xu Guangqi, an agronomist in Ming Dynasty, and Matteo Ricci, an Italian missionary. ⑦ Psychology: Wang Yangming, an idealist philosopher in the Ming Dynasty, founded psychology and put forward the view that there is nothing outside the heart. (8) New class: refers to the emerging bourgeois manual workshop owners. ⑨ "Mr. San": refers to thinkers Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Attending Lizhou: Huang Zongxi and Mali. ⑾ Disease: It refers to Gu's masterpiece The Book of Diseases in the Counties of the World. Mr. Chuanshan: Wang Fuzhi lived in seclusion in Shichuanshan in his later years and was called Mr. Chuanshan and Wang Chuanshan. [13] Cao Gao: It refers to Cao Xueqin and Gao E, the authors of A Dream of Red Mansions. [14] Bao Dai: refers to Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu. ⒂ Books: A reference book that compiles relevant materials in books of various subjects and arranges them according to their contents, which is convenient for recording, consulting and collecting. [14] Fading: There were more than 11,000 copies of Yongle Dadian, but it was looted by Eight-Nation Alliance, and there are more than 300 copies now, including more than 200 copies in China. ⒄ Destroying books: Sikuquanshu compiled in Qing Dynasty made great contributions to the preservation of cultural heritage, and many books were banned. (18) priest: refers to a missionary. Trick to play the piano: Matteo Ricci, an Italian missionary in the 6th century A.D./kloc-0, presented Ming Chengzu with the Geographical Map of the Great World, a musical instrument and a bell, and was allowed to preach in Beijing. ⒇ Anti-folklore: During the reign of Kangxi and Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, Pope Luo Zi issued a decree prohibiting China believers from offering sacrifices to heaven, Confucius and ancestors, and some missionaries even interfered in China's internal affairs.