Collection of ancient historical documents. Zuo Zhuan and other quotations from Shangshu were called,, Shangshu, and Shu in the Warring States Period, while the Han people renamed Shangshu, meaning "The Book of Ancient Emperors" (Lun Shuo Pian).
The authenticity, gathering and dispersion of Shangshu are extremely complicated and tortuous. According to the legend of the Han people, there were 65,438+000 books in the pre-Qin period, including 20 Xia Yushu, 40 Shangshu and 40 Zhou Shu, each with an orderly title arranged by Confucius. Historical Records Confucius Family also talks about Confucius' revision of the book. However, most modern scholars believe that Shangshu was written in the Warring States Period. After Qin Shihuang burned the book, it was incomplete. The preface of this book is quoted from Historical Records, which was written by Confucian scholars in the Warring States Period. There are twenty-nine Shangshu in the early Han Dynasty, which were handed down by Dr. Qin, and copied from the official script in the Han Dynasty, which is called Shangshu. Also, in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, it was said that King Lu demolished a section of the wall where Confucius used to live, and found another book, Shangshu, which was written in the font of the Six Kingdoms period before the Qin Dynasty, so it was called the ancient literature Shangshu, which was 65,438+06 more than the Jinwen Shangshu. Kong Anguo gave it to the royal family after reading it. The History of Ancient Chinese Literature was not published because it was not listed as a scholar. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, Yimei put forward fake versions of the ancient prose Shangshu and Kong Anguo's Biography of Shangshu. This ancient history is 25 more than this one, and 5 more articles are divided from this one. At that time, the Qin Shi in this passage was lost, so the pseudo-ancient prose combined this paragraph with 58 articles. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, Kong Ying Da wrote Justice of Shangshu, which is a book with mixed authenticity of ancient and modern characters. After Wu □ in the Southern Song Dynasty, its authenticity was quite questionable. In Ming Dynasty, Mei wrote Textual Research on Shangshu, and in Qing Dynasty, Yan Ruoqu wrote Textual Research on Shangshu. , just forged the ancient prose Shangshu and Kong Anguo Shangshu Biography.
Shangshu records the documents of Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, such as canon, ink, precept, patent, oath and destiny. Among them, some documents in Yu, Xia and Shang dynasties were written according to rumors and were not reliable. "Canon" is a record of important historical facts or special historical facts; "Mo" is the strategy to remember the monarch and his subjects; "training" is the words of the minister to enlighten the monarch; "Patent" is a declaration of encouragement; "oath" is the oath of the monarch's admonition; "Life" is the monarch's command. There are also appellations with names, such as "Pan Geng" and "Weizi"; Such as Emperor Gaozong's Day and Xibo Jianli; There are content titles, such as Hong Fan and Can't Escape. These are all essays written in memories. There are also many narratives, such as Gu Ming and Yao Dian. Among them, "Gong Yu" is a record of Yu Xia's water control, which is actually an ancient geographical record. Different from the style of the book, it should be written by later generations. Since the Han Dynasty, Shangshu has been regarded as a classic of China's feudal social and political philosophy. It is not only a textbook for emperors, but also a "great classics and great laws" that aristocratic children and scholar-officials must follow, which has a great influence in history. Engraved history books in song dynasty
As far as literature is concerned, Shangshu is the symbol of the formation of China's ancient prose. According to Zuozhuan and other books, before Shangshu, there were three graves, five classics, eight categories and nine hills, but none of these books survived, and the records of Han Art and Literature have disappeared. Pre-Qin prose should begin with Shangshu. The articles in the book are gradually complete in structure, have a certain level, and pay attention to the use of kung fu in the design of life. Later, the prosperity of prose in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was the inheritance and development of it. After Qin and Han Dynasties, imperial edicts, imperial edicts and written articles of various dynasties were obviously influenced by it. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long traces back to the Book of History when it comes to Zhao Ce, Qian Yi, Zhang Biao, Qi Qi, debate and secretary's style. Some chapters in Shangshu have certain literary talent and modality. Pan Geng (3 chapters), for example, is Pan Geng's motto of mobilizing his subjects to change their minds. His tone is firm and decisive, which shows Pan Geng's vision. Among them, it is more vivid to use the metaphor of "if the fire burns in the same place, it can't catch you" to incite the masses to "float words" and to sit idly by and watch the country decline with the metaphor of "getting rich and stinking after taking a boat". In Wuyi, Duke Zhou advised him to become a king: "Ho ho! A gentleman has nothing to escape, and it is difficult for a prophet to escape, so he knows the dependence of a villain. " After Qin Mugong defeated the Qin family, he reviewed that he had not accepted Uncle Jian's advice and said, "As the ancients said,' You only blame yourself!'" "The worry of my heart, the sun and the moon exceed the sky, if the clouds come!" There is a sincere attitude in the speech. In addition, there are Yao Dian and Mo. Full of myths, or with poems at the end. Therefore, although Shangshu was regarded as "voluminous" by later generations in language (Han Yu's Xue Jie), it was difficult to read in ancient times, but in fact, essayists of all ages have learned some lessons from it.
There have always been many works to annotate and study Shangshu, including Justice of Shangshu by Confucius in Tang Dynasty, Biography of Collected Books by Cai Shen in Song Dynasty and Annotation of Shangshu Jinwen in Qing Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the East Zhejiang Tea Salt Company printed 20 volumes of Shangshu Zhengyi, which is now in Beijing Library.
Characters in Shangshu: The characters recorded in Shangshu are basically oaths, orders, instructions and letters of patent. Writing style Gu Zhuo, the so-called "Zhou Pan, bow and scrape" refers to this feature. But there are also a few words that are more vivid and fluent.