(A) the definition, characteristics and role of robot-assisted instruction

1 definition of robot auxiliary instruction

Robot-assisted instruction refers to the teaching activities of teachers and students with robots as the main teaching media and tools. Similar to the concepts of robot-assisted instruction are robot-assisted learning (RAL), robot-assisted training (RAT), robot-assisted education (RAE) and robot-based education (RBE).

RAL emphasized that robots are more conducive to "learning" than "teaching". Emphasize learner-centered, actively help learners to establish a good learning environment and provide optimized learning strategies; Emphasize personalized learning guidance and help.

RAT emphasizes the use of robots to help train learners' skills and consolidate learning results. Including various applications of robots in learning skills, life skills and work skills training.

RAE emphasizes the use of robots to help teachers carry out teaching activities to improve teaching efficiency, and emphasizes the use of robots to help carry out political, ideological and moral education.

RBE has rich meanings and covers various applications of robots in education, including RSI, RAI, RMI, RRR and RDI.

2 characteristics of robot-assisted instruction

(1) intelligence. Robot-aided instruction system has the functions of intelligent identification, independent judgment and optimal decision. And can independently build a learning environment and implement personalized teaching.

(2) automation. The robot-assisted instruction system can run automatically with little external intervention.

(3) Humanization. Teaching robots generally have humanized functions such as image recognition, speech recognition and synthesis, logical reasoning and knowledge memory, and can talk with teachers and students in various languages and symbols.

(4) self-study habits. The robot-assisted instruction system itself has certain autonomous learning ability, which can constantly update the learner's feature base, track the learning process and record the learning situation, thus constantly adjusting the teaching strategies and improving the teaching level.

(5) controllability. The knowledge base, inference engine, decision maker and interpreter of the teaching robot can be preset. Through programming control and appearance decoration, the teaching robot can be made gentle, intelligent, humorous and lively.

(6) liquidity. Teaching robots can use wheeled, crawler or even walking mechanical mobile devices to change their position and angle in teaching, so as to obtain the best communication effect. You can also carry and operate a variety of experimental instruments instead of teachers and students to carry out some risky experimental demonstrations.

3 the role of robot-assisted teaching

(1) From the sociological point of view, robots can play various roles such as teachers, study partners and assistants in the micro-community of the teaching system, undertake corresponding tasks and play corresponding roles:

Act as a teacher. Teaching robots can be engaged in knowledge imparting, answering questions, learning guidance, skill training and so on, just like teachers with profound knowledge, careful observation, quick thinking and tireless teaching.

Act as a study partner. Teaching robots can play the role of learning partners and competitors who cooperate with students on an equal footing, inspire each other and explore together, so that students can gain motivation and progress in cooperation and competition.

Act as an assistant. Robots can be used as assistants for teachers to prepare lessons and research, and also as assistants for students to write, read, think and experiment, helping to collect, sort out and transmit relevant information and improving the efficiency of teaching and learning.

(2) From the perspective of communication, robot-assisted teaching can make the dissemination of teaching information produce a qualitative sublimation.

Greatly expanded the knowledge of communicators. The knowledge base stored by the teaching robot and the connected Internet can integrate the wisdom of all mankind, which is unmatched by any excellent teacher.

Reduce the study burden of the recipients. Teaching robots can become learning partners and assistants, instead of students taking notes, sorting out materials and storing classroom information, thus reducing learners' mechanical labor.

Digitization of information coding. The teaching robot digitally encodes all visual, auditory and tactile information, stores it in a computer database, and can quickly extract, transmit and use it nonlinearly.

Information decoding automation. Teaching robots can automatically recognize and translate sounds, characters and images using pattern recognition technology.

Diversification of channels. The information transmission channels of robot-assisted instruction system include visual channel, auditory channel, tactile channel and broadband network signal transmission channel.

Intelligent feedback control. Teaching robot has rich functions of man-machine dialogue, high-speed data processing, intelligent reasoning, decision-making and optimal control, which makes the feedback control of teaching system intelligent.

Automatically analyze and eliminate interference. Teaching robot has the function of information filtering and purification, which can automatically eliminate all kinds of interference factors and improve the quality of information dissemination.

(3) From the perspective of educational psychology, robot-assisted instruction can play the following roles:

Arouse interest. Robot-assisted teaching can stimulate students' curiosity and self-motivation, resulting in a strong interest in learning.

Promote perception. Robot-assisted instruction can highlight the perceptual objects, expand the perceptual channels, promote the coordination of multiple senses and improve the perceptual effect.

Deepen understanding. Through multi-dimensional dialogue with robots, students can self-test their mastery of knowledge and skills, check and fill gaps, thus improving their ability of comparison, analysis, judgment and induction, and improving the depth and accuracy of understanding.

Consolidate the memory. Robot-assisted instruction can increase the ways for students to remember, maintain, identify and recall knowledge and skills, and improve the memory effect.

Comprehensive application. Robot-assisted instruction can provide a new platform and approach for students to comprehensively apply knowledge and skills.

However, robot-assisted instruction is not omnipotent, and its limitations and negative effects still exist. In this regard, we must keep a clear understanding.

(2) The types and components of robot-assisted instruction system.

1 Types of robot-assisted instruction systems

(1) According to morphology, there are humanoid robot aided teaching system and non-humanoid robot aided teaching system. The humanoid robot aided teaching system is assisted by humanoid (or humanoid) robots, and has a familiar interactive interface. Teachers and students have fewer psychological obstacles in the dialogue with robots. Non-humanoid robot assisted instruction system can be animal shape or object shape, which is simple and interesting to use.

(2) According to mobility, there are mobile robot-assisted teaching systems and fixed robot-assisted teaching systems. The former has complex movements such as translation, rotation and walking. Its advantage lies in greater flexibility in teaching. The latter is generally simple to install, use and maintain, and is often equipped in intelligent classrooms. For example, the robot's eyes (camera), ears (pickup) and mouth (speaker) can be installed around the classroom or even on the desk, the robot's brain (computer) can be installed on the platform, the electronic whiteboard can be hung in front of the platform, and the pre-prepared course plan and course content can be stored in the computer, thus making the whole classroom a robot teaching system.

(3) According to the degree of intelligence, there are programmed control robot aided teaching system and intelligent automatic control robot aided teaching system. The former can perceive some information from the outside world, and choose teaching strategies according to pre-programmed teaching procedures through man-machine dialogue, which is an extension of computer-aided instruction (CAI). The latter can actively identify learners' characteristics, have a natural language dialogue with teachers and students, decide teaching strategies independently, and have strong reasoning and decision-making ability.

(4) According to the scope of application, there are general robot-assisted teaching systems and special robot-assisted teaching systems. The former has a wide adaptability, a large knowledge base and a general external image, and is mostly used in school public course teaching. The latter has strong pertinence and professional characteristics, and is mostly used for professional teaching or individual teaching of specific objects.

(5) According to the function, there are lecture-oriented robot-assisted teaching system, tutoring robot-assisted teaching system, training robot-assisted teaching system and emotional robot-assisted teaching system. The lecture robot has strong language expression ability, and can tell, explain, read aloud and lecture the teaching content. Tutoring robot has a strong speculative ability, which can accurately understand all kinds of questions raised by teachers and students, help solve them, give correct hints, inspiration, induction and even give answers. Training robots are mostly used to train students' skills, and special attention is paid to timely feedback and reinforcement during training. Emotional teaching robot can understand and express some emotions, give some care to teachers and students, and is especially suitable for correcting students' psychological diseases and carrying out ideological and moral education.

2 the composition of robot-assisted instruction system

The basic components of the robot-assisted instruction system can be divided into the following eight parts.

(1) sensory system. Include visual, auditory, tactile, displacement and proximity sensors and their accessories. Each sensor is equipped with an analog-to-digital conversion element, so as to convert the collected analog quantity into a digital quantity that can be processed by the computer. Among them, the visual system requires that it can capture the image characteristics of teachers and students; The auditory system requires it to pick up the voice characteristics of teachers and students; The tactile system is mainly used to judge the strength (pressure sense) and smoothness (sliding sense) of the robot's contact with external objects, so as to perceive the handling and various operations of objects; Displacement sensing is mainly used to judge the position movement of the robot and locate it accurately. Proximity sense is used to judge whether there are other objects in a certain range, so that the robot can avoid obstacles when moving and improve safety performance.

(2) Operation, reasoning and decision-making system. This is the nerve center of the robot-assisted instruction system. It is required to be able to carry out numerical operation, logical operation, fuzzy operation and neural operation, have the ability of inductive and deductive reasoning, and make advanced solutions and decisions according to system objectives, environmental conditions and their own conditions.

(3) Expert knowledge base system. The system can use distributed collaborative structure to accumulate knowledge related to various courses into a library in the form of material units or microteaching units. The knowledge base should represent the difficulty, applicable objects and related knowledge of the knowledge unit. In order to constantly update the database, it should have the ability of autonomous learning and intelligent search.

(4) Teaching strategy database system. The system should have the following intelligent characteristics: it can diagnose and evaluate students' learning situation and the difficulty of achieving teaching objectives, automatically select teaching strategies, modes and methods according to the characteristics of teaching content, automatically adjust teaching progress, automatically generate various questions and exercises, and automatically solve problems to generate answers.

(5) Student characteristic database system. The system has a variety of student models. In the process of operation, students' image characteristics, knowledge characteristics, ability characteristics, learning process characteristics, learning demand characteristics and other characteristic parameters can be continuously extracted and stored, so as to teach students in accordance with their aptitude. When building a database, we should also pay attention to distinguish between the characteristics of * * * and personal characteristics to avoid the complexity of students' characteristic database. The methods of constructing student model mainly include covering method, error method, planning method and learning history method.

(6) Motion system. The system includes power subsystem, mechanical subsystem and positioning subsystem, which can make the whole robot move with each part, and also has the functions of supporting its own weight and balance and accurate positioning.

(7) Output system. The system includes display subsystem, printing subsystem, speech synthesis subsystem, network interface subsystem and even body language output subsystem such as expressions and actions. Bluetooth technology will play an important role in this system.

(8) Coordination, control and safety system. The system has the functions of parallel processing, overall coordination, real-time control and security protection. Its core function is to solve all kinds of conflicts inside and outside the robot-assisted instruction system.

(3) The process and mode of robot-assisted teaching.

1 the process of robot-assisted teaching

The basic process of robot-assisted instruction can be divided into three stages: preparation stage, implementation stage and summary stage. Teachers, students and robots all have their own tasks and functions in these three stages, as shown in the following table.

2 the main mode of robot-assisted instruction

(1) robot simulation teaching mode

This model uses robots to simulate some laws of natural science or social science, and produces various phenomena similar to the real world for students to observe, helping them to know (discover) and understand the essence of these laws and phenomena. Its specific application types are: demonstration simulation, operation simulation, process simulation and so on.

This model is widely used in the education of human structure, function and behavior. For example, doctors at the Bristol Medical Simulation Center in the United Kingdom use robots to simulate "patients" and assist in teaching diagnosis and treatment operations. The patient's body is covered with electronic components and pipes, which can simulate pulse, heartbeat, breathing, blood circulation, urination and other human phenomena. And can inject drugs and respond to other treatments.

(2) Robot individual tutoring mode

Modern society is an era of publicizing human nature. Fully respecting learners' personality is the prerequisite for the effective implementation of modern education. Both batch teaching and large-scale broadcasting teaching focus on individual learning. The personalized tutoring mode of robots gives full play to the advantages of parallel processing and diversified settings of robots, so that every learner can get tailor-made learning guidance.

The robot individual tutoring mode can be used in the following situations:

Individual tutoring of micro-robots. Micro-robot has the advantages of light weight, small size and convenient carrying, so that learners can wear or carry it anytime and anywhere and get learning help at any time.

Personal tutoring for home robots. In infant education, after-school education for primary and secondary school students, and adult self-study education, family robots can play the role of "tutor".

Soft robot's personal counseling. Software robots exist in computers and networks, which can track, record and analyze each learner's learning situation and implement personalized learning consultation and guidance.

(3) Robot-aided training mode

In the teaching and training of various skills, teachers often have to do a lot of repetitive operation demonstrations, which consumes a lot of manpower. Using robots for operation demonstration can free teachers from tired and tasteless labor and save teachers' salary costs.

Robot-aided training mode has application fields in all levels and types of education. For example, robots can be used for the training, demonstration and guidance of sports skills such as sports, dancing, painting, singing, etc. Robots can also be used for the training of machine equipment use skills and medical surgery skills.

(4) Robot game teaching mode

Robot game teaching can create an interesting and competitive teaching environment, stimulate students' learning motivation, and enable students to learn knowledge, master skills and cultivate good psychological quality in educational game activities with clear teaching objectives.

The robot game teaching should pay attention to: 1. The game content must be related to the teaching content, and the game theme must be positive and healthy. Second, the rules of the game should include the teaching objectives to be achieved. Third, robots can play the role of competitors and referees. The fourth is to put forward clear competition objectives and competition time. The game should reach the target state in a limited time, but it can't last indefinitely.

(5) Robot distance teaching mode

This mode focuses on the communication, interaction, parallel processing and database functions of robots, and robots can play a greater role in the educational application of online forums, online libraries and online BBS (bulletin board system).

On the one hand, robots can improve the intelligent level of distance teaching. On the other hand, by establishing the feature base of distance student model and carrying out personalized teaching for multiple learners at the same time, it is expected to complete many tasks that teachers could not complete or could not complete in the past.

In addition, there are robot-assisted teaching mode, robot-assisted listening mode, robot-assisted problem-solving mode and so on, so I won't go into details one by one.