ISO 7098
Documentation. Spelling of Roman letters in China.
1982-08-0 1 first edition
order
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide alliance of national standards associations (ISO member organizations). The work of formulating international standards is carried out through the ISO Technical Committee. Every member group interested in the theme of the Technical Committee has the right to request to participate in the Committee. Official or unofficial international organizations related to ISO are also involved in this work.
Draft international standards adopted by the Technical Committee shall be distributed to member groups for approval before being approved as international standards by the ISO Council.
The international standard ISO-7098 was formulated by the Technical Committee of ISO/TC46 "Documentation" and distributed to all member groups in February 198 1.
The member organizations of the following countries support this document:
Australia, Arabia, Egypt and Poland
Austria, France and Romania
Belgium, Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany and Spain.
Brazil, Hungary and Sweden
China, Netherlands.
Cuba, Italy and Switzerland
Czechoslovakia Japan Thailand
Denmark, South Korea and the Soviet Union
India and Mexico
For technical reasons, the member groups of the following countries object:
United States of America
Documentation. Spelling of Roman letters in China.
Introduction to 0
0. 1 general principles of text system conversion
0. 1. 1 Words in a language written according to a certain writing system (conversion writing system) must sometimes be translated and written according to a writing system commonly used in another different language (conversion writing system). This work is often used to translate historical or geographical documents, map-making documents, especially book catalogues, that is, whenever it is necessary to translate words provided by different letters into one letter, so as to realize unified alphabetization in bibliography, catalogue (collection), index, place name list and other work. This is essential for the transmission of monosyllabic written information between two countries with different writing systems, or for the exchange of written information with writing systems different from these two countries. Therefore, information can be transmitted manually, mechanically or electronically.
The two basic methods of text system conversion are text transliteration and phonetic transliteration.
0. 1.2 character transliteration refers to the conversion of alphabetic characters, which converts each character of a complete alphabetic system.
In principle, this conversion should be character-to-character: each character of the converted alphabet is translated into one and only one character of the converted alphabet, thus ensuring that the conversion from the converted alphabet to the converted alphabet can be completely and definitely reversed.
When the number of characters used in the conversion system is less than that in the converted system, two letters or diacritical marks must be used. In this case, we must try our best to avoid random selection and use of pure popular symbols, and strive to maintain a certain language logic so that the system can be widely accepted.
However, it should be admitted that the realized graphic writing method may not always be pronounced correctly according to the phonetic habit of commonly using characters (or all languages) that convert the alphabet. On the other hand, this illustrated writing method must enable readers who know the transformed text to clearly restore the original writing method in their minds, so as to pronounce correctly.
0. 1.3 character retranslation refers to the conversion of alphabet characters into alphabet characters. This kind of works is just the opposite of transliteration; Using the rules of a character transliteration system in reverse order, the converted words can be restored to the original font.
0. 1.4 phonetic transliteration refers to the phonetic system that converts letters or marks of a text into individual characters representing a certain text, regardless of the original writing method of the text.
Phonetic system must be based on orthographic specifications for converting characters and their letters. Therefore, users of voice transcription system must understand the converted characters and be able to pronounce them accurately. Strictly speaking, phonetic symbols are irreversible.
Speech to text can be used to convert all writing systems. This is the only method that can be used to convert incomplete pinyin systems and all ideographic writing systems (Chinese, Japanese, etc.). ).
According to the nature of the conversion system, we can use 0. 1.5 Roman alphabet spelling (that is, converting non-Roman alphabet writing system into Roman alphabet spelling), or we can use character transliteration, phonetic transliteration or a combination of the two methods.
0. 1.6 The conversion system proposed for international application may require some compromises and sacrifices from national customs. Therefore, the group of countries using this system must accept some concessions, that is, in all cases, completely avoid imposing solutions (for example, in pronunciation, spelling, etc.). ) In fact, it is only the requirement of national habits for people. However, this concession obviously does not affect a country's use of the national writing system: when the national system has not been transformed, the writing that constitutes it must be accepted in the written form of the national writing. If a country uses two writing systems, it can switch from one to the other to write its own characters. This character transliteration system should of course be the basis of the international standardization system, as long as it conforms to other principles set forth below.
0. 1.7 When necessary, the conversion system shall specify symbols equivalent to each character, including not only letters, but also punctuation marks and numbers. Similarly, we should also take into account the order of characters used in documents, such as the writing direction of words; Also explain the method of distinguishing words, the usage of separators and capital letters, and follow the habit of using words in the converted writing system as much as possible.
0.2 table standard conversion principle
0.2. 1 indicates the phonetic symbol structure, which is more ideographic than phonological, and uses a large number of words (there are more than 40,000 words in Chinese), so it is impossible to transfer symbols from symbols, so a phonetic symbol system must be developed. Therefore, each word must be transliterated into one or more Roman letters to represent one or more pronunciations of the character. This requires transliteraters to be familiar with the reading of the translated original.
0.2.2 Because the transliteration of ideographic characters only records the pronunciation of each character in each text with Roman letters, the same character has different transliteration methods because it is used in Chinese, Japanese and Korean texts.
0.2.3 On the other hand, the same character in the same text, regardless of font style (traditional and simplified), must be transliterated in the same way, except that a character has several pronunciations.
0.2.4 Due to the following factors, the reversal between the Roman alphabet spelling system and the notation system is impossible:
-In two different languages or one language, the same text is read by people in different ways;
-Homophones frequently appear in the same language;
-In a text, there may be several writing systems.
0.2.5 Some characters even use more than one character system in the same text (for example, pseudonyms and Chinese characters are used in Japanese, and proverbs and Chinese characters are used in Korean). In this case, the phonetic transliteration of the logotype characters in the table below and the transliteration of other characters (such as proverbs and pseudonyms) should lead to a consistent and coordinated Roman alphabet spelling system.
0.2.6 Although generally speaking, the spaces between characters are regular, it is customary to connect several characters that make up a word in transliteration. Word formation rules of relevant languages will be attached to each international standard.
0.2.7 Although there is no case difference in the logotype, proper nouns are often written in capital letters in transliteration. (See Section 5)
Scope and field of application of 1
This international standard explains the Roman alphabet spelling principle of modern Chinese, that is, Mandarin, the official language of China people (see "Explanation on Promoting Mandarin" issued by the State Council on February 6th, 1956).
2 Pinyin
The Chinese Pinyin Scheme officially adopted by the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China (1958 February 1 1) is used to spell Chinese. Transliterators record the pronunciation of Chinese characters in Mandarin.
Trisyllabic form
3. 1 Each Chinese character represents a syllable with four tones or no tones. A word in Chinese can consist of one or several syllables.
3.2 In the Summary of Putonghua Phonetic Combinations, the first phonetic symbol is marked above all syllables. Randomly select the first sound to indicate which letter the tone symbol should be marked on.
Four-tone performance
4. 1 The four tone symbols are as follows:
-The first sound
-The second sound
-The third sound
-The fourth sound
4.2 softly, sometimes called five, not standard.
4.3 The tone sandhi caused by the last syllable is not indicated.
4.4 In general, tone symbols should be marked. However, for convenience, it may be omitted.
5 capital letters
Although Chinese characters are case-insensitive, capital letters are generally used in transliteration under the following circumstances:
5. 1 The first sentence and the first letter of each line of traditional poetry.
5.2 Proper nouns, such as:
-Names, place names and trademarks;
-Names of groups, organizations and units;
-Name of country;
Names of works, periodicals and works of art;
-Specific terminology: festivals, dynasties, year numbers, important dates, etc.
Six punctuation marks
Most punctuation marks used in modern Chinese characters are the same as those used in Roman letters, which is not difficult for translators. These symbols are:
,; ? ! ()[]-……& lt； & gt《》
But the following symbols are also used in Chinese characters:. """"""marked with _ _ below.
Only through transliteration can they be reproduced as they are in the text translated into hanyu pinyin. But these punctuation marks can also be rewritten as follows:
. →
、→,
"""→" "or" "
Mark it below. (Emphasis) → Use italics when printing, underline when typing, and add ""or ""if necessary.
Mark it below-(proper name) Mark the horizontal line below the proper name with capital letters → proper name.
The ~ ~ ~ (title) marked below, the curve below the title, serial number or chapter name → italicized when printing, underlined when typing (meaning capital).
7 Digital
Numbers written in Chinese characters are generally translated into Chinese Pinyin. Arabic numerals are still written in Arabic numerals (used for counting, dates, prices, etc. ).