Who can tell me the author of Historical Records and his life? thank you

The author is Sima Qian.

Sima Qian (about 145 ~ 90 BC) died in 90 BC at the age of 56. Zi Chang, a great historian, writer and thinker in the Western Han Dynasty, wrote China's first biography, Historical Records, which was called by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, and Li Sao has no rhyme." (Republic of China, Lu Xun). Sima Qian was born in Longmen, xia yang, Western Han Dynasty. Xia yang (now south of Hancheng, Shaanxi), county name, near Longmen. Therefore, Sima Qian claimed to be "moving to Longmen" (Preface to Taishi Gong). Longmen, Longmen Mountain, is very famous. Legend has it that Dayu once opened a mountain in Longmen to control water. To the south of Longmen Mountain is the Yellow River. Sima Qian's home is between the Yellow River and Longmen. There are many local places of interest. Sima Qian liked scenic spots since childhood, but he also had the opportunity to hear many historical legends and stories.

There is no clear history of Sima Qian's birth and death. According to Wang Guowei's research on Taishi Gongxing Year, Sima Qian was born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (145 BC) and died in the first year of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty (86 BC) at the age of 56. It is said that Sima Qian's family is a historian and writer who passed down from Tang Yu to Zhou. Sima Cuo was a famous soldier when King Hui of Qin attacked Shu, and Sima Chang was an iron-fisted official of Qin Shihuang. Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, was also an official of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he resumed his ancestral career as a historian.

In Sima Qian's youth, he "cultivated the grandchildren of rivers and mountains". Sima Qian grew up in this natural environment (Preface to Hancheng County Records) and had some experience in folk life.

At the age of ten, Sima Qian followed his father to Chang 'an, the capital, where he studied under the old doctor Fu Sheng and the great scholar Kong Anguo. Family learning is deeply rooted, and it has benefited a lot from the education of famous teachers and inspiration. At this time, the Han Dynasty was strong, the economy was prosperous, and the culture was prosperous. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing wiped out the Xiongnu, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Yuefu ...; That's when Sima Qian was rich in knowledge and keen to be born in Beijing.

Around the age of twenty, Sima Qian began to travel abroad-"traveling south to Jianghuai, attending meetings, exploring Yu caves, spying on nine doubts, floating in Yuan, Xiang, covering Wen and Si in the north, talking about the capital of Qi and Lu, observing the legacy of Confucius, and shooting Zou, Yi, Er, Kun, Xue, Yu Xiang, Du Liang and Chu back to China." After returning to Chang 'an, he became a close minister of the emperor and went to Pingliang and Kongdong with Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to serve Bashu. He went to Kunming at the southernmost tip.

In the first year of Yuanfeng (1 10 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made a grand tour to worship Zen, with 180,000 cavalry and thousands of flags. Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, is a historian. He should have gone to work, but he died in Luoyang. Sima Qian accepted his father's wishes, rushed to Mount Tai, attended meditation, and then returned to Chang 'an along the East China Sea, bypassing the Great Wall beyond the Great Wall.

In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), when Sima Qian was 38 years old, he officially wrote a letter to revise the history and had the opportunity to read all the books, files and various historical materials hidden in the Han Dynasty court. While sorting out historical materials, he participated in the revision of the calendar. In the first year of Tai Chu (BC 104), China's first almanac, taichu calendar, was written, and he began to write historical records.

In the second year of Tianhan (the first 99 years), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Li Guangli, the general of the Second Division, to take 30,000 soldiers to attack the Xiongnu, which was defeated and almost completely annihilated, and Li Guangli fled back. Li Guang's grandson, Li Ling, then served as a captain on horseback, fighting the Huns with 5,000 infantry. Khan personally led thirty thousand cavalry to surround the infantry of Liling. Although Li Ling's archery was good and the soldiers were brave, five thousand infantry killed five or six thousand tarquin. Khan assigned more troops, but he still couldn't compete with Li Ling. Just as Khan was preparing to withdraw, a soldier of Liling defected and reported the military situation inside Liling. Tell Khan that there are no reinforcements behind Li Ling, and teach Khan's men to make bows and arrows that can be shot repeatedly. Khan then continued to fight with Li Ling. In the end, Li Ling was outnumbered, leaving only more than 400 Han soldiers to break through. Li Ling was captured by the Huns and surrendered.

Ministers condemned Li Ling for not being afraid of death and surrendering to the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Taishi to ask Sima Qian to listen to his opinion.

Sima Qian said, "Li Ling has less than 5,000 infantry. He went deep into the enemy's hinterland and struck tens of thousands of enemies. Although he lost the battle, he killed so many enemies that he can tell the world. Li Ling refused to die at once, so he must have an idea. He must want to atone and repay the emperor. "

Hearing this, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that Sima Qian's defense of Li Ling was intended to belittle Li Guangli (Li Guangli was the younger brother of Emperor Wu's favorite concubine), and he flew into a rage and said, "Defending those who surrendered to the enemy is not intended to oppose the court?" He put Sima Qian in prison and handed him over to Ting Wei for interrogation. After Sima Qian went to prison, the case fell into the hands of Du Zhou, a notorious cruel official at that time. Du Zhou tortured Sima Qian, and Sima Qian endured all kinds of cruel physical and mental torture. In the face of cruel officials, he never gave in or confessed. Sima Qian kept asking himself in prison: "Is this my sin? Is this my sin? I am a courtier, can't I express my opinion? " Soon, it was rumored that Li Ling led Xiongnu soldiers to attack the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed it and hastily killed Li Ling's mother, wife and son. Sima Qian was also sentenced to death for this incident. The following year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Li Ling's family, and Sima Qian was castrated. Castration is a great shame and pollutes ancestors, so meet friends and relatives. Sima Qian was humiliated in prison. "Hand in hand, tied by a wooden rope, exposed skin, tied by a list, living in seclusion in the wall. At this time, when I saw the jailer, I grabbed the land. When I saw the apprentice, I was anxious. " (Sima Qian's Bao Ren An Shu) almost ruined his life. He wanted to die, but he thought of collecting information for many years and said, "People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather." . I have a long-cherished wish to write history books, so in order to complete the writing of historical records, I have to bear the burden of humiliation and drag out an ignoble existence, hoping for a chance.

In the first year of Taishi (96 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed to the Yuan Dynasty and granted amnesty to the world. Sima Qian was 50 years old at this time. After he got out of prison, he became a secretary. In the eyes of others, he may be "pampered", but he still devotes himself to writing his book. Until the book was completed in Zheng He's second year (9 1 year ago), * * * got 130 articles, with more than 520,000 words.

[Edit this paragraph] Life

biography

Ministers condemned Li Ling for not being afraid of death and surrendering to the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Taishi to ask Sima Qian to listen to his opinion.

Hearing this, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that Sima Qian's defense of Li Ling was intended to belittle Li Guangli (Li Guangli was the younger brother of Emperor Wu's favorite concubine), and he flew into a rage and said, "Defending those who surrendered to the enemy is not intended to oppose the court?" He put Sima Qian in prison and handed him over to Ting Wei for interrogation. After Sima Qian went to prison, the case fell into the hands of Du Zhou, a notorious cruel official at that time. Du Zhou tortured Sima Qian, and Sima Qian endured all kinds of cruel physical and mental torture. In the face of cruel officials, he never gave in or confessed. Sima Qian kept asking himself in prison: "Is this my sin? Is this my sin? I am a courtier, can't I express my opinion? " Soon, it was rumored that Li Ling led Xiongnu soldiers to attack the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed it and hastily killed Li Ling's mother, wife and son. Sima Qian was also sentenced to death for this incident. The following year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Li Ling's family, and Sima Qian was castrated. Castration is a great shame and pollutes ancestors, so meet friends and relatives. Sima Qian was humiliated in prison. "Hand in hand, tied by a wooden rope, exposed skin, tied by a list, living in seclusion in the wall. At this time, when I saw the jailer, I grabbed the land. When I saw the apprentice, I was anxious. " (Sima Qian's Bao Ren An Shu) almost ruined his life. He wanted to die, but he thought of the information he had collected for many years and said, "People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather." . I have a long-cherished wish to write history books, so in order to complete the writing of historical records, I have to bear the burden of humiliation and drag out an ignoble existence, hoping for a chance.

Angry at the historical record

Sima Qian started reading, sorting out historical materials and preparing for writing after he became an official in Yuanfeng three years (BC 108), and basically completed all the writing plans in Taishi four years (BC 9 1 year). * * * Sixteen years later. This is a great work written by him with all his life energy, painstaking efforts and great physical and mental pain, which always shines brilliantly.

Historical Records is China's first biographical general history, written by Sima Qian. The whole book includes 12 biographies, 30 aristocratic families, 70 biographies, 10 tables, 8 books, 130 articles, with about 526,000 words. It describes the history of three thousand years from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the first four years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is also a literary masterpiece, and it is the pioneering work of China's biographical literature. Its main parts are biographies, biographies and biographies, among which biographies are the essence of the book.

Sima Qian wrote historical records with a rigorous and serious attitude, and the spirit of record-keeping is his greatest feature. Every historical figure or event he wrote has undergone a lot of investigation and study, and the historical facts have been checked repeatedly. At the age of twenty, Sima Qian left Chang 'an, the capital, to visit famous mountains and rivers on the spot, and learned many anecdotes about historical figures, customs and economic life in many places, which broadened his horizons and broadened his mind. Ban Gu, a historian of Han Dynasty, said that Sima Qian is "a true record, because his writing is straightforward, and his essence is not empty beauty and evil". In other words, his article is fair, historical facts are reliable, and he doesn't say good things or hide bad things. This spoke highly of Sima Qian's scientific attitude and detailed historical records.

If Sima Qian insists on the spirit of "recording", he must face the reality and record it, which will inevitably lead to the problem of "taboo". However, when he wrote biographies for characters, he did not stick to the conventions of traditional historical books, but recorded his own thoughts and feelings about historical facts. From the supreme emperor to the nobility, to the ministers, to the local governors, etc., Sima Qian will certainly not obliterate their magical brilliance, but what is outstanding is to expose their decadent ugliness and exploitation and oppression of the people. In particular, it exposed the evils of the ruling class in the Han Dynasty. Although he was a courtier of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian did not hide his fault at all. He profoundly exposed and criticized the falsehood of the activities of worshipping ancestors and visiting immortals that prevailed at that time. In the book Enchanting Zen, he vividly described the absurd and boring behavior of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty who was superstitious about immortals and tried his best to pray for elixir.

Sima Qian wanted to provide historical reference for feudal rulers, which reflected the real history and was very valuable. In the spirit of record, Sima Qian chose characters not according to his official position or social status, but according to his actual behavior. For example, he wrote many biographies of low-level people such as forest rangers, businessmen, doctors and advocates for Excellence. In Sima Qian's mind, these people all have merits. Sima Qian initiated a writing method that always tells a person's life story. Paying attention to "being a man" and its complexity is Sima Qian's brushwork. In his biography, he put his point of view in an objective factual narrative and expressed his love-hate attitude towards the characters. Take Xiang Yu as an example. Sima Qian sympathized with him and wrote this failed hero with great enthusiasm. He not only praised Xiang Yu's bravery, but also criticized his lack of ambition and cruelty. However, in Biography of Xiang Yu, Sima Qian did not comment on it, but his love and hate for Xiang Yu were fully revealed in the narrative. This is the greatest feature of Sima Qian's biography, that is, the unity of authenticity and tendency.

[Edit this paragraph] Temple Tomb

Sima Qian's tomb is located on the cliff of Hanyipo in Zhichuan Town, south of Hancheng 10 km. It was built in Yongjia, Western Jin Dynasty for 4 years. 1February, 982, the State Council was declared as a national key cultural relics protection unit. The building of Sima Qian's ancestral temple tomb, from the slope to the top, up the cliff, step by step. Climb to the top of the mountain, looking at the surging Yellow River in the east, the majestic Liangshan in the west, the Great Wall of ancient Wei in the south and the flowing water in the north. It can be said that it is surrounded by mountains and waters, and it is full of weather. The spectacular natural form and beautiful scenery reflect Sima Qian's noble personality and great achievements.

The ancestral graves are stacked from bottom to top. The vertical wooden archway in the northeast of Slope was rebuilt in Qing Dynasty, with the words "Sima Temple of Han Taishi" written on it. From here, climb the slope, cross Taigong Temple to Sancha Road, and there is a platform to the south of the slope, where newly moved buildings of the Yuan Dynasty, such as Wang Yu Temple, Zhang Yao Temple and Sansheng Temple, have been turned into exhibition rooms. Coming out of the fork in the road, there is another arched building, which was built in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. It is said that Sima Qian is as lofty as a mountain and the world admires him. From then on, the memorial archway wrote the word "Yang of rivers and mountains", and the preface to Taishi Gong moved to Longmen to repair the Yang of rivers and mountains. After climbing 99 steps, you enter the ancestral temple. The entrance to the ancestral hall says "Taishi Hall". The cypress trees are towering and the environment is quiet. Being in it is like a fairyland.

[Edit this paragraph] Recall the past and think about the present.

China has a long history, vast historical records, rich and colorful historical contents and infinite charm of historical figures. Our Chinese nation has a history that makes our children and grandchildren feel proud and fascinated. Of course, everything has two sides. For everyone, facing a long and rich history, how to understand it, know it, learn it, and be inspired and encouraged? This is not a simple question. It seems that how to read history really deserves serious consideration and study. In my humble opinion, the first thing is to understand and understand the most basic historical facts and historical processes, and the second is to pay attention to getting ideological enlightenment from history. This enlightenment can be obtained through the understanding of historical facts and historical processes, and can be excavated from the comments on history and historiography by historians of past dynasties. These two aspects are very important, but for the latter aspect, it seems that we still have a lot to do and many problems need further in-depth thinking.

Every responsible and accomplished historian in the history of China will leave many beneficial inspirations for future generations with his thoughts condensed by hard work. In this regard, my first thought is naturally Sima Qian and Tai Shigong. The Official Book of Taishi written by Sima Qian-called Historical Records by later generations-on the one hand shows his brilliant general history of China at that time, on the other hand, it also reflects his profound understanding and knowledge of historiography and history. For more than 2000 years, people who admire it and study it are in an endless stream, which proves its great charm and immortal status. For such a magnificent history book, what role did individuals play in the historical movement? What important enlightenment do these figures, historical stages and their backgrounds have for people today? For such a problem, people in different times will have some understanding within the ideological scope of his time, and people who look at the problem from different angles will also have some understanding in his field or perspective. This is an inexhaustible "masterpiece of historians". Nevertheless, in Tai Shigong's extensive and profound ideological field, there must be some fundamental thoughts that are very important to different people in different times.

For example, why do people study history? What methods or attitudes should people use to treat the relationship between history and reality? This is the most fundamental question about the relationship between the public and history, and until today, similar questions are still being raised. In fact, Tai Shigong has already given an incisive answer to this question. He wrote: "Living in this world and learning from the past, so self-reflection is not necessarily the same. Emperors have different manners and different affairs. If success is the rule, how can we be satisfied? " ("Historical Records, Biography of Heroes of the Great, Chronological Preface") These words are profound and important. First, he pointed out that the reason why people in reality want to understand and know history is to treat history as a mirror of reality, to compare it and to learn from it. Neither equating history with reality nor imitating history from reality, the two should not be confused. This clearly points out the connection and difference between ancient and modern times: because there is a connection, it can "take a photo"; Because there are differences, "not necessarily the same." Secondly, he pointed out that in the past, emperors "had different manners and affairs", and their systems and policies were often different, but they all aimed at achieving the fundamental purpose of governing the country. It can be seen that the Self-Mirror is by no means confusing ancient and modern times. These two points dialectically explain why people who live in the present should "learn from the past". It can be seen that it is foolish to reject historical experience; It is also unwise to mechanically copy historical experience.

Another example is whether the development of human social history has its own laws (that is, the laws we are talking about today)? If so, do people know the significance of this rule? This is a fundamental problem for people to study and study history, and it is a fundamental problem to understand the essential attributes of history first. It should be frankly admitted that this is also one of the issues that people have been arguing for thousands of years. Sima Qian, a great historian, has also been exposed to this problem. From his investigation of social and economic life, he got the following understanding? Therefore, it is dangerous to wait for farmers to eat, and it is done by working and doing business. Is there a period of political and religious levy in Jinning? (Preface to Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi) This is a natural phenomenon that regards the division of labor and the relationship between people such as farming, mining, processing, exchange and exchange as conforming to the Tao. When talking about similar economic phenomena, Tai Shigong also said: "There are many things, so it is also the opposite. It is the decline of things, the turn of the times, the quality of a text, and the change of eschatology. " He added: "It's like a cloud, and the flow of events is mutually reinforcing. Very strange. " (Post-discussion of Historical Records) He realized that when things reach the peak, they will decline, and when the favorable objective situation develops to the end, it will turn to the unfavorable side. It is not surprising that this is caused by the interaction and conflict between various things. Obviously, people can realize this, and its significance lies not only in having a roughly correct view of the past history, but also in having a more sober understanding and objective attitude towards the realistic historical movement and the future historical prospect.

Another example is that the historical movement is mainly composed of human activities; Without human activities, it is impossible to discuss various problems of human social and historical movements. So, what role should individuals play in historical activities? This involves not only people's understanding of their own life value, but also the value of people as individuals in social life and historical movements. Thinkers and educators in history have various opinions on this, all of which give people useful enlightenment. Most of what they say is rational explanation, which can undoubtedly improve people's understanding and enrich people's spiritual world. In this respect, Tai Shigong calmly observes those historical figures who have not died after being washed away by the historical tide (such as being washed away by the big waves), analyzes and synthesizes their spiritual world and social activities, and thus puts forward the basic principles for writing historical figures; This principle is not only the criterion for Tai Shigong to evaluate historical figures, but also the criterion for him to warn future generations how to be a man. When Tai Shigong summed up his biographies of the characters in Historical Records, he said this: "Help the righteous and charming, don't make yourself waste your time, and make contributions and make a biography of 70." ("Historical Records Biography of Taishigong") "Fu Yi is charming", mainly focusing on virtue and demeanor; "Don't let yourself lose time" is to be good at grasping opportunities and opportunities; "Making contributions to the world is famous" is the goal of taking the world as its own responsibility. Obviously, in Tai Shigong's view, the historical figures he wants to write in Historical Records generally belong to this type. However, Tai Shigong did not treat this criterion with an absolute view; In his historical works, he also vividly depicts some world figures, and it is precisely because of these people that the true colors of those outstanding figures written in history books are set off. It can also be seen from here that the so-called "supporting righteousness and charm" and so on are exactly what Tai Shigong hopes future generations will regard themselves as a "mirror" and be a decent person who conforms to the historical trend and is beneficial to the world.

Taishigong

Sima Qian's Historical Records left many inspirations for later generations. Most of these revelations are combined with specific historical events and historical figures, which is also the main reason why Historical Records is read and revered by future generations. The enlightenment from three aspects cited here focuses on why people should attach importance to history, understand history, remember historical experiences and lessons, what is the law of historical evolution and what people should do in historical evolution. These problems are fundamental not only in Sima Qian's era, but also in any period in history; Even today, this is still a fundamental problem. Generally speaking, people in any era can get necessary enlightenment from Historical Records in understanding and dealing with the relationship between history and reality, and in dealing with the relationship between history and society and life.

[Edit this paragraph] Supplementary information

Supplement 1: the dispute over Sima Qian's birth year

The former 145 is taken from justice in the preface to Taishi Gong, according to Zhang Shoujie's annotation in Justice in the Tang Dynasty: "In the first year of Taishu, it was moved to 42 years old." In the first year of Taichu (BC 104), it was pushed up for 42 years, which was said by Wang Guowei, Liang Qichao and others in the fifth year of Jingdi's Central Plains (BC 145). The former 135 is taken from Suoyin in Preface to Taishi Gong, and according to Zhang Hua's Natural History of Jin Dynasty, "Doctor Sima Qian, 28 years old, Gu Yijun Mao,". That is to say, in the third year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (BC 108), Sima Qian was promoted to Taishiling at the age of 28, which means that the sixth year of Emperor Wu Jian Yuan (BC 135) should be the year of Sima Qian's birth. Guo Moruo and others said this. Generally speaking, the former theory is adopted.

Those who hold the theory of "Six Years of Jian Yuan" try their best to prove that natural history is right, but think that Zhang Shoujie's Record of Justice is wrong. The main reasons are as follows: First, this article in natural history records the Hanshu, which records Sima Qian's name, age, place of residence, rank, years of official worship, salary and so on. So detailed and true, from the Han Dynasty literature records, its authenticity is beyond doubt. This is a kind of original data, and its value far exceeds that of general history books. Secondly, there is a sentence in Sima Qian's "Report to Ren 'an": "Unfortunately, my servants have long lost their second relatives." For example, according to heaven, Sima Qian was born in the fifth year of Jingdi, and his father Sima Tan died in the first year of Yuanfeng (1 10 BC). Sima Qian should be 36 years old. According to common sense, parents who died at the age of 36 can't say that they lost their parents early. For example, according to natural history, Sima Qian was born in the sixth year of Jianyuan, that is, his father died at the age of 26, so it makes sense to say that he lost his parents long ago. Thirdly, Sima Qian's Letter to Ren An was written in the second year of Zheng He (9 1 BC). If he was born in Jingdi Zhongyuan for five years, he should be 55 years old this year. He became a doctor around the age of 20 and was invited to travel all over the country. Then, he should say that he has been guilty for more than 30 years. Obviously, Sima Qian will never forget what he did. It was not until 10 years later, that is, six years after Liang Wudi was founded, that it conformed to his theory.

In addition to Zhang Shoujie's "justice", those who hold the "five-year theory of Jingdi Central Plains" also put forward the following questions or arguments. First of all, Wang Guowei thinks that the year of "28" should be the mistake of "38" because later generations cited natural history. The Theory of Justice points out that Sima Qian's "forty-two years" is correct. Second, according to historical records? In the second year of Yuanshuo (BC 127), The Legend of the Ranger ordered the rich people all over the country to move to Maoling. Guo Jie had no property and was forced to move. Sima Qian also met Guo Jie. He said: "I don't think Guo Jie looks as good as a China person, and he still lacks words." If Sima Qian was born in Jianyuan six years ago, when he was only nine years old, he would never have had such profound observation and psychological activities on people. It seems more appropriate if Sima Qian was born in Jingdi for five years and was nineteen years old. Third, according to Hanshu? In the Scholars, Sima Qian studied ancient Chinese prose from Kong Anguo, but according to historical records? Confucius and Zizhi are mirrors. Kong Anguo was a doctor in the second year of Yuanshuo, and Sima Qian was nine years old in the second year of Yuanshuo. It is impossible for a nine-year-old child to go to imperial academy to consult and discuss with a master of Confucian classics. If you were born in the fifth year of Emperor Jingdi's reign and this year is nineteen years, it seems reasonable. Sima Qian's life experience is controversial, among which the date of birth is the most controversial.

Sima Qian's Taishigong was founded by the superstitious Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and it was also his plan to weaken the power of the Prime Minister. The specific authority of Taishi Gong is different from that of Taishi Gong from the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty. To sum up, Ru Chun said, "Han Yi noted Tai Shigong, and Emperor Wu put him in the position of Prime Minister. In the world, the book discusses Tai Shigong first, then the prime minister. The order is like the ancient Spring and Autumn Period. After his death, Xuan Di took his official orders and only made Taishigong documents. " . Hanshu records that students who take an examination of Taishigong have more than 9,000 satirical books, which is history. In addition, it is tested by six institutions, and the most important human beings believe that Shangshu, Shi Yu and history books make history. His daughter is Mrs. Yang Chang, the prime minister of Emperor Han Zhaodi. According to the records in Old Instruments of Han Dynasty and Miscellanies of Xijing, the post of Taishigong was not held by the descendants of Sima Qian until Emperor Xuandi of Han Dynasty. Therefore, some people think that Sima Qian was not castrated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and such a superstitious emperor as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty would not shut himself up in the silkworm room for Taishi Gong, who was set up to worship heaven and god. Many historical records also record that Li Ling was only recommended by Sima Qian, who may have died before Li Ling surrendered to the Huns. Sima Qian served as Taishi Gong and Zhongshu Ling during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. After his death, his descendants still served as Taishi Gong with the official. Until the reign of Emperor Xuan Di of the Han Dynasty, Taishi Gong was abolished and reduced to Taishi Order, and the position of Sima's official to Taishi Order was cancelled.

When Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty abolished the criminal law of corporal punishment and sitting together, Sima Qian would not be put to death whether he was convicted of defending Li Ling (not cursing the second general) or recommending Li Ling, and the so-called words of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty did not exist. The historian at that time was independent of the emperor, and the emperor had no right to read the historian's records. Many evils recorded by Sima Qian in the Han Dynasty were under the privilege of this ancient historian in China. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had great respect for Taishi Gong. He was not only promoted to Taishi Gong, but also inherited Sima Shi, with Sima Tan, Sima Qian and their descendants as Taishi Gong until Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Supplement 2: Disputes about the birthplace of Sima Qian

"Preface to Taishi Gongxu" says: "The day of moving Longmen and plowing rivers and mountains." There have been two different views about where this Longmen is, one is in Hancheng, Shaanxi, and the other is in Hejin County, Shanxi.

Zhang Shoujie, the earliest advocate of Hancheng in Shaanxi Province, said in Historical Records Justice that Longmen Mountain is in xia yang County (now Hancheng). At the same time, there are two surnames, Feng Hetong, living in Xucun, a ghost town in Hancheng. They both consider themselves descendants of Taishigong. They claimed to be Sima's family, because Sima Qian was imprisoned, and later generations felt humiliated, so they changed their surnames: adding a vertical to the left of Sima's word "Si" became the word "Tong"; Add two points to the left of the word "horse" to become the word "feng", and list it as Sima Qian Temple in Zhichuan Town, Hancheng, Shaanxi Province.

People who hold the view of Hejin County in Shanxi believe that Longmen (including Longmen Mountain and Yumenkou) has been recorded in Hejin County in Shanxi since ancient times. The Yellow River flows out of Yumenkou from northwest to southeast and turns sharply from north to south, which is exactly what Sima Qian called "the day of farming, animal husbandry and mountains". It is reported that there used to be a monument to "the hometown of Taishi Gong Sima in Han Dynasty", but it was unfortunately destroyed when water conservancy was built. And now there are Sima residents in the village.

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