Nanometer is a unit of length, originally called nanometer, which is -9 power meter (65438+ billionth meter) of 10. Nanoscience and technology, sometimes called nanotechnology, is to study the properties and applications of materials with structural dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nm. As far as concrete matter is concerned, people often describe things as thin as hair as. In fact, human hair is generally 20-50 microns in diameter, not thin. A single bacterium is invisible to the naked eye, and the diameter measured by a microscope is 5 microns, which is not too fine. At the extreme, 1 nm is roughly equivalent to the diameter of 4 atoms. Nanotechnology includes the following four main aspects:

1. Nanomaterials: When a substance reaches the nanometer scale, which is about 1- 100 nanometer, the properties of the substance will suddenly change and special properties will appear. This kind of material with special properties different from the original atoms, molecules and macroscopic substances is called nano-material. If only nano-scale materials have no special properties, they cannot be called nano-materials. In the past, people only paid attention to atoms, molecules or cosmic space, and often ignored this intermediate field, which actually exists in nature in large quantities, but did not realize the performance of this scale range before. Japanese scientists were the first to truly recognize its characteristics and introduce the concept of nano. In 1970s, they prepared ultramicro ions by evaporation, and found that a kind of conductive copper-silver conductor lost its original properties after being made into nano-scale, neither conducting electricity nor conducting heat. The same is true of magnetic materials, such as iron-cobalt alloys. If the size is about 20-30 nanometers, the magnetic domain will become a single magnetic domain, and its magnetism will be 1000 times higher than the original. In the mid-1980s, people formally named this kind of materials as nanomaterials.

Nano-dynamics, mainly micro-machinery and micro-motor, or micro-electromechanical system, is applied to micro-sensors and actuators of belt-driven machinery, optical fiber communication systems, special electronic equipment, medical and diagnostic instruments, etc. It adopts a new technology similar to the design and manufacture of integrated appliances. The feature is that the parts are very small, the etching depth often needs tens to hundreds of microns, and the width error is very small. This process can also be used to manufacture three-phase motors, ultra-high-speed centrifuges or gyroscopes. In the research, micro-deformation and micro-friction at quasi-atomic scale should be detected accordingly. Although they have not really entered the nanometer scale at present, they have great potential scientific and economic value.

13. nano-biology and nano-pharmacology, such as fixing dna particles on mica surface with nano-sized colloidal gold, doing experiments on the interaction between biomolecules with interdigital electrodes on the surface of silica, double-layer planar biofilm of phospholipids and fatty acids, and fine structure of dna. With nanotechnology, you can also put parts or components into cells through self-assembly to form new materials. About half of the new drugs, even the fine powder of micron particles, are insoluble in water; However, if the particles are nanoscale (i.e. ultrafine particles), they can be dissolved in water.

Nano-electronics includes nano-electronic devices based on quantum effect, optical/electrical characteristics of nanostructures, characterization of nano-electronic materials, atomic manipulation and atomic assembly. The current trend of electronic technology requires devices and systems to be smaller, faster, colder and smaller, which means faster response. Being colder means that a single device consumes less power. But smaller is not infinite. Nanotechnology is the last frontier of builders, and its influence will be enormous.

1in April, 1998, Dr. Neil Ryan, the president's science and technology adviser, commented that if someone asked me which science and engineering field would have a breakthrough impact on the future, I would say that the start-up plan was to establish a nanotechnology challenge organization to fund interdisciplinary research and education teams, including long-term goal centers and networks. Some potential breakthroughs include:

The data of the entire Library of Congress is compressed into a device the size of a cube of sugar. This is achieved by increasing the storage capacity per unit surface by 65,438+0,000 times and expanding the storage capacity of large storage electronic equipment to the level of several megabytes. Materials and products are from small to large, that is, made up of an atom and a molecule. This method can save raw materials and reduce pollution. Production strength is 10 times that of steel, and the weight is only a small part of steel, so as to make various lighter and more fuel-efficient land, water and air vehicles. Through tiny transistors and memory chips, the speed and efficiency of computers have increased by millions of times, which has made today's Pentium? The processor is already slow. Using genes and drugs to deliver nano-scale mri contrast agent to find cancer cells or locate human tissues and organs, so as to remove the smallest pollutants in water and air, thus obtaining a cleaner environment and drinkable water. The energy efficiency of solar cells has been tripled.

What is nanotechnology?

Nanoscience and technology is to study the movement and changes of atoms, molecules and other types of substances in the range of one millionth of a meter (10-8) to one millionth of a meter (10-9). At the same time, manipulating and processing atoms and molecules in this scale range is also called nanotechnology.

Research content of nanotechnology

Create and prepare nano-materials with excellent performance

Design and prepare various nano-devices and devices.

Detect and analyze the characteristics and phenomena of nano-regions

What is nano?

Nanometer is a measure of size or size:

Kilometer (103 )→ meter → centimeter → millimeter → micron → nanometer (10-9)

Four times the size of an atom and one tenth the thickness of a hair.

What problems does nanotechnology study?

Biotechnology, information technology and nanotechnology are the mainstream of scientific and technological development in the next century. Biotechnology's understanding of genes has produced transgenic biotechnology, which can treat stubborn diseases and create creatures that do not exist in nature. Information technology enables people to know world events at home, and the Internet can almost change people's lifestyle.

Nanoscience is to study the movement and changes of atoms, molecules and other types of substances in the range from one millionth of a meter (10-8) to one millionth of a meter (10-9). At the same time, manipulating and processing atoms and molecules in this scale range is also called nanotechnology.

Reductionism: Simplify the motion of matter to the level of atoms and molecules. Both atomism and quantum mechanics have achieved great success. Organic synthesis; Molecular biology; Genetically modified food, cloned sheep; Atomic spectrum and laser; Solid-state electronic theory and integrated circuits; Geometrical optics to optical fiber communication.

The great achievements of classical physics, chemistry and mechanics in the macro world: computers and networks, spaceships, airplanes, automobiles and robots have changed people's lifestyles.

There are blind spots in science and technology, or there are cracks in the construction of human knowledge. One side of the crack is the micro-world with atoms and molecules as the main body, and the other side is the macro-world of human activities. There is no direct and simple connection between the two worlds, and there is a transitional zone-the nano-world.

Example: molecular synthesis ≤ ≤ 1.5nm → in vivo

0.2μm microelectronics technology,

Microsurgery can only connect large, small and microvascular.

≤ PM 10 and PM 1.5 particles

In 1950s, Qian Lao's "Physical Mechanics" was one of the pioneering works trying to connect two worlds.

Scanning tunneling microscope is shown in the figure.

Treatment and operation of needle tip on copper surface.

Arrange 48 atoms in a circle.

Form. Some electrons of atoms on a circle

Spread outward, gradually reduce, at the same time

Interference electron propagation in phase

Form an interference wave.

When dozens of atoms and molecules or thousands of atoms and molecules are "combined" together, they show different properties from single atoms and molecules, and also different from the properties of a large object. This "combination" is called "supramolecule" or "artificial molecule". The melting point, magnetism, capacitance, conductivity, luminescent dyeing, color and water solubility of supramolecules have all changed greatly. When "supramolecules" continue to grow up, or gather into large pieces of matter in the usual way, they will lose strange properties, such as children who don't grow up.

At the scale of 10nm, the understanding of new laws in the system composed of a few electrons, atoms or molecules and how to manipulate or combine them, detect and apply them are the main problems of nanotechnology.

New phenomena and new laws in the transition zone between atomic and molecular micro-world and macro-world

New principles and methods for detecting nano-length physical, chemical and biological information

New concepts and theories: quantum systems with strong correlation, strong field, fast process and few particles

App application

New science or a copy of the old theory?

New technology with a long history

Bronze mirrors and black lacquered drums in the Western Han Dynasty

Huizhou ink

paint

Catalyst material

Photosensitive materials and color films

Tyre containing kaolin particles

Why? vague

Nearly ten years, computer and material design; Detection technology STM, AFM, SNOM；; ; Promoting integrated circuits and life sciences; Development of preparation technology; Development of theory

High strength and toughness, self-healing, intelligent and renewable → a new generation of nano-materials.

Why does small size have such an important influence?

surface effect

small size effect

quantum confinement effect

Research objectives and possible applications

Materials and preparation: lighter, stronger and designable; Long service life and low maintenance cost; Constructing materials with specific properties or materials that do not exist in nature at the nanometer level with new principles and new structures; Biological materials and bionic materials; Diagnosis and repair of nanometer damage in the process of material failure;

Microelectronics and Computer Technology: Chip with 100nm line realized in 20 10 years. The goal of nanotechnology is: the microprocessor with nano-structure will improve its efficiency by one million times; 10 times the bandwidth of high frequency network system; Megabit memory (increased by 1000 times); Integrated nano-sensor system;

Medicine and health

Rapid and efficient genome sequencing, gene diagnosis and gene therapy technology; New medication methods and drug' missile' technology; Durable and human-friendly artificial tissues and organs; Devices to restore vision and intelligence; Nanosensor system for early diagnosis of diseases

Aerospace and aviation

Computers with low energy consumption, radiation resistance and high performance; Nano-test, control and electronic equipment for micro spacecraft; Nanostructured coating material with thermal barrier and wear resistance

Environment and energy

Develop green energy and environmental treatment technology, reduce pollution and restore the damaged environment;

Nano-porous material with pore size of 65438±0nm is used as the carrier of the catalyst; MCM-4 1 ordered nanoporous material (pore size 10- 100nm) is used to remove dirt; Nano-particle modified polymer materials

Biotechnology and agriculture

On the nanometer scale, protein, ribose, nucleic acid, etc. Everything with biological activity is prepared according to the predetermined size, symmetry and arrangement. Implanting biomaterials into nano-materials and devices produces comprehensive properties with biological functions and other functions. Biomimetic chemicals and biodegradable materials, gene improvement and treatment of animals and plants, gene chips for DNA determination, etc.

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Do you have an explanation about nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology Nanometer is a unit of length, originally called nanometer, which is -9 power meter (65438+ billionth meter) of 10. Nanoscience and technology, sometimes called nanotechnology, is to study the properties and applications of materials with structural dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nm. As far as concrete matter is concerned, people often describe things as thin as hair as. In fact, human hair is generally 20-50 microns in diameter, not thin. A single bacterium is invisible to the naked eye, and the diameter measured by a microscope is 5 microns, which is not too fine. At the extreme, 1 nm is roughly equivalent to the diameter of 4 atoms. Nanotechnology includes the following four main aspects: 1. Nanomaterials: When a substance reaches the nanometer scale, which is about 1- 100 nanometer, the properties of the substance will suddenly change and special properties will appear. This kind of material with special properties different from the original atoms, molecules and macroscopic substances is called nano-material. If only nano-scale materials have no special properties, they cannot be called nano-materials. In the past, people only paid attention to atoms, molecules or cosmic space, and often ignored this intermediate field, which actually exists in nature in large quantities, but did not realize the performance of this scale range before. Japanese scientists were the first to truly recognize its characteristics and introduce the concept of nano. In 1970s, they prepared ultramicro ions by evaporation, and found that a kind of conductive copper-silver conductor lost its original properties after being made into nano-scale, neither conducting electricity nor conducting heat. The same is true of magnetic materials, such as iron-cobalt alloys. If the size is about 20-30 nanometers, the magnetic domain will become a single magnetic domain, and its magnetism will be 1000 times higher than the original. In the mid-1980s, people formally named this kind of materials as nanomaterials. Nano-dynamics, mainly micro-machinery and micro-motor, or micro-electromechanical system, is applied to micro-sensors and actuators of belt-driven machinery, optical fiber communication systems, special electronic equipment, medical and diagnostic instruments, etc. It adopts a new technology similar to the design and manufacture of integrated appliances. The feature is that the parts are very small, the etching depth often needs tens to hundreds of microns, and the width error is very small. This process can also be used to manufacture three-phase motors, ultra-high-speed centrifuges or gyroscopes. In the research, micro-deformation and micro-friction at quasi-atomic scale should be detected accordingly. Although they have not really entered the nanometer scale at present, they have great potential scientific and economic value. 13. nano-biology and nano-pharmacology, such as fixing dna particles on mica surface with nano-sized colloidal gold, doing experiments on the interaction between biomolecules with interdigital electrodes on the surface of silica, double-layer planar biofilm of phospholipids and fatty acids, and fine structure of dna. With nanotechnology, you can also put parts or components into cells through self-assembly to form new materials. About half of the new drugs, even the fine powder of micron particles, are insoluble in water; However, if the particles are nanoscale (i.e. ultrafine particles), they can be dissolved in water. Nanoelectronics, including nanoelectronics based on quantum effect.

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What is nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology refers to a brand-new technology to study the motion laws and characteristics of electrons, atoms and molecules in the scale of 0. 1- 100 nanometers. In the process of studying the composition of matter, scientists have found that several or dozens of countable atoms or molecules separated on the nanometer scale obviously show many new characteristics, and the technology of manufacturing equipment with specific functions by using these characteristics is called nanotechnology. Nano-science and technology is based on many modern advanced science and technology, and it is the product of the combination of modern science (chaotic physics, quantum mechanics, mesoscopic physics, molecular biology) and modern technology (computer technology, microelectronics and scanning tunneling microscope technology, nuclear analysis technology). Nano-science and technology will trigger a series of new science and technology, such as nano-physics, nano-biology, nano-chemistry, nano-electronics, nano-processing technology and nano-metrology. The main difference between nanotechnology and microelectronics is that nanotechnology studies the realization of specific functions of equipment by controlling a single atom and molecule, and works by using the fluctuation of electrons; Microelectronics technology mainly realizes its function by controlling the population of electrons and works by using the particle nature of electrons. The purpose of people's research and development of nanotechnology is to achieve effective control of the entire micro-world. Nanotechnology is a comprehensive subject with strong cross-cutting, and its research content involves the vast field of modern science and technology. From 65438 to 0993, the International Steering Committee of Nanotechnology divided nanotechnology into six sub-disciplines: nanoelectronics, nanophysics, nanochemistry, nanobiology, nanofabrication and nanometrology. Among them, nano-physics and nano-chemistry are the theoretical basis of nano-technology, and nano-electronics is the most important content of nano-technology. Baidu encyclopedia-nanotechnology

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Information about nanotechnology

Information related to nanotechnology.

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Information about nanotechnology!

Nano-materials refer to zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional materials with small size effect, which are composed of ultrafine particles with the size less than100 nm (0.1-100 nm). Nanometer is the transliteration of English namometer, which is the unit of measurement in physics. 1 nanometer is one billionth of 1 meter; It is equivalent to the length of 45 atoms arranged together. In layman's terms, it is equivalent to one tenth of the thickness of hair. Just like millimeters and microns, nano is a concept of scale and has no physical connotation. When a substance reaches the nanometer scale, which is about 1- 100 nanometer, the properties of the substance will suddenly change and special properties will appear. This kind of material with special properties different from the original atoms, molecules and macroscopic substances is called nano-material. If only nano-scale materials have no special properties, they cannot be called nano-materials. In the past, people only paid attention to atoms, molecules or cosmic space, and often ignored this intermediate field, which actually exists in nature in large quantities, but did not realize the performance of this scale range before. Japanese scientists were the first to truly recognize its characteristics and introduce the concept of nano. In 1970s, they prepared ultramicro ions by evaporation, and found that a kind of conductive copper-silver conductor lost its original properties after being made into nano-scale, neither conducting electricity nor conducting heat. The same is true of magnetic materials such as iron and cobalt.

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Please illustrate the application of nanotechnology with examples.