Madame Curie, who discovered radium, is the only one among all the famous figures who is not reversed by honor. 189 1 year, 24-year-old Maria finally got her wish and went to Paris for further study. On the day she left, my father stood on the platform of Warsaw Station and watched the steam train slowly move forward. He didn't expect this thin, small and shy little girl to leave her hometown to study alone. For a girl who has lived in Poland under Russian rule for many years, Paris is like a world of flowers, with many new things she has never seen before. She found an attic near the school and lived there. It was particularly cold that winter. In the morning, she has to go down to the first floor to get the water for washing her face, but when she takes it to the attic, the water often freezes. Every day when she comes home from class, she climbs to the attic on the sixth floor with a bag of coal for heating. But when the coal burns out, he will always be shivering with cold. Sadly, sometimes she is so poor that she doesn't even have the money to buy a bag of coal, because when she buys coal for heating, she doesn't have the money to buy food. Besides being hungry and cold in life, she also has great difficulties in learning. Her French is not good, and her previous education in Poland is not enough to cope with the courses of French universities, especially the basic mathematics knowledge necessary for physics. Therefore, she spent all her spare time in the library, and with a strong willingness to learn, her grades gradually improved. Two years later, 1893, the final exam of the semester came. Incredibly, as a foreign woman without formal scientific training, Maria won the first place and got a master's degree in physics. Madame Curie later described the two years of hard study in the attic as a heroic era in her life. During the two years of studying physics and chemistry experiments, he found that mathematics is an indispensable tool for learning science, so she decided to study for a degree in mathematics again. This time, she has enough money to study. Because she won a master's degree in physics with the first place, she won a scholarship of 600 rupees from Warsaw, Poland, which was enough for her next year's study and life. Maria seized time and money. A year later, she finished her studies and got a master's degree in mathematics. This time, she won the second place. Maria is 27 years old at this time. During the "attic life" when studying in France, Maria never made any plans for her future family life, because on the one hand, she immersed herself in physics, chemistry and mathematics, on the other hand, she tried to absorb the booming scientific atmosphere in France at that time, which was very expensive for a beautiful woman who gradually spent her youth. A lifelong companion, however, Maria's spirit of studying knowledge and shy and elegant temperament attracted many young people to pursue her. However, what attracted her most was pierre curie, a 35-year-old physicist. Pierre and Curie were both highly educated, introverted and very concerned about society, just like Maria. Shortly after Curie and Maria met, they published an outstanding paper and a booklet entitled "On Symmetry of Physical Phenomena-Symmetry in Electric and Gravitational Fields". He immediately sent Maria a copy. Curie's understanding of mathematics is also very high, and his explanation of spatial phenomena often makes friends admire him. This intellectual expression of academic research has narrowed the distance between Maria and Curie. 1895 At the beginning of this year, these two young people who are interested in physics and mathematics finally got married in a charming town on the outskirts of Paris, that is, pierre curie's hometown, the Socratic Church. Their wedding was not as luxurious as the secular at that time. The frugal Madame Curie's wedding dress is a black shirt given by relatives. She thinks this black shirt is unlikely to get dirty in the laboratory in the future. The married life of the Curies is also very special. They bought two bicycles that were popular at that time and traveled around for two years. They often take their bicycles to the train and go further to the countryside for their holidays, but when they come back from their holidays, they have to go back to work in the laboratory. At this time, Madame Curie was a professor of physics and chemistry, Madame Curie was his teaching and laboratory assistant, and he studied the magnetic field theory himself. Discover a new element1In the autumn of 895, Madame Curie gave birth to her eldest daughter Irene. Although she had a daughter, she did not dispel her interest in physical and chemical research. Her goal is a doctoral thesis in physics. The topic she chose was the most popular newly discovered X-ray at that time, but the research object was the little-known laser ray at that time. Curie helped his wife persuade the headmaster to set up a laboratory for the Curies to study laser rays in a small storage room in the school. Since then, the couple have lived in a lot of dangerous substances containing radiation all day. They scrimped and saved, and spent most of their money and time in the laboratory. They decomposed the ground pitchblende with acid, and then separated it out by chemical analysis that pitchblende contains a substance more radioactive than uranium, namely bismuth. Soon, Madame Curie discovered another new element with activity 300 times higher than that of uranium from the sediment of pitchblende experiment. Madame Curie named this new element polonium in memory of her native Poland. This amazing discovery made the Curie couple very excited, but it also made them feel the harm of radiation to their health for the first time. It turned out that radiation had just been discovered at that time, and even scientists did not fully understand how harmful it was to the human body. The Curies got the radiation that had just been discovered at that time, and even scientists didn't fully understand how dangerous it was to the human body. The Curies suffered from diseases that doctors could not explain at that time. Curie was inexplicably uncomfortable all over. Madame Curie's finger was broken and hurt. Both of them were more tired or sleepy than others. In fact, the three notebooks that Madame Curie recorded the experiment at that time have been preserved until now. Although three quarters of a century has passed and it has been disinfected, it is still impossible to touch them with your hands, because their radioactivity is still very strong and dangerous. It can be seen that the Curies were engaged in experiments in a dangerous but ignorant environment. However, the great physicist radiation has completely fascinated this unprecedented female physicist. Soon after the discovery of polonium, she felt an extremely strong radioactivity from minerals, which was much stronger than uranium, thorium and polonium. Madame Curie decided that this must be a new element! The curies devoted themselves to research. They experimented and analyzed many minerals. They repeatedly measured, analyzed and eliminated by various methods. At this time, a famous scientist Beaumont also joined the research ranks of the Curies. 1898, they finally precipitated from the solution, and their radioactivity is 900 times that of uranium. Of course, although some scientists have found that radium salt is radioactive, no one can find it from any substance, nor do they know the true nature of this highly radioactive element. The research results of Curie and Beaumont confirmed this new element and named it "Radium". After the discovery of polonium and radium, they faced a bigger problem, that is, how to extract pure radium and pure polonium and prove the existence of these two new elements to the world. In order to extract radium and polonium, they must have huge funds to buy a large number of pitchblende and many other minerals and utensils. They sought help from countries all over the world, and finally got assistance from Austria and Vienna Academy of Sciences, and bought pitchblende residue that was considered useless after uranium extraction at that time, which was exactly what Madame Curie dreamed of. The radium and polonium extracted by the Curies set off an unprecedented upsurge of radiation research in the European scientific community. The famous alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays were discovered in that period. The leading role of the Curies not only gave impetus to the research of physical radiation, medicine and chemistry in the future, but also won the honorary title of Doctor of Physics for Madame Curie. 1in the winter of 903, the Nobel Prize, which had just been established for three years, announced that the physics prize would be awarded to the Guri couple and Belmont. Less than three years later, a painful tragedy happened. 1906 On a rainy day in April, Mr. Curie, who was getting worse and worse because of radiation infection, ran into a carriage on a bridge in Paris in a trance, and the wheels crushed the head of this great scientist. The heartbroken Madame Curie lost her partner and her best research partner, but her strong will overcame everything. She endured grief, accepted Curie's job as a professor at the University of Paris, continued to enter the laboratory, and continued to study for reforming the extraction method of radium. When Mr. Curie was alive, their two daughters were still young, and Madame Curie took on the heavy responsibility of raising them. Therefore, she once said to her two daughters anxiously, "My dear daughters, I am very grateful that you have never bothered me since childhood. Your father is a scholar who has contributed to human civilization. Without him, I'm afraid I wouldn't have found radium atoms and other radioactive atoms. I should be satisfied. But now my heart is heavy. When your father died, Yilan was nine years old and Ava was still nursing. She was only two years old. I'm worried that you can't stand his personality and can't achieve the ideal results and meet his expectations. Madame Curie, who won the Nobel Prize twice, began to study, but her achievements became higher and higher. 19 1 1 In the winter of last year, she received a telegram from Stockholm, Sweden, informing her that she had won the Nobel Prize in chemistry that year. Madame Curie became the first person to win the Nobel Prize for Science twice, and she was a woman. Madame Curie was not proud. At that time, during the First World War, she worked hard to raise money, bought an extremely expensive X-ray machine, sent it to the battlefield, and personally went to the front-line hospital to teach medical staff how to use it. Many military doctors and wounded soldiers saw the bullets in their bodies with their own eyes and were deeply moved by being rescued and reborn. Madame Curie once said: "In science, we should pay attention to things, not people. This is her persistent spirit of studying science, but once science is applied to people, she has a great concern for the crowd society. Madame Curie devoted the rest of her life to. She not only dedicated her enthusiasm and health pages to the wounded in the war, but also dedicated her knowledge, experience and full-time pages to her students and to the backward scholars who came to study all over the world. She had many opportunities to get rich, but she refused. She is also indifferent to fame and fortune. The original Nobel Prize was even given to her by others who discovered her achievements. What she pursues all her life is persistent study and educational dedication to young people. Einstein once commented on her: "Among all famous figures, Madame Curie is the only one who is not reversed by honor. So before she got all kinds of bonuses, even the medical expenses were not settled. Later, people advised her to apply for a radium patent, but she flatly refused. Before World War I, radium rose to $0/50,000 per centimeter/kloc, but Madame Curie still had no savings. After the war, when she became a world celebrity and was often invited by various countries, she didn't even have a decent evening dress. There is no better way to commemorate Madame Curie's greatness, so people have to name an element discovered later as "saw" and the radiation unit as "Curie" to commemorate her. The magnetism of some metals will change at a certain temperature. This temperature is called Curie point, which is named in memory of Mr. Curie. Madame Curie could not do without her love for radiation research, but radiation infected her from the beginning and made her suffer all her life, so that she was constantly harassed by many unknown diseases in her later years, and even doctors were at a loss. 1July 4, 934, Madame Curie finally couldn't support it. When she came home from the laboratory, she fell on the sofa and said softly, "Oh! I'm exhausted! After that, she never got up. Madame Curie died of radium poisoning.

(1867~ 1934) Curie Marie sklodowska background1867165438+10, on October 7th, Maria was born on the first floor of an apartment in Warsaw, Poland. Her parents are also teachers. When Maria was a child, her mother suffered from lung disease, which was an extremely dangerous infectious disease at that time. When Maria was nine years old, her elder sister Sophie died of typhus. Less than two years later, her mother died with her. Successive family changes have made Maya more precocious and sensitive. 189 1, 24-year-old Maria, went to Paris for further study. 1893, Maria got a master's degree in physics. 1894, Master of Mathematics. Later, Maria was awarded the Alexander Scholarship by Maeve in Warsaw, Poland. 1895, she married pierre curie and became Madame Curie. The Curies spent most of their money and time in the laboratory. They used chemical analysis method to decompose the ground pitchblende with acid solution, thus separating out that pitchblende contains more radioactive substances than uranium and bismuth. Soon, Madame Curie discovered another new element from the sediment of pitchblende experiment, which was 300 times more active than uranium and named it polonium. 1898, they finally precipitated radium from the solution, a substance 900 times more radioactive than uranium. 1935, they won the nobel prize for discovering artificial radioactivity. Anecdote 1 In the early 1920s, Madame Curie went to America by boat. Everyone was waiting for her to eat in the restaurant, but she didn't arrive. A girl ran to find her and found her standing in front of the closet in the cockpit with the light still on. According to her habit of turning off the lights, she will put out all the lights in the cabin when she leaves the cockpit. However, at that time, I couldn't find the seclusion of this lamp. She struggled to find the light there, so she didn't go to eat. The girl told her, "If you close the door of the closet, the lights inside will go out." She is very interested in what the girl says. However, you must pass the test of practice to accept this statement. She looked at the wardrobe from all angles, but nothing the girl said was useless. What shall we do? The girl finally came up with an idea: "You go into the closet and I'll close it. You see, the light naturally disappears." Madame Curie went into the closet. When she came out of the closet again, she went to eat happily. An unknown phenomenon arouses curiosity, seeks the reason, and tests the reason through experiments. This is Madame Curie's academic attitude. One day, a friend of Madame Curie visited her home and suddenly saw her little daughter playing with a gold medal just awarded to her by the Royal Society. Surprised, she asked, "Madame Curie, it is a great honor to receive a medal from the Royal Society. How can I play for my children? " Madame Curie said with a smile: "I want children to know from an early age that honor is like a toy, which can only be played and can never be kept, otherwise nothing will be achieved." Make a poster of Madame Curie Ge.

The content must be related to physics and science

Madame Curie's life

Reference: Geographical City/Science 06/ People/Curie/Curie

If Madame Curie's life is used as a poster, you can choose the sentence in the following article or the spirit of "science without borders" that she believes in as the title or slogan of the poster. The content must be related to physics and science. One day in June, 1903, 1 1, the Royal Society of London hung the David Medal, the highest award of the society, on the chest of a young couple in recognition of their discovery of an extremely precious radioactive element-radium for mankind. This young couple is the world-famous scientist Curie-Pierre? Curie and his wife Madame Curie. The couple looked at the people who came to congratulate them and shed tears at the same time. People only know the significance of discovering this rare element, but who knows how much effort they have put into it. Madame Curie, in particular, is not only the main discoverer of radium, but more importantly, she has a difficult course that no one else has. Madame Curie1867165438+10 was born in Poland on October 7th. Her original name is Mary? Skorodovska's young Mary is very studious, although her family is poor. 16 years old, she graduated from Warsaw Girls' High School with honors and won a gold medal. But at that time, Poland had been divided by Russia, Poland and Austria, and Polish women did not have the right to go to college. Being poor and unable to study abroad, I had to be a tutor in the countryside for five years. During this period, she saved a little money to study abroad. 189 1 In the winter, this young Polish woman embarked on a journey to Paris alone. Although the weather is very cold at this time, there is a fire of longing in this young woman's chest, because she is going to study at the famous Paris University soon, which is her dream and ideal for many years. Now, her ideal will come true, how can she not be excited! After entering the Faculty of Science of the University of Paris, the poor Polish girl came to class early every day and always sat in the first row of the classroom, listening attentively to the professor's explanation. In addition to eating after class, either go to the laboratory to do experiments or go to the library to study. Soon, he became the best student in his class and was highly valued by his teachers and respected by his classmates. In life, Mary leads a very hard life because of financial difficulties. She rented a small and short attic near the school and endured the sweltering heat in summer and the cold in winter. In order to squeeze in time to study, I often eat ready-made bread with butter for days without cooking. In order to save fuel at night, I go to the nearby library to read books. I didn't go home to light a small kerosene lamp until the library closed, and I didn't rest until two or three in the morning. Due to long-term fatigue and malnutrition, Mary suffered from anemia. One day, she and a classmate just walked out of the classroom and suddenly felt dizzy and weak and fainted to the ground. The students present were shocked and rushed her to a nearby hospital. Mary's brother-in-law is a doctor in this hospital. Mary came in a hurry when he heard about it. He checked Mary quickly and understood at once. "What have you been eating these days?" Brother-in-law asked. "What to eat ... what to eat these days?" Mary answered at once. "Is it really a meal? ! "My brother-in-law asked again. Mary said nothing. Later, my brother-in-law learned that these days, Mary only eats a handful of radishes and half a catty of cherries every day in order to save money for necessary school supplies. At the same time, in order to catch up with homework, I sleep less than three hours a day. In this way, the poor female student finally graduated from the physics department with the first place in the summer of 1893 and obtained a master's degree in physics. The following summer, he graduated from the Department of Mathematics with the second place and obtained a master's degree in mathematics. After graduation, Mary wants to return to Poland to serve her motherland. But because I met Pierre, a like-minded French physicist? Curie decided to go on working. 1895, Mary married Madame Curie. Later, people called Mary Madame Curie. Just this year, the German scientist Roentgen discovered an X-ray that can penetrate solid matter. The following year, French physicist Bekkerel discovered that uranium minerals can emit a wonderful ray similar to X-ray. This wonderful light, for Mary, has great attraction and aroused her great interest. She thinks this is an excellent research topic. So he consulted with her husband Pierre. "Although this topic is good, it is too difficult to study, even not easy," Pierre said with concern. "I know," Mary laughed. "It is because it is difficult that I choose it!" Looking at his wife's serious and firm face, Pierre didn't say anything, and began to run around and make preparations for his wife. After Pierre's repeated efforts, he borrowed a cold and damp workshop from the physics and chemistry school where he used to work. I also put down the topic I was studying and worked with my wife. But the experimental conditions are so bad that it doesn't matter if the roof leaks. The most troublesome thing is that there are too few instruments. But Madame Curie paid no attention to these external conditions at all, because she knew that scientific research was more difficult than these, and all she cared about was her research topic. In the process of research, she found that not only uranium but also thorium can emit that strange light, so it can be seen that the light discovered by Bekkerel is much stronger than that emitted by uranium. Therefore, she made a bold judgment: there is another substance that can emit light. This new substance, that is, a new element that has not been discovered, exists in minerals only in a very small amount. Madame Curie named it "radium" because in Latin, its original meaning is "radiation". At that time, many scientists did not believe that the Curie couple was just a hypothesis. Some people even said, "If there is such an element, please extract it and let us have a look!" To extract radium, they need enough pitchblende, which is rare and expensive, and they can't get it at all. This incident later spread to Austria, and soon got Austria * * *, and gave them a ton of asphalt slag from which uranium had been extracted, and began the experiment of extracting pure radium. After more than three years' efforts, the Curies finally extracted 0. 1g radium salt from 1902, and then preliminarily determined the atomic weight of radium. It is found that this element is 2 million times more radioactive than uranium, so it will naturally glow and heat without any external force. The discovery of radium has caused great changes in science and even philosophy, and opened the door for human beings to explore the mysteries of the atomic world. It can be said that its discovery has opened up a new field of science, from which a new radiology was born. Therefore, radium is known as a "great revolutionary". It is precisely because the Curies made great contributions to the scientific revolution that they won the Nobel Prize in Physics the following year. Soon after, people discovered the value of radium in medicine and brought good news to cancer patients, which made the already expensive radium more precious. Someone advised the Curies to say, "If you apply for a patent, you will definitely become a millionaire!" "No, radium is an element, it should belong to the whole world!" The curies did not hesitate to answer. The Curies believed in "science knows no borders". It can also be said that this is their common ambition to devote themselves to science. But unfortunately, one day in April of 1906, in a car accident, Pierre? Curie lost his precious life. Madame Curie fought back her grief and continued her scientific research. 19 10, Madame Curie successfully separated pure radium, analyzed its various properties, and accurately determined its atomic weight. In the same year, at the International Radiology Council attended by Madame Curie, the radioactive unit named after Madame Curie was formulated and the international standard of radium proposed by Madame Curie was adopted. 1920 In May, an American female journalist visited Madame Curie and asked, "If you could choose everything in the world, what would you prefer?" "I really want to have a gram of pure radium for research. But its price is too high, I really can't afford it. " Madame Curie replied. "Didn't you send radium worth millions of francs to the laboratory of Paris University?" The female reporter asked inexplicably. "No, that's not mine. It belongs to the laboratory. " Hearing this, the reporter was deeply moved by the selfless spirit of the female scientist who devoted herself to science. After she returned to the United States, she wrote many articles about the Curie couple, calling on the American people to carry out donation activities and give Madame Curie a gram of radium. In May of the following year, the President of the United States personally presented this gram of radium to Madame Curie in Washington .. On the eve of the presentation ceremony, Madame Curie insisted on revising the words on the presentation certificate, and once again stated: "This gram of radium presented to me by the United States should always belong to science and cannot be my personal private property." This great woman won two Nobel Prizes in her life. She is the first female professor at the University of Paris and the first female academician of the French Academy of Sciences. At the same time, she was also hired as an academician of other 15 countries. She won 24 awards and medals from 7 countries and held 104 honorary positions in 25 countries. 1On July 4th, 934, this great scientist passed away, but her spirit will inspire future generations forever!

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