Book collection is printed on books, which can reflect the whole relationship of books or express specific ideological content. Many ancient book collectors had seals, and seals became an indispensable part of book collection culture because of their rich production forms, contents and values. Regarding the origin of the seal of ancient books collection, Ye Dehui, a modern scholar, said: "I have tasted and recalled the mark of ancient books collection from the Tang Dynasty to modern times, but it is not up to standard." (Ye Dehui's "Lin Shu Hua Qing" Volume 10 "The Language of Collectors' Stamps", Guangling Bookstore, 2007) The printing of private books seems to have started in the Tang Dynasty, but in fact, as early as the Eastern Jin Dynasty, people had already stamped their famous paintings in their collections. Zhang Yanyuan, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, said in A Record of Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties: "All good deeds are home seals, and servants from the Eastern Jin Dynasty shot Zhou Wei. (Zhang Yanyuan's Notes on Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties, Volume III, Syria's Public and Private Expropriations Since Ancient Times, Zhonghua Book Company, 1985 edition), in which "ancient little girls' characters" refer to the vernacular Chinese written with archaic characters before the Tang Dynasty. The earliest Tibetan seal in existence is the "Yongxing County Seal" in the Zapitan Heart Sutra written in Dunhuang. Yongxing County was established in the first year of Wang Xiaolongchang, Yulin, Nanqi (494), so this seal should belong to Nanqi. In the Tang Dynasty, seals were widely used in private collections. According to Zhang Yanyuan's Records of Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties, his great-grandfather Zhang Yin was "Hedong Zhang" and his great-grandfather Zhang Yin was "Wushi". (Zhang Yanyuan's Notes on Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties, Volume III, Public and Private Imprints of Syria Since Ancient Times, Zhonghua Book Company, 1985 Edition) The poet Pi Rixiu's poem "Wang Lu Opera is engraved with a bag of two rhymes" says: "Fiona Fang has an inch more gold seal, and poor silver does not think about the canal. I don't know if the master will seal his heart and break the thousands of books. " (Complete Tang Poems, Volume 6 15, Zhonghua Book Company, 1960 edition) It can be seen that this kind of seal is used frequently. There are even ordinary people who "occasionally print books" (Zhang Yanyuan's Notes on Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties, Volume III, Public and Private Imprints in Syria Since Ancient Times, Zhonghua Book Company, 1985 edition), which reflects that it is a very common phenomenon for book collectors in the Tang Dynasty to print books.
In the Song Dynasty, private book collection became a magnificent landscape, and the use of book printing exceeded that of the previous generation. Most book collectors used to stamp their books to win people's trust. The book collection printing in Song Dynasty far surpassed that in Tang Dynasty in form and content. During the Xuanhe period (around 1 122), the seal of scribe was very popular for calligraphy and painting collection. As a result, bibliophiles began to carve and seal their own books. After the Song Dynasty crossed to the south, this trend remained unchanged, mainly including the famous seal, the room name seal, the chronicle seal, the appreciation seal and the proofreading seal. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the private collection of books became more popular, and the popularity of seal cutting by literati made the collection printing a necessity for book collectors. Almost every book collector has several or even a dozen or hundreds of seals. Every time he got a good book, he would print it on the book after enjoying it or reading it, which became the fashion at that time.
Ye Dehui said in "Ten Marks of Collection of Books": "Collection of books must be marked. The Song version of Confucius' Family Talk has a seal at the corner of Dongpo, so its book price is priceless. Jin Jiaming's Wen Zhuang Gongzhutang has a collection of books. Every copy of a book is guarded by an official. So far collectors have used it for textual research. " (Ye Dehui: The Story of Ye Dehui, revised by Li Qingxi, Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 1998) Ye Dehui emphasized the value of book collection and printing.
The contents of ancient private collections are diverse, and some seals reflect the collection fashion in a specific period and the collection thoughts of collectors. They are one of the main bases for studying the inheritance and dissemination of ancient historical documents, the development and changes of collections and collections, and can also be used for the study of the art history of ancient seal cutting. In the late Qing Dynasty, Suzhou scholar Ye recorded the largest number of books printed by ancient book collectors. This is because Ye himself is particularly good at epigraphy, and has successively written Yu Shi and A Record of Li Zhou. The study of seals, which is closely related to epigraphy, is naturally within his research scope. In addition, Wu Zeyu, a modern man, also recorded a variety of leaf books in the form of "Continued Books and Poems". This paper briefly describes the cultural connotation of book collection and printing contained in these two books.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Zhao Meng, a famous painter, called his study "Song Xue Zhai". He takes good care of books and exhorts his children to be conservative. Many books have been handed down to this day, such as Han Shu and Hou Han Shu, which have been highly praised by collectors in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The biggest feature of Zhao Meng's book collection is that he likes to print seals and spare chapters of the Ming Dynasty, and the seals used have also become one of the important signs to judge the engraving of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Common seals are Fiona Fang Second Seal, Song Xuezhai, Zhao Mengfu, Zhao Ziang, Ruya, Taoist of Crystal Palace and Tianshui County Book Seal. As for the origin of the seal of "Taoist of the Crystal Palace", "Poem of Collection Chronicles" records: "Mengzi is Taoist of the Crystal Palace, because Huzhou is surrounded by water." (Ye's Chronicles of Poetry, Volume II, quoted from Tianlu, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 199 1 edition)
Zhao Meng is a master of literature and calligraphy, with many historical documents handed down from generation to generation, so his life is relatively clear. However, among its numerous nicknames and institutions, "Crystal Palace Taoist" or "Water Mirror Palace Taoist" is controversial. Although there is a word difference, it involves the identification of the authenticity of Zhao Meng's paintings and calligraphy. Xu Shen's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "Jing Jing." In philology, "Jing" and "Jing" are not interchangeable words, but "Crystal" and "Water Mirror" can be used universally. Crystal is also called water jade. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Guo Pu noted the cloud in Shan Hai Jing: "Water jade is now a water essence." Shuiyu is another name for glass. 《 Compendium of Materia Medica 》: (Coloured glaze) This work is quite brilliant; Quite Li, the country name is also. Bright as water and firm as jade, hence the name Shuiyu, which is as famous as the water mirror. There is a cloud in Zhao Meng's Tiaoxi Jueju: "If I live in a stream, I will take care of the blue glass." Therefore, it seems beyond doubt that The Taoist of the Crystal Palace can also be written as The Taoist of the Water Mirror Palace. But in the history of calligraphy and painting collection, is it the "Crystal Palace"? Or "Water Mirror Palace"? I've been arguing and I'm still in court. Scholars and appraisers once thought that anyone who paid money or stamped "Taoist of Crystal Palace" was false. However, in ancient calligraphy and painting handed down from generation to generation, there are far more fakes than originals, and the previous appraisal conclusions may not be credible. (Wan Junchao's Essays of Taoist in Water Mirror Palace, Calligraphy Appreciation, Zhejiang People's Fine Arts Publishing House, 20 12 edition) The records of Chronicle Poems of Collection of Books, although unable to judge this pen and ink lawsuit in history, at least provide a kind of evidence for future generations' research.
In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Huang Yi, a bibliophile in Changshu, Jiangsu Province, took pleasure in searching and playing bronze porcelain and books published in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and regarded them as beautiful friends. Huang likes to print books, such as Secretary's Reading and Yinxi Secretary's Book Collection. In addition, there is a special side, saying "Huang Yi Collection of Ming Dynasty", which is preceded by Lin Hejing's poem of Song Dynasty and won Zhu Ji. The postscript of this book is called Wu Zi Xia. Regarding the words printed in this collection, Ye explained: "Wuzi is five years of Shunzhi (1648). After the regime change in Yu Zi, Dumen couldn't get out. This postscript is only about Wu Zixu, and there is no time. The inscription is' Ming', covering the thoughts of the old country. " (Ye's Chronicles of Poetry, Volume 3, Feather Changchi Case) Although he was in the Qing Dynasty, as a adherent of the Ming Dynasty, he concealed his thoughts of the motherland through Tibetan printing, and he had to hide it for fear of the cruel literary inquisition in the early Qing Dynasty.
Book collection printing is one of the important manifestations of book collection culture, so the contents of printed articles reflect the facts of book collection and can be used to study the book collection preferences and interests of book collectors. For example, Yang Huang Qi, a bibliophile of the Han army who lived in Yanghu (now Changzhou) in the Qing Dynasty, has a very rich collection of books, mainly epigraphy and books, claiming to have hundreds of thousands of volumes, all of which are informative and clearly marked. There are many books in the library, such as Zheng Shi Pavilion, Su Zhai, Snow Banana Pavilion and Xingfeng Pavilion. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, books were sold one after another because of poverty, and there were several kinds of scattered books in Ye. Yang likes books and seals, and the seals mainly include Shijing Factory, Yang's Xingfeng Hall Collection, Chengshou Shuangbei Pavilion, Hongnong Yang's Family, Youyun and《 One of them is a rectangular seal, which reads:
Give your seat to your ancestors, have fields to plow, have books to read, grow up and indulge in them. Accumulate income, benefit and green box old storage, check a, carefree hundreds of thousands of copies. I am proud of my quiet thinking in my spare time. Ancient books are hard to gather but easy to disperse. In other words, the more you gather in your favorite place, the more you spread, and the fewer you don't lose. Yesterday, Zhao said, "It is not easy to collect books and books. Those who are good at reading should be calm, burn incense quietly, don't curl their brains, don't bend corners, don't use their claws to invade words, don't use saliva to reveal pages, don't be pillows, and don't be thorns. " It is said that Xing Wu cherishes his words, but he can be loyal to the cloud, but he can't push it to the end. Please say further, "Don't give money, don't lend it to others, and don't embarrass the black sheep." Yang, the owner of Xingfengtang, knows it, and after being sued, he can still love it and keep it with the feeling that it is a book. (Ye's Chronicles of Poetry, Volume 6, Yang's The Case of Young Travellers)
All printed 195 words, no less than an essay, can be called a giant print. In this printed article, Yang described the reasons for his collection of books, and quoted the motto of collecting books, perfunctory love of books, exhortation, and good intentions.
Zhu Yizun, a scholar and bibliophile in Xiushui (Jiaxing, Zhejiang) in Qing Dynasty, is good at epigraphy and literature, and has traveled all over the country, searching for textual research everywhere. He has successively obtained Li Yanchang's and Xiang's books, borrowed from Xu Gan's studies and collected more than 80,000 books. Zhu's books are called "Jieshuting", "Gu Teng Bookstore" and "Hidden Mine Hall". All the books used are printed with "This book is not easy to buy, please don't give up lightly", "Zhu's Book", "Collection of Thousand Colors Hall", "Seven Official Ears", "I was born on 14th in Tuwei Huangyue Orange Village", "Zhu Yizun Xishui Family", "Historical Records of Nanxue" and "Old Lecturer of Nanxue". One of them is particularly unique-"seven-level official ears." Regarding the origin of this seal, Zhu said: "Middle-aged people copy books well. After passing this book, they will borrow it when they see it stored in the history museum and hidden by the doctor of Shi Jing University. If you have a short story, you can read a four-body book and write it in your daily class. Sitting is for the dean to play the official, but you don't regret it. " (Ye's Chronicle of Poetry, Volume 4, Preface to Poems of Quehuashan People Cited by Zhu Yizun Tin) He lost his official position because of stealing books from the History Museum, but Zhu did not regret it. I seldom value books more than officials. Zhu also wrote "Calligraphy Inscription", saying: "After entering the History Museum, Wang Lun, a regular script writer, later entered the Quartet classics into the book. Persuaded, Chen Yixing met Qi Nian, clapped his hands, and went to Hanyuan to confess. Those who avoid it dive into a bachelor's cow-button white Jane, and then give it to the official. After returning to the field, there is no permanent property at home. I am too old to read all the books. Ming said:' Take my seven officials and write about me, ten thousand volumes. Who is smart and who is stupid? "("Ye Chronicle Poetry Collection "Volume 4" Zhu Yizun Tin and Exposed Book Pavilion Collection and Book Inscription ") is also free and easy.
Ye Dehui, a modern bibliophile in the late Qing Dynasty, wrote: "The collection place of Yeshiyuan in Changsha is called Li Di, the stone storage place is called Confucius House, the spring storage place is called Dai Zhai, and the book writing place is called Guan Gu Tang." (Ye Dehui Huanbin's Chronicle Poems of Wu Zeyu's Continued Collection, Volume VII, National Library Press, 20 16 edition) The seal explains the different functions of his four libraries: library, library, library, library and library. Is Ye really so rich? No, this is Ye's infatuation with the past and his academic mentality of printing books. Historically, Ye Dehui has learned a lot. He lived in three dynasties and was opposed to reform and social change in his bones. So we should treat this seal dialectically.
Book collectors use not one seal, but generally multiple seals, and multiple seals can better reflect their rich collection mentality. Mao Jinjian, a book collector in Changshu in the Ming Dynasty, collected all the books in the world and engaged in engraving and collecting books. His book printing methods were various, which can be roughly divided into the following categories: (1) those who liked engraving books in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as "Song Edition" and "Yuan Edition"; (2) Indicate the owner of the books, such as Zhu Xi, Xiange Caotang, Zhong Yong's Hometown, Learning from Ancient Masters, Golden Retriever's Secret Book, Shi Mao Collection, and Qijiage Historical Treasure; (3) admonish future generations to be careful to preserve it, such as "future generations will always cherish it", "future generations live a rich life" and "Zhao Shu is in Cloudtail, and my family is a Confucian, so I have worked hard to leave the book to future generations. What is his ambition? If future generations don't read it, it will be even worse to destroy the family. If you go back to his room, you should read your words. Take what you don't have, and you have no peace of mind "; (4) Advocating reading, such as "reading for pleasure" and "writing good books for life for pleasure". (Quoting Ye's Chronicle Poems of Collection of Books, Volume III, and East Lake Congji) Many Tibetan seals are helpful to the study and its Collection of Books in Jiguge.
The printing of ancient books shows that it is difficult to collect books, so it is necessary for future generations to be conservative. Qi, a bibliophile in the Ming Dynasty (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), built a library with more than 9,000 kinds of books and 654.38+10,000 volumes, more than 30,000 volumes than Tianyi Pavilion at that time. In order to prevent the loss of books, Qi entered into a book collection agreement with his children and wrote an inscription on the book collection in India. The article said, "In the collection of the library, the master has no time to proofread by hand. When you read, you forgot your diet, but when you read, you never gave it to me. Future generations are obsessed with Aoweng, and future generations will benefit from it. " ("Poems of Ye Nianpu", Volume 3, Volume 2)
Coincidentally, Wang Chang, a bibliophile in Qingpu (present-day Shanghai) in Qing Dynasty, built a library named "Poublan Mountain House", which is rich in books. There is a Tibetan seal that says:
Twenty thousand volumes, books are valuable. A thousand times, the stone is ready. Buying and hiding is a waste of time. I hope that future generations will often mention it. Use the article to understand the meaning and reasons. Learn allusions and have fun. Be neat, don't waste. Dare to sell without material. Non-human, dog jackal. Screen out the clan and whip it. Speak precepts in the temple. (Ye's Chronicles of Poetry, Volume 5, Wang Chang's De Fu, quoted from Donghu Cong Ji)
Telling children and grandchildren not to sell their books is harsh, even using curses and threats. Even with good intentions, bibliophiles have only collected three generations of books, and few of them can be preserved forever by future generations. For example, more than ten years after Qi Cheng's death, the war broke out in the late Ming Dynasty, and the library of Lianshengtang began to disappear.
Hong Yisheng, a bibliophile in Linhai, Zhejiang Province in the Qing Dynasty, studied as an official and loved books. He has bought more than 30,000 old Lingnan books, among which stone tablets and Yi wares are rare for generations. After he returned to China as an official, he collected more books. In order to prevent future generations from not listening to him, he carved many books and printed them, earnestly warning that "children and grandchildren will always be treasures" and "future generations should cherish them".
Of course, while collecting all kinds of printed materials, Poem of Chronicles of Collected Books does not forget to criticize the bad habit of book collectors in history. For example, the book collector Xiang of Xiushui (Jiaxing, Zhejiang) in the Ming Dynasty, with a wealth of money, collected a large number of famous calligraphy and painting, and stored it in Teana Pavilion. Its collection mainly includes Salvation Beauty Hall, Heirloom Forever, A Wanderer's Heart, Records of the Historian Li Kuangreu's Residence in the Forest and Mountain, etc. However, Xiang has a bad habit. Every time he gets precious books, paintings and calligraphy, he will be filled with countless seals. This habit is well known. What he can't bear to see is that most of his seals are from vulgar hands, and the technology is poor and vulgar. At that time, people gave him the metaphor of "a beautiful face" and "a Buddha's head is covered with dung" In response to the indiscriminate use of book seals, Ye said to the poem: "Ten Hu Mingzhu hired beautiful women to get tattoos to prevent the moon from flying. I once wrote a poem in the autumn wind of purple eggplant and white amaranth. " ("Ye Chronicle Poems" Volume III "Towards") Although the language is sharp, it is to the point.
Book printing is of great value in the history of book collection, and it is one of the important bases for identifying the versions of ancient books. With the help of book seals, researchers can understand the collection and circulation process of a book. Later generations savored the predecessors' books and seals, understood the ancients' thoughts, explored the ancients' seclusion, and realized the ancients' feelings. It was interesting to see the big from the small. And an ancient book, because of its collection, gives people a historical atmosphere of returning to nature. Of course, an ancient book is often worth a hundred times because of the seal of a famous ancient bibliophile.
(Author: College of Literature, Suzhou University)
New bookshelf
Qing emperor memorial hall
The Memorial of the Qing Emperor was discovered by Luo Zhenyu in the process of collecting and sorting out the cabinet historical materials. The book has 68 volumes, including 64 original volumes and 4 sequels. It contains the recitations of local senior officials, such as central officials and governors, who studied politics from the first year of Shunzhi to the sixty years of Qianlong and the first year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty, reflecting the changes of political situation, political ecology and socio-economic situation from the early Qing Dynasty to the middle Qing Dynasty, which is of great historical value. This collation is based on Mo Yuantang's Annotated Edition in the 25th year of the Republic of China (according to Luo Zhenyu's Exquisite Handwritten Edition of Neifu), with the National Library's Collection of Notes on the Qing Emperor (not divided into volumes) and Tsinghua's Notes on the Famous Officials of the Qing Emperor as the main reference books.
Commemorative Record (all three volumes), proofread by Su, traditional and vertical, 32 pages in hardcover, published by Phoenix Publishing House on 20 18 and 12, priced in 320 yuan.