(National Geological Archives Beijing 100037)
Since the founding of New China, China has invested a total of 645.56 billion yuan (Ministry of Land and Resources, 20 10) in geological prospecting, forming a huge amount of geological data. By the end of 2009, there were only 365 104 kinds of geological data collected by geological data collection institutions at all levels in China (Ministry of Land and Resources, 20 10), which contained great potential value. Through the development and utilization of geological data, scientific exploration and utilization of these geological data can not only avoid duplication and waste of work, reduce the risk of mineral exploration, but also play an important role in promoting new breakthroughs in geological prospecting, and can also provide support for land and resources planning, geological disaster prevention and control, and major engineering construction.
1 Basis of development and utilization of geological data
Geological data refers to the original geological data, achievement geological data and physical geological data such as cores, various specimens, optical slices and samples in the form of words, charts, audio-visual images and electromagnetic media (Regulations on Geological Data Management in 2002). Geological data include not only the observation and description of geological phenomena, the test of physical properties and chemical composition of earth materials, but also the analysis, research, induction and summary of geological phenomena by geologists. Therefore, geological data has the dual attributes of objective description and scientific research. Due to the constraints of geological work input intensity, work stage, human understanding level, test accuracy and scientific and technological development level, geological data contain a lot of undiscovered scientific information, which inevitably leads to mistakes in understanding and conclusion. These undiscovered scientific information and wrong understandings and conclusions contain great potential scientific and economic value, and are also the basis for the development and utilization of geological data (Zhang Xingliao et al., 20 10).
The development and utilization of geological data aims at providing convenient, fast and efficient services and is guided by users' needs. Using new theories, new technologies, new methods and new means, the geological data are sorted, integrated, superimposed, excavated and analyzed to form new valuable geological data (Yan Shiqiang et al., 20 10).
2 Geological data development and utilization methods
The development and utilization of geological data can take seven ways: publicity, retrieval, digitization, database building, integrated compilation, comprehensive superposition and excavation.
2. 1 geological data popularization
Collect, sort, classify, summarize and edit geological data collected by geological archives at all levels, form a catalogue of collected geological data, and introduce important geological data. To publicize and promote the geological data in the collection to users, so that users can fully understand the information of the collection resources.
2.2 Geological data retrieval and query
Develop a series of geological data retrieval and query atlas or software to provide users with convenient and fast retrieval tools (methods).
2.3 Digitization of geological data
Using modern information technology, the early geological data are digitized to form raster data or vector data, which provides support for computer processing and network services.
2.4 Database construction
Collect geological data information to establish geological data information database, and develop and compile various basic geological and thematic databases for geological data development achievements.
2.5 Geological Data Integration Compilation and Research
According to the needs of geological work, the existing scattered geological data such as specific areas, minerals and working methods are integrated, and single and messy geological data are transformed into multi-purpose and multi-functional composite information resources, and an atlas of geological work degree is compiled, and the physical workload and proven resources invested are counted, and the geological survey work is analyzed and evaluated to provide panoramic geological data information. Through the integrated compilation and research of geological data, the application field of geological data can be greatly expanded, the utilization efficiency of geological data can be improved, and the potential value of geological data can be maximized.
2.6 Comprehensive superposition of geological data
The geological data formed in different disciplines, different methods and different periods are superimposed and analyzed comprehensively. Through the superposition of various information resources, we can find the inherent law and gain new geological understanding. If a series of geological data such as basic geology, mineral geology, geophysics, geochemistry, remote sensing geology and natural heavy sand in a region are superimposed and comprehensively analyzed, the regional metallogenic regularity can be summarized and the metallogenic prediction can be made.
2.7 Mining and extracting geological data
Due to the limitation of geological work period, stage, capital investment, work area, geological science and technology level at that time and the technical level of major geologists, there are abundant geological information in geological data that could not be used at that time. Comprehensive retrieval and systematic mining and extraction of these information are of great significance to the discovery of new minerals, new deposit types, low-grade ores and the reuse of refractory ores (Zhang Xingliao et al., 20 10).
3. The product system of geological data development and utilization
According to the method, source, medium, service object, service mode and particularity of geological data development and utilization, it is divided into 7 product series.
3. 1 According to the development method
3. 1. 1 Introduction to library resources
The main products include: ① compiling the catalogue of geological data in the collection, publishing it publicly or distributing or providing network services at specific meetings; (2) Introduction of geological data in a specific period, such as geological data formed before the founding of the People's Republic of China and geological data formed by foreigners in China; ③ Introduction of geological data with special significance, such as geological data formed by famous geologists, geological data with important historical value, foreign geological data, etc.
3. 1.2 geological data retrieval and query tools
The main products include: ① development and utilization of geological data catalog database, file-level catalog database under construction, and provision of network services; (2) Geological data retrieval atlas can be compiled according to specialties and data categories, such as regional geological and mineral survey retrieval atlas, regional hydraulic environment survey retrieval atlas, regional geophysical and geochemical exploration remote sensing survey retrieval atlas, etc. ; ③ Establish a Web-based geological data query platform or a Google-based geological data query platform.
3. 1.3 database products
Database systems can be established, including geological data catalog database, geological data information database, regional geological database, regional hydraulic environmental geological database, marine geological database, mineral resources exploration database, hydraulic environmental exploration database, geophysical database, geochemical database, remote sensing image database, thematic geological database and information book database.
3. 1.4 digital geological data
Geological data is digitized to form raster data or vector data. Such as graphic geological data, vector geological map, three-dimensional physical geological data, etc.
3. 1.5 Panoramic geological data integration
Comprehensive compilation and research of geological data of specific areas, minerals, working methods and specialties is based on collecting all geological data of a specific area scattered in different collection institutions and establishing a complete and authoritative geological data database, and develops a series of products, mainly including: ① series of geological work degree maps, ② statistical analysis of major physical workload invested in this area, ③ statistical analysis of various mineral resources/reserves and major geological achievements in this area, and ④ statistical analysis of existing geological work in this area. By integrating compilation and research, it is of great significance to provide support for the deployment of geological work and provide panoramic geological data for people engaged in geological work in this area, which is of great significance to reduce duplication and waste of work and quickly carry out geological work.
3. 1.6 Comprehensive geological information
The main products of geological information integration of different majors are: ① important metallogenic belts, comprehensive geological information base of administrative regions, geological maps, summary of metallogenic regularity, metallogenic prediction, etc. (2) Geological databases, geological maps and specifications of major natural disaster areas; (3) Regional geological databases, geological maps and manuals of major national projects.
3. 1.7 data mining platform
Develop a data mining platform, mark the useful data information in the text description or doc document data table by algorithm, and establish the relationship between documents. Users can extract and mine useful information according to their own needs.
3.2 By data source
3.2. 1 original geological data compilation and research products
Extract all kinds of original geological data information, establish a database, and compile a series of geological work degree maps and instructions for each metallogenic area (belt).
3.2.2 Compilation of results data and research products
Extract all kinds of geological work achievement information. According to the ore-forming areas (belts), comprehensively study the information of different work achievements in different years, compile a series of achievement maps such as the distribution map of resources in the main ore-forming areas (belts), the development and utilization status map, the work deployment proposal map, and the prospecting target prediction map, establish a database of geological work achievements, and write an instruction manual.
3.2.3 Compilation and research products of physical geological data
Collect physical and geological data, collect three-dimensional graphics, test physical and chemical properties and experiment. Establish physical and geological data of typical mining areas, stratotypes or important stratigraphic sections, important geological landscape areas and specific areas, and edit and publish an atlas of physical and geological data. Show important core database, typical deposit specimens, physical and geological data of stratotype profile, etc. Displayed in various ways, such as atlas, database and physical objects.
3.3 By product service object
3.3. 1 Government and its relevant departments
This kind of users are management decision-making users, and they need macro analysis or statistical information to understand the problems and trends of resources and environment in order to make management decisions.
3.2.2 Geological work units (enterprises) and geoscience research and education institutions.
This kind of users are professional users and need to provide more basic and detailed geological information for complex professional analysis and data processing to solve practical problems.
General public users
Most of them are knowledgeable or knowledgeable individual users. Can develop and study geological science, geological landscape, environmental geology, tourism geology and other products.
3.4 According to the product service mode
3.4. 1 traditional manual service
Develop product systems suitable for manual service, such as printing geological work degree atlas, searching atlas, and providing geological data content summary.
3.4.2 Modern information service products
It is a way for users to complete (or complete part of) information acquisition by means of developed network system and online information service interactive system. Different from traditional information service, modern geological information service is mainly realized by online service system running on the network. United States Geological Survey, GSC, BGS, Georgia, etc. It provides a complete catalog query and retrieval system for all kinds of geoscience information, helping users to retrieve the needed information and data quickly and conveniently. In geoscience information service, thematic information is mostly spatial information. Various countries generally provide various spatial query service systems, which can query according to spatial region, thematic attributes, keywords (fuzzy or accurate) and product types. Web mapping system realizes the selection, extraction, display and superposition of digital map information distributed on the Internet and stored in different systems, and realizes dynamic mapping on the Internet.
Customized service
Provide customized services for major engineering construction areas and geological disaster areas, such as processing basic geological atlas along the proposed railway and geological atlas in geological disaster areas.
3.5 Classification by major
Geological data development can be divided into basic geology, geophysics, geochemistry, mineral geology, hydrogeology, engineering geology, environmental geology, urban geology, remote sensing geology, seismic geology, agricultural geology, marine geology, tourism geology and other geological data.
3.6 By product category
According to product categories, geological data development can be divided into reports, abstracts, guides, profiles, images, recordings, atlas, catalogues, reports, comprehensive research, books, CDs and so on.
3.7 According to the product media
Can be divided into paper, electronic, physical and other geological data products.
4 conclusion
(1) The development and utilization of geological data information can take seven ways: publicity, retrieval, digitization, database construction, integrated compilation, comprehensive superposition and excavation.
(2) The development and utilization of geological data can form seven series of products to serve different users.
(3) The development and utilization of geological data is an exploratory work. In the process of development and compilation, extensive research should be carried out, and the compilation method and direction should be adjusted according to the needs of users to meet or satisfy the needs of the government, geological prospecting units and the public to the greatest extent.