Shenzhou-10 spacecraft is the third rendezvous and docking flight of the second phase of China manned space flight. Six months after the successful completion of the first manned rendezvous and docking mission of Shenzhou-9, Shenzhou-10 once again carried three astronauts to rendezvous with Tiangong-1, with four main tasks: providing personnel and materials for the on-orbit operation of Tiangong-1, and further assessing the functions and performance of the rendezvous and docking and manned transportation system; Further evaluate the ability of the assembly to support the life, work and health of astronauts; Carry out practical (trial) inspections and popular science education activities such as on-orbit maintenance of spacecraft; Further evaluate the function, performance and coordination of each system in the execution of flight tasks, and verify the effectiveness of relevant improvement measures.
Chinese name: Shenzhou 10 spacecraft mbth: Shenzhou 10 spacecraft launch location: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center "92 1 Station" Return location: Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia A Mu Gulang Grassland Country: China launch time: 2065438+June 16543. 8+0 days 17: 38 Return time: 2013 June 26 8: 07 Astronauts: Nie Haisheng, Zhang and Wang Yaping (female) launch rocket: Long March II F improved launch vehicle Flight time: 15 days Spacecraft composition: propulsion module, return module, orbital module and additional tasks. Mission overview, main tasks, decryption tasks, flight plan, flight duration, personnel selection, safeguard measures, space flight, scientific research, space teaching, manual docking, rendezvous test, smooth return, scientific research evaluation, mission flow 20 1 1, testers and designers of the First Hospital of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. The flying products such as Shenzhou-10 spacecraft and Long March 2F remote rocket were hoisted from the end of March 20 13, and docked with the launch vehicle to form a complete assembly. On March 20 13, the Shenzhou-10 spacecraft completed the factory preparation and passed the system-level review successfully. At the end of March 20 13, the Shenzhou-10 spacecraft completed the final assembly and carried out the factory test; The Long March II F- 10 carrier rocket completed the test and made preparations before leaving the factory; Astronaut training is going on as planned; Preparations for launch site, TT&C communication and landing site are progressing smoothly. Tiangong-1 target aircraft runs normally in orbit and is in good condition. On the morning of March 3, 2065438, a large transport plane carrying Shenzhou-10 spacecraft departed from Beijing and transported Shenzhou-10 to Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. On June 8, 20 13, the mobile launch platform carrying the assembly slowly drove out of the vertical assembly test workshop of the manned space launch site, along the seamless track of 1500m, at a speed of one minute. On May 6, 20 13, the 20-day electrical survey in the launch site of Shenzhou-10 spacecraft was successfully completed. From April 16 to May 6, the power-on test of Shenzhou-10 spacecraft was carried out at the launch site for more than 120 hours. The test team successfully completed various modes such as subsystem inspection, special test, voice and image inspection of the world-wide loop, and flight simulation, and interpreted a lot of data. 20 13 On May 27th, the launch test team of Shenzhou-10 spacecraft and Chang 'e-6 rocket began to close the rocket fairing. On the morning of May 27th, 20 13, under the joint organization of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation's rocket system and spacecraft system, two semi-shields were successfully hoisted to the orbit on both sides of the spacecraft. Subsequently, the two semi-covers slowly translated on the track and docked smoothly, completely wrapping the Shenzhou-10 spacecraft in it. On the morning of June 3, 20 13, the combination of Shenzhou-10 spacecraft and Long March 2 F- 10 rocket was transported vertically from the technical area of manned space launch site of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center to the launch area. It marks the official opening of the mission of God Ten. Wu Ping, spokesman for China's manned spaceflight project, announced at the press conference on June 13 that the Shenzhou-10 manned spacecraft is scheduled to be launched at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on June1KLOC-0/7: 38. The flight crew consists of male astronauts Nie Haisheng, Zhang and female astronaut Wang Yaping, with Nie Haisheng as the commander. On the afternoon of June 20 10/3, the Long March II F- 10 rocket, which carried out this launch mission, began to inject propellant. The ignition time of Shenzhou 10 spacecraft is June 2065438+June 2003+June 065438+June 065438+June 065438 +07: 38: 02.666. 13jun13jun13jun 18, Tiangong-1 target aircraft and Shenzhou-10 spacecraft successfully achieved automatic rendezvous and docking. This is the third successful rendezvous and docking between Tiangong-1 and shenzhou spaceship since it was launched into orbit in September, 20 1 1. At about 9: 041minute on June 26th, Taipei time, the Shenzhou-10 spacecraft, with three astronauts, Nie Haisheng, Zhang and Wang Yaping, ended its five-day space trip at the main landing site of the Shenzhou-10 mission in the grassland of central Inner Mongolia. They walked out of the spacecraft's return capsule and returned to the earth's home from their space homes. On May 2, 20 13, the Long March II F carrier rocket used to launch the Shenzhou-10 spacecraft arrived at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center to make various test preparations for the launch site. On May 6, the Long March II F rocket has completed the work of product state recovery and rocket body handover, and started hoisting, and all the work is carried out as planned. Parameter height: about 9 meters, weight: about 8 tons, diameter: maximum diameter: 2.9 meters. Composition: propulsion module, return module and orbital module. Launch time: 2065438+01June 200317: 38,02.666 seconds. Return time: On June 26th, 2003, eight astronauts, Nie Haisheng (middle), Zhang (right) and Wang Yaping, flew at a speed of 28,000 kilometers per hour and circled the earth once every 90 minutes. Flight time: in orbit 15 days. Among them, the initial orbit of 12-day and Tiangong-1 in space flight: an elliptical orbit rendezvous and docking orbit with a perigee of about 200 kilometers and an apogee of about 330 kilometers; Astronaut crew in near-circular orbit about 343 kilometers above the ground: Nie Haisheng, Zhang and Wang Yaping mission stages: the second stage of manned spaceflight project, the first stage of rendezvous and docking mission, and the finalization stage of the round-trip transportation system of manned spacecraft. Test tasks: automatic and manual rendezvous and docking, combined flight, flying around, etc. Spacecraft mission 1 overview. Provide round-trip transportation services for personnel and materials for the on-orbit operation of Tiangong-1, and further assess the functions and performance of rendezvous and docking and manned round-trip transportation systems. 2. Further assess the ability of the assembly to ensure the life, work and health of astronauts and the ability of astronauts to perform tasks. 3. Carry out research on astronauts' space environment adaptability and space operation ergonomics, carry out space science experiments, spacecraft on-orbit maintenance experiments and key technology verification experiments of space stations, and carry out the first space science lecture and popular science education activities for young people. 4. Further evaluate the function, performance and coordination between systems of the project when performing the mission. 5. Give lectures in space. Main tasks: 20 13 On February 28th, a spokesman for China's manned spaceflight project said: China will carry out the manned missions of Tiangong-1 and Shenzhou-10 in 20 13, and carry out the first applied flight of manned space transportation system. The mission of "Shenzhou 10" will be to "pick up and fill the gaps" in the manned rendezvous and docking technology of "Shenzhou 9". Shenzhou 10 will consolidate and optimize the manned rendezvous and docking technology realized by Shenzhou 9 and improve the imperfections of Shenzhou 9 and Shenzhou 8 spacecraft. According to the preliminary plan, Shenzhou-10 will rendezvous and dock with Tiangong-1 target aircraft automatically and manually in space flight 15 days, and astronauts will enter Tiangong experimental cabin for short-term manned scientific experiments and carry out popular science lectures and other interactive projects between heaven and earth. According to the mission plan, the Shenzhou-10 spacecraft was launched at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on June 20 1317: 38, and three astronauts and Tiangong-1 target aircraft were in orbit for manned rendezvous and docking. The main purpose of this mission is to provide round-trip transportation services for people and materials for the on-orbit operation of Tiangong-1, and further assess the functions and performance of the rendezvous and docking and manned round-trip transportation system; The second is to further assess the ability of the assembly to ensure the life, work and health of astronauts and the ability of astronauts to perform tasks; The third is to carry out research on astronauts' adaptability to space environment and ergonomics of space operation, carry out key technology verification experiments such as space science experiments, on-orbit maintenance experiments of spacecraft and space stations, and carry out space science lectures and popular science education activities for young people for the first time; The fourth is to further assess the function, performance and coordination between systems of the project in the execution of the flight mission. In addition to consolidating the manned rendezvous and docking technology, Shenzhou 10 also adjusted the flight time, astronaut working procedures, working methods and scientific experiment project arrangement, which laid the foundation for the construction of China's space station. The large transport plane carrying Shenzhou-10 spacecraft set off from Beijing on the morning of March 3, 2065438, and transported Shenzhou-10 to Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. Bao Weimin, director of the Science and Technology Committee of Aerospace Science and Technology Group and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that if the Shenzhou-10 mission is successful, it will mean that the transportation system of China manned spacecraft between heaven and earth has been completed, and China Aerospace will enter the space station era in the future. Zhang Bainan, chief designer of Shenzhou-10 spacecraft of the space science and technology group, said that China's manned space flight only solved the problem of transportation between heaven and earth. In fact, the next one is to build a contract operation space station to solve the long-term survival of human beings in space orbit. It should be said that the tasks and challenges in the future are still very arduous. The construction of space station needs the technology of spacecraft flying around, and the next task of China's manned spaceflight project is to build a space station. In order to verify the flying-around technology needed for rendezvous and docking of the space station project, the Shenzhou-10 spacecraft has added the function of flying around before and after. Through the Shenzhou-10 mission, the flight around test was carried out from the separated 5 km forward docking point to the 5 km backward docking point, and the docking scheme of manned spacecraft was verified from front to back, which provided flight data verification for the docking interface design of manned spacecraft and cargo spacecraft in the space station project under normal tasks and faults. Building a space station, rendezvous and docking is a technical threshold that must be crossed. Only when the two spacecraft are successfully docked can astronauts and cargo move freely between the ground and the space station. Shenzhou-8, Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10 are the keys to verify this technology. And then there will be more technologies to break through in the construction of the space station. We also need to develop a small space laboratory and a cargo ship. We can transport astronauts and a small amount of experimental equipment to the space laboratory, and we have to transport larger laboratory equipment. All these tasks need to be solved, developed and verified in the follow-up work. China Tiangong-2 is under development. He said: "Before the space station is officially completed, a series of experiments will be conducted on Tiangong-2. In the development stage, Tiangong-2 may need to arrange some filling, that is, filling the spacecraft and space laboratory with these experiments. In this case, a new generation of launch vehicles may be needed as its carrier. In this way, I estimate that these tasks may be arranged in the 13 th Five-Year Plan. " The planned flight time is 8: 07 on June 26th. Shenzhou-10 spacecraft flew independently for 3 days and jointly with Tiangong-1 for 12 days, completing three rendezvous, two docking and one flight around. After 0/5 days of on-orbit flight/KLOC-,the spacecraft return capsule was successfully recovered in central Inner Mongolia. This is the first application mission of the Shenzhou manned spacecraft, and it is a leap from developing flight test type to practical type in shenzhou spaceship, which further tests the function and performance of the manned spacecraft and once again verifies the reliability and safety of the increasingly mature and solidified shenzhou spaceship. During the combined flight, astronauts stationed in Tiangong-1 to carry out space medical experiments, technical experiments and space teaching activities. After completing the combined flight, the spacecraft was evacuated and returned to the landing site, and Tiangong-1 was transferred to the long-term orbit. There are three astronauts on Shenzhou-10, and the crew is still composed of two male astronauts and one female astronaut. The candidates for Shenzhou-10 astronauts are Nie Haisheng, Zhang and Wang Yaping. Safeguard measures Through the Shenzhou-9 mission, a large number of data on astronauts' work and life in space have been obtained, and some experience has been accumulated. At the same time, we also found some places that need to be improved and perfected. In order to further improve the quality of astronauts' work and life in space, the following measures have been taken: First, the treatment of domestic garbage in the cabin has been improved. This mission has increased the variety, specifications and quantity of garbage collection bags, which is convenient for astronauts to store domestic garbage in orbit. The second is to enrich space food, personalize the design for astronauts to increase the variety of food, and improve the sensory acceptability of food through the improvement of technology. The third is to optimize the astronauts' working procedures and schedules and increase the time margin of work items. In addition, after replacing the floor and some limiting devices for Tiangong-1, the life of astronauts in Tiangong can be more convenient. Scientific Research in Space Flight On June 20 131June 31June 3 18, the Tiangong-1 target aircraft successfully and automatically rendezvous and docked with the Shenzhou-10 spacecraft. After completing a series of preparations, three astronauts entered the orbital module of Shenzhou-10 spacecraft, took off their spacesuits and put on blue overalls. After the ground researchers checked and confirmed the cabin environment of the Tiangong-1 target aircraft, the Beijing Aerospace Control Center gave the astronauts an instruction to enter Tiangong-1. With Zhang's help, Nie Haisheng successfully opened the door of Tiangong No.1, and then three astronauts entered Tiangong No.1 in turn, waving to the researchers on the ground through the camera lens installed in the cabin. During the flight of Tiangong-1 and Shenzhou-10, three astronauts carried out a number of space science experiments and technical experiments to accumulate experience for the subsequent construction of the space station project. It has always been a major feature of China's manned space flight to carry out scientific experiments while verifying related technologies of manned space flight, which has been more fully reflected in the joint flight of Shenzhou-10 spacecraft and Tiangong-1. Taking advantage of the opportunity of Shenzhou-10 mission to carry out multi-project technical experiments and scientific experiments is another major feature of Shenzhou-10 mission. The combination of Shenzhou-10 spacecraft and Tiangong-1 target aircraft constitutes a platform for scientific experiments. On this platform, a live drama of scientific experiments was staged while carrying out technical verification of China's manned spaceflight project. The on-orbit test of Shenzhou-10 spacecraft is divided into three aspects: spacecraft technology, space medicine and public welfare projects, with a total of nearly 40 test items. It mainly focuses on spacecraft flying around, space maintenance, cabin materials and microorganisms during long-term space operation, key and core technologies of space station, space medicine and public welfare undertakings. Through the development of these projects, technical preparations will be further made for the construction of the space station. Among these projects, the most eye-catching ones are probably space maintenance and public welfare activities. In order to ensure the normal activities of astronauts in Tiangong-1 experimental cabin, scientists and technicians have taken many measures when designing the ceiling of the cabin. However, during the Shenzhou-9 mission, it was found that the floor of the Tiangong-1 experimental module was still inconvenient for astronauts to walk and use. For example, in order to ensure the safety of astronauts in the cabin, the floor in the cabin is designed with soft materials. Under the action of weightlessness in space, the floor of this soft material bulges upward, which brings inconvenience to astronauts walking in the cabin. Readers who watched the astronauts enter the Tiangong-1 live broadcast during the launch of Shenzhou-9 will probably remember that when the astronauts entered the Tiangong-1 from the airlock, the floor in the cabin floated like paper due to the effect of space gravity, and the astronauts left. In order to further facilitate the activities and work of astronauts in Tiangong-1 cabin, technicians specially designed the hard floor, hard handrails and enhanced soft hand and foot stoppers with paper honeycomb structure, which were transported to Tiangong-1 by Shenzhou-10 and then assembled by Shenzhou-10 astronauts in orbit. In this way, not only the astronauts can step on the floor instead of cotton in Tiangong No.1 cabin, but also they can easily grasp the handrail of the bulkhead, and the length of the stopper under their feet can be adjusted as needed, thus ensuring the astronauts to move freely and reliably in the cabin. In order to test the improved effect, in the preparation stage of Shenzhou-10 mission, technicians specially invited astronauts to experience at the development site, and the astronauts felt very good. Space public welfare activities have earned people's attention. During the Shenzhou-10 mission, astronauts attracted the attention of space fans in the popular science education experiment and space post office on Tiangong-1. Through TV broadcast, the magical environment in space and the astronauts' on-site explanation and demonstration, the audience was brought into a fantastic world, which further deepened people's understanding of the space environment. Astronaut Wang Yaping, who is teaching in space, gave a lecture on the morning of June 20th 10:04- 10:55, and Nie Haisheng was the conductor, giving a demonstration of basic physics experiments for Chinese teenagers. The experimental projects arranged in this space teaching activity will show the physical phenomena such as the motion characteristics of objects and the surface tension characteristics of liquids under weightlessness. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of space teaching activities, astronauts carefully prepare lessons, and the manned space engineering systems will provide comprehensive support and guarantee for space teaching activities. This space teaching activity is co-sponsored by China Manned Space Engineering Office, Ministry of Education and China Association for Science and Technology. More than 330 primary and middle school students, including ethnic minority students, children of migrant workers, representatives of students from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, participated in the ground class activities, and more than 60 million teachers and students from more than 80,000 middle schools across the country simultaneously organized and watched the on-site space teaching activities.
Female astronaut Wang Yaping was the keynote speaker, Nie Haisheng was the assistant and Zhang was the cameraman. 10: 04, high school affiliated to renmin university of china ground class began, and teachers and students watched the TV short film "Astronaut's Life in Space". 10, 1 1, the two-way communication link with Tiangong-1 was established in the ground class, and the space teaching officially began. During the 40-minute teaching, the astronauts demonstrated the physical phenomena such as the motion characteristics of objects and the surface tension characteristics of liquids in weightless environment through five basic physical experiments, including mass measurement, simple pendulum motion, gyro motion, water film and water polo, and communicated with the ground through video.
According to experts, this space teaching activity is the first applied education task of manned spaceflight in China, which embodies the concept that manned spaceflight project directly serves national education, and will further stimulate young people's enthusiasm and dreams of advocating science, loving aerospace and exploring the unknown. Manual docking 2065438+On June 23rd, 2003 10: 07, under the precise control of astronaut Nie Haisheng and the close cooperation of Zhang and Wang Yaping, Tiangong-1 target aircraft and Shenzhou-10 spacecraft successfully achieved manual rendezvous and docking. According to the plan, three astronauts will be stationed in Tiangong-1 to carry out relevant scientific experiments. Rendezvous test 2065438+On June 25th, 2003, Tiangong-1 and Shenzhou-10 were successfully separated, and Shenzhou-10 flew around from above the Tiangong-1 target aircraft to its rear, completing the close rendezvous. This is the first time that China has successfully implemented the rendezvous test of spacecraft flying around. This experiment will accumulate experience for the subsequent construction of the space station project. 2065438+Successfully returned to Taipei at 8: 07 on June 26th, 2003, and landed in Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia, the scheduled area of the main landing site of Shenzhou-10 mission on the grassland in central Inner Mongolia, with normal visual ablation and good appearance. Astronauts Nie Haisheng, Zhang and Wang Yaping left the cabin smoothly and were in good health. Zhou Jianping, chief designer of China's manned spaceflight project, said that Shenjiu mainly carried out manned space rendezvous and docking experiments to achieve a breakthrough in manned rendezvous and docking technology. Although Shenshi will continue to rendezvous and dock with Tiangong-1 automatically and manually, the focus will shift to the verification and application of these technologies. The space shuttle transportation system equivalent to manned spacecraft needs to be further finalized, which lays the foundation for the further research of space laboratory and the construction of space station. In the specific experimental content, Shenzhou-10 has increased the flying around, that is, Shenzhou-10 spacecraft plans to fly around the target aircraft Tiangong-1. The success of this experiment is also very important for the construction of the space station, because there may be multiple docking ports on the space station, and the aircraft needs to dock with it from multiple directions, which requires further evaluation of the flight around the aircraft. To sum up, on the basis of China's breakthrough and mastery of manned rendezvous and docking technology, Shenjiu will conduct the first applied flight of manned space transportation system. After the launch of Shenzhou-10 and the rendezvous and docking with Tiangong-1, the first phase of the second step of China manned space flight will be completed perfectly, and it will fully enter the development stage of space laboratory and space station.
Shangshu is the earliest existing history book in China and a compilation of ancient political historical materials. Shangshu is divided into Yu Shu,