1. What is an academic building?
/kloc-in the 0/9th century, the dominant architectural trends in western architecture were retro architecture and eclectic architecture. Retro-ists believe that architectural forms and styles in some periods in history, such as ancient Greece and Rome, are eternal models that cannot be surpassed. Whoever wants to build beautiful buildings must imitate them according to those historical buildings. Eclectics also believe that the architect's job is to follow the past architectural model, but they think that it is not necessary to stick to a certain form and style, but to put various styles and technologies in one building.
Under the influence of retro and eclectic architectural trends, architects pay little attention to practical functions and structural techniques. In their minds, everything is inferior, and art is high. The dominant aspect of this architectural thought is aestheticism. At that time, the base camp was the Paris Institute of Advanced Art, so this architectural trend was also called academic architecture. It is worth noting that the new academic school is not an architecture school in a strict sense, but a collective name for young architects or special identity groups based on architecture universities and obviously different from teachers in the traditional sense.
Second, the style characteristics of academic architecture
1, with space creation as the leading factor, publicize personal experience.
As the protagonist of the event, architects observe, think and design buildings. The leading work is the architect's re-understanding and redefinition of architectural space, not just function. Architecture is no longer the carrier of various cultural and historical meanings or a certain style, just as Zhang Yufeng wanted to explain in his Hang Cheng History Museum: "Architecture expresses nothing except its own (space) and the material properties of the materials it uses."
Different understandings of space have created a series of personalized architectural works of the new academic school: the library of Wang Shu of Zheng Wen College of Soochow University tries to reflect his personal experience of traditional Jiangnan garden architecture in China; Zhang Yonghe's Beijing Xishu Bookstore tells a unique cultural phenomenon in China with "bicycle" as the carrier. In He Duoling residence, Liu Jiakun created a "well of heaven" surrounded by a series of complicated indoor spaces. Zhu Jingxiang defined Yancheng Youth Activity Center as a horizontal and vertical communication space.
2. Clever use of local traditional materials
Wang Shu's rammed earth experiment and Zhang Yonghe's practice of using plywood, rammed earth and other materials all hope to seek the development of contemporary architecture by traditional means. He Duoling's studio adopts brick-concrete structure, and the quality of bricks is very poor. Speaking of this, Liu Jiakun said: "I don't ask for its quality, just like the craftsmanship of the farmers' construction team. I just regard it as a native product of my hometown, like crops in the field. "In fact, the use of low technology is also an important reason for the operability of the new academic school. Moreover, the materials in the new academic works have been carefully and even deliberately treated, revealing a straightforward aesthetic feeling and low-key publicity in seemingly ordinary treatment. In addition, architects also use simple methods such as shading materials and ventilation shafts to adapt to the local climate.
3. Architectural expression techniques are influenced by western thoughts.
This practice makes the works of the new academic school maintain a unique freshness in the face of the complicated forms at present, which has won great love in colleges and universities and has many followers. There are always designers' ideas behind the specific features of the works, and the new academy's views on architecture and architectural design also clearly identify its academic characteristics. When talking about his works, Wang Shu said that he hates words like "conception" and "creativity". "It's just a mood or experience". This statement is also acceptable. I will borrow the word "mood" from him, instead of using things like ideas.
Spectacular style gives people a sense of comfort.
The architectural style of the academic school first reflects the atmosphere, which is reflected in the gates, big windows, large depths and large eaves, all of which make people feel very comfortable. The semi-enclosed space formed under the roof of the big house can not only keep out the sun and rain, but also has a wide field of vision and leads directly to nature. This kind of atmosphere fully embodies the idea of "harmony between man and nature" in China traditional architecture.
5. Strong artistry
Academic architectural style is very artistic, because the stronger the emotion, the stronger the artistry. The artistry of traditional architecture in China is unmatched by any famous artist, which is embodied in the fact that the cornices of the four corners are inclined, or they want to fly or float, making the heavy feeling of buildings (including towers and buildings) look relaxed and the solidified things look moving. If "atmosphere" comes from reason, then "anger" comes from emotion. The artistry of western traditional architecture lies not in the building itself, but in the sculpture or painting attached to it-decorative art, which can not bring vitality to the building itself.
6. magnificent
Another feature of academic architecture is grandeur. Reflected in the use of glass materials, long life, bright colors, dazzling in the sun, magnificent in various environments. Its high cost symbolizes wealth and status. It can be seen that the atmosphere, vitality and richness not only have their specific colors, but also have their rich connotations. The combination of these three forms the architectural tradition of China.
Characteristics of Eight Architectural Schools in China
One of the architectural schools in China: Cantonese architecture.
Yong 'er House is the representative of traditional houses in Lingnan, Guangdong. Its gables are shaped like pot ears, and blue bricks, stone pillars and slates are often used as materials for fire prevention and ventilation. There are flowers and birds on the outer wall, which are very lovely.
Xiguan big house has a long and narrow plane layout, which is conducive to ventilation and adapts to the humid climate in Lingnan. The roof is an overhead double-tile roof, which can be waterproof and moisture-proof. There are three doors at the door, namely a low hanging door, a rafter door and a hard wooden door, which is the symbol of xiguan big house.
China's Second School of Architecture: Fujian Architecture
Fujian is Fujian. The most popular building in Fujian is the Earth Building. Tulou is a kind of residential building inhabited by ethnic minorities, which can resist wild animals and robbers in the mountains. It is also a unique large-scale residential form in the world.
This is the product of many national migrations, and it also embodies the ideal of living together under Confucianism at that time.
The main materials of tulou are sandy clay, Chinese fir and stone. The most striking feature of architectural style is that the central axis is symmetrical, which conforms to the trend and wind direction of mountains and rivers and flows with the water. Earth buildings are not only round, but also square and rectangular.
The third largest architectural school in China: Sichuan architecture
Chuanpai architecture is popular in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places, where the climate is humid and there are many snakes and insects on the ground, so a special architectural style-Diaojiaolou has evolved.
The diaojiao building is supported by wooden columns, and the floor is framed. The four walls are built with wooden boards or bamboo rafts and then plastered. People live upstairs, ventilated and dry, overhead downstairs, raising poultry or placing farm tools.
Diaojiaolou has many forms, such as single hanging, double hanging, four in one and so on. According to different national customs, Diaojiaolou has developed Miao Diaojiaolou and Dai Zhulou.
China's fourth largest architectural school: Anhui architecture.
Huizhou school is one of the representatives of southern residential buildings, and Huizhou architecture is the most widely known one among Huizhou schools. Huizhou School is famous for its impression of blue tiles and white walls. Folk houses, ancestral temples and memorial archways are called the "three wonders" of Huizhou School, and wood carving, stone carving and brick carving are the "three sculptures" of Huizhou School. The features of Huizhou architecture are mainly reflected in village houses, ancestral halls, archways and gardens. Its most distinctive style is a large number of traditional residential villages, which reflect Huizhou's mountain characteristics, geomantic will and regional beauty tendency from site selection, design, modeling, structure and layout to decoration and beautification.
Huizhou school loves "high walls and deep courtyards", centering on deep patios and surrounded by high walls, which can not only prevent thieves, but also allow rainwater to flow into the patios from the roofs on all sides, commonly known as "four waters return to the hall", and has the mentality of Huizhou merchants that "fertilizer and water don't flow into outsiders".
The patchwork horsehead wall can effectively stop the fire from spreading.
The Fifth School of China Architecture: Soviet Architecture.
Su-style architecture is popular in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, mostly facing south, and loves tortuous and exquisite styles. Landscape architecture is an excellent representative. The layout of the garden is circuitous and rhythmic, and it loves to use mountains and rivers, making use of the gatehouse pavilion to turn around, ups and downs, and soothing the charm.
The layout of Soviet-style gardens pursues a "hidden" word. Compared with European gardens, China gardens prefer to hide but not show. This has a lot to do with the implicit love of Jiangnan literati.
Rockery, pool, vegetation, gatehouse, window, pavilion and pavilion cooperate with each other to achieve the visual effect of "changing scenery"
The Sixth Architectural School in China: Beijing Architecture
Siheyuan is a typical Beijing style building. Beijing is cold and snowy in winter, and windy and dusty in spring. Therefore, the thick roofs and enclosed courtyards of quadrangles are for heat preservation, cold protection, wind protection and sand avoidance. The so-called four in one, "four" means east, west, south and north, and "combination" means that all houses are surrounded together to form a "mouth" shape. After hundreds of years of construction, Beijing quadrangles have formed a unique Beijing style from plane layout to internal structure and detail decoration.
Siheyuan and Siheyuan are symmetrically arranged according to the north-south central axis. The main room where elders and grandfathers live is arranged on the central axis, and the younger generation is in the wing and wing on both sides. There is a screen wall at the entrance, so you can't see the activities in the hospital from the outside.
Gong is another representative of Beijing School. China Palace is a large-scale architectural complex inhabited by ancient emperors and the most important architectural type in ancient China. Palace architecture pays attention to the prominence of imperial power, and the regional hierarchy is obvious.
The Forbidden City is like a complex quadrangle, magnified n times, but it is much more complicated in etiquette, such as "front hall and back bedroom", "three dynasties and five doors" and "left ancestors and right houses". The luxurious decoration details represented the top architectural art level at that time.
The Seventh School of Architecture in China: Shanghai Architecture
The traditional architecture in Shanghai is called Shanghai style. Some people call Shanghai School, Beijing School of Architecture and Guangzhou School of Architecture as three kinds of architecture. As we all know, 6000 years ago, the center of Shanghai was still a Wang Yang. Now Wang Yang is full of high-rise buildings. People, businesses, literature and learning all embody Shanghai culture, Shanghai personality, Shanghai style and Shanghai charm. The externalization of all this is carried forward through cultural forms and architecture.
The charm of Shanghai-style architecture lies in its inclusive demeanor. It integrates western living culture and local living concept into architectural design. For example, the room type should cater to the living habits of Shanghainese, the whole family faces south, the temperature is suitable, and the low window and large bay are used for lighting, and the landscape is introduced as much as possible. In the overall greening of the residential area, based on the classic courtyard design in Central Europe, the architectural style pays attention to the formal beauty of neoclassicism without too much decoration.
A major feature of Shanghai architecture is the organic combination of human environment and natural environment. Shanghai's residential buildings, both the government and real estate development enterprises are paying more and more attention to the natural environment. In Shanghai's residential areas, there are trees and flowers, and even gentle slopes of wetlands and flowing water of small bridges are commonplace. Compared with the construction of natural environment, the construction of human environment is weak. For example, the commercial network is immature, and the living infrastructure such as medical institutions, preschool education, culture and entertainment, banks and post offices is not perfect. It needs the joint efforts of our government and real estate enterprises.
The Eighth Architectural School in China —— Golden School Architecture
Shanxi School includes parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai, among which Shanxi has the most mature architectural style.
The Qiao Family Courtyard, resplendent and magnificent, with cornices and arches, is a typical example of urban architecture in Shanxi. There are six courtyards and more than 300 houses, and brick carvings, colored paintings and woodcuts can be seen everywhere, reflecting the stable atmosphere of Shanxi merchants.
The most widely distributed Jin architecture in northwest China is the cave dwelling on the loess plateau in northwest China. People use thick enough loess layer to dig holes to live in, which is warm in winter and cool in summer. The vault structure of the cave conforms to the mechanical principle and is very stable.
The profoundness of China's architecture was deeply shocked. What supports its idea is to highlight local architectural culture and selectively absorb foreign architectural culture. The builder can find the best combination of the two cultures and design a creative and suitable house, which is really an ideal house.