Influenced by the spiritual field, the architecture in Song Dynasty lost its vigorous momentum in Tang Dynasty. It is small in scale, gorgeous and changeable, showing exquisite and beautiful style, and the forms of halls, platforms, buildings and pavilions are diverse and complicated. Great changes have taken place in the structure of buildings in the Song Dynasty, especially the load-bearing function of the bucket arch has been greatly weakened, and the ratio of arch height to column height has become smaller and smaller. Some flowers that play an important role in the structure are replaced by reclining, and scattered flowers increase. The building components, building methods and quantity estimation in this period were further standardized on the basis of the Tang Dynasty, and books summarizing these experiences appeared-architectural French and wooden classics. Among them, Architectural Style written by Li Jie is the most comprehensive and scientific architectural work in ancient China, and the earliest and most complete architectural work in the world, which is equivalent to the national standard of the construction industry in Song Dynasty. In 9 16 AD, the northern barbarian Qidan established the Liao Dynasty, occupied Shanxi and northern Hebei, absorbed the Han culture and entered the feudal society. As the northern part of the Tang Dynasty became a vassal state, the architectural style was rarely influenced by the later Central Plains and South China. Therefore, the architecture of Liao Dynasty has maintained many styles of the Five Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty, and with the bold and unrestrained character of nomadic people, the architecture looks solemn and steady. Some temples in Liao Dynasty face east, which is related to the religious beliefs and life customs of Qidan people who believe in ghosts and gods and worship the sun. Later, the Jin Dynasty emerged in the field of architecture. Because the craftsmen are all Han Chinese, the architecture has both Song and Liao styles, but it is closer to the femininity of Song architecture, and many works become cumbersome.
city construction
The capital of the Song Dynasty was in Tokyo, which is now Kaifeng, Henan. This is an ancient capital that prospered with the Grand Canal. The Five Dynasties began to become a political and economic center, and the capital was formally established here in the following week. The Northern Song Dynasty was even richer, with a population of nearly one million. There are three cities. The second inner city is Tang Shicheng, which has a history of twenty miles and fifty paces. The center of the inner city is Miyagi, which was rebuilt by the northern state government. The outermost Guo Cheng was expanded in the second year of Xiande in the later Zhou Dynasty, with a history of more than 40 miles. From Xuande Gate, the main entrance of Miyagi, to the south, it passes through Qiao Zhou on the Bianhe River and Zhuquemen, the main entrance of the inner city, to Nanxun Gate, the main entrance of Guo Cheng, which is the longitudinal axis of the whole city. There are east-west roads near Qiao Zhou that intersect with the vertical axis, which is the horizontal axis of the whole city. These are similar to the layout of capital cities since the Han, Wei and Yecheng Dynasties. There are imperial gardens in Manchuria outside the palace, more than 70 temples in the city, and large gardens such as Jinmingchi and Joan Lin Yuan outside the city, all of which enrich the urban landscape. For the first time, a T-shaped vertical square was set between the main entrance of Miyagi and the main entrance of the capital. All these had a great influence on the layout of the capital after the Ming Dynasty.
The palace buildings in this period were smaller than those in the Tang Dynasty, with more details, more emphasis on colored paintings and sculptures, and the overall image was gorgeous and soft. After the Nuzhen conquered the bustling Tokyo in Song Dynasty, they built the Jin Dynasty Palace in Zhongdu according to the style of Tokyo Miyagi in Song and Jin Dynasties. Miyagi Palace is located in the city, slightly southwest, from Fengyimen to Xuantong Gate, with Yangxuan Gate in the south, Chengong Gate tearing cowhide books in the north, Xuanhua Gate in the east and Yuhua Gate in the west. The former is the official residence and the latter is the palace. The main hall is Da 'an Hall, with Ren Zheng Hall in the north and East Palace in the northeast, with 36 halls. In addition, there are many pavilions, gardens and pools. At that time, people recorded that the palaces in Jindu were resplendent and magnificent, so-called extravagance. Qionghua Island in the northeast of the city has a detached palace for the emperor to visit. The existing murals of Yanshan Temple in Fan Shi, Shaanxi Province depict the Heavenly Palace, reflecting the image of the palace architecture at that time, which is a rare material.
Palace Image in Fanjingshan Temple Murals
Plan of Jindu Palace
By the river during Tomb-Sweeping Day.
Rock temple mural II
Song Huizong was created in Tomb-Sweeping Day, and another mural of Yanshan Temple faithfully depicts the image of the palace in this period. The former depicts a day when Xu Huixin came to power. A piece of auspicious clouds floated into the palace, surrounded by columns and attached to the temple, and everyone looked up. Surprised, a group of cranes danced in the air and blended with Xiangyun for a long time. Reflected in the severe moment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the emperor prayed to heaven to send auspicious clouds to save the Song Dynasty from peril; The latter is a group of huge tall buildings built on a high platform.
building
Tang Chuan, located at the foot of Wuru Peak, 2km northwest of Shaolin Temple in Dengfeng, Henan Province, was built in the 7th year of Xuanhe in Northern Song Dynasty to commemorate Dharma, the founder of Zen Buddhism. This hall, which was completed 20 years after the promulgation of Pingjiang Map, is the closest thing to the existing Ruihe Map and the most typical Song-style building. The main hall faces south, with three wide rooms and three deep rooms. It rests on the top of the mountain, with a single eaves, beautiful curves and glazed tiles. Built on a stone platform, with front and rear bluestone pedals and a door on the back wall. There are huge arches under the eaves of the main hall, Ming-style second doors, two-dimensional rectangular windows, four eleven stone pillars on the front eaves, cylindrical embossed sea pomegranate, rolling grass, birds, geisha music and so on. There are Buddhist niches and four stone pillars in the Ming Temple, on which there are the King of God, Panlong and Concubine. Inside and outside the lower parts of the east, west and north walls of Daxiong Hall, stones are paved to protect feet, and clouds, running water, dragons, elephants, fish, clams, Buddha statues, figures and buildings are carved. Although its scale can make its image soft and elegant, it is incomparable to large official buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Jinci Temple was rebuilt in the heyday of the Northern Song Dynasty. Now the main building of Notre Dame Hall is seven feet wide and six feet deep, resting on the top of the mountain with double eaves. The glass at the top of the hall was made in the Ming Dynasty. The main hall is surrounded by cloisters, and the front porch is deep and spacious, which is unique in the architecture of Tang and Song Dynasties. There are eight wooden flat dragons carved on the front porch column, which are graceful and winding, and are the original works of Yuan You in the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the shape of dragon columns was found in stone pagodas and shrines. This is the pioneer of known ancient wooden structures in China. The corner columns of the temple are quite prominent, and the cornices are particularly rich, which makes the whole building look soft, which is quite different from the gorgeous and simple buildings in the Tang Dynasty. The upper bucket arch jumps out, the lower eaves are paved with five shops, and the upper eaves are paved with six shops. The aerial jump is put into use. There are different rules for overhead jumpers, such as true overhead, false overhead, flat overhead and overhead hitting. The shape of the arch is so complicated and changeable that the building becomes more and more beautiful. There are no pillars in the hall, but there are six Long Fu.
Ge Teng Pavilion, located on the bank of Ganjiang River in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, was built in the fourth year of Tang Yonghui and is famous for Wang Borui's "Crane Map". After that, it was rebuilt 28 times, and the former site of the Tang and Song Dynasties had already collapsed into the river. Today, the creative method of Song painting is the earliest known picture book of Wang Tengting, which reflects the image of Song Pavilion. Its elegant posture and exquisite structure are impressive. As can be seen from the picture, the pavilion stands on a very high platform, which is the T-cross of two two-story pavilions. There are 28 inner and outer turrets in the museum, which are exquisite in structure and gorgeous in shape. Although there are many columns on each floor of the pavilion, the space is open and round, and there are verandas on the upper and lower floors for easy viewing. This cultural spirit of attaching importance to the harmony between man and nature makes the pavilions in ancient architecture in China and Europe have obvious differences in mental outlook: the latter is a masonry structure, with only small windows outside the building and no cloisters, and the inside and outside are quite isolated, emphasizing the vertical slender figure, which seems to be dismissive of the earth, revealing the gap between man and nature. The exhibition hall in China is quite open, and the space inside and outside the building circulates, and there are surrounding corridors on each floor for people to board and watch; The horizontal eaves, cloisters and railings around each floor greatly weaken the upward trend of the overall vertical height figure, so that it can always look back at the earth; The curved roof and upturned corner avoid the rigidity and coldness of the shape, and are beautifully embedded in nature, which seems to be a part of heaven and earth, reflecting people's infinite nostalgia for nature.
In the descriptive Song Dynasty, the architectural groups in this period were full of changes in modeling combination. There are halls and pavilions surrounded by low-rise buildings, and several quadrangles are arranged along the axis on the overall general plane. Longxing temple in Zhengding, Hebei Province is an important example of the overall layout of existing Buddhist temples in the Song Dynasty. The whole temple building is arranged in depth according to the central axis, from the outside to the inside, with overlapping temples, changing courtyards, staggered heights and clear priorities. There is a tall glazed wall in front of the temple, a rectangular courtyard in the door, and a bell tower and drum tower on the left and right. The sixth hall of the Academy in the middle has been destroyed, but there are still ruins. The north entrance of the temple is Mani Palace, and the left and right side halls form another longitudinal courtyard. Entering the second gate to the north, it is a magnificent spatial combination composed of the main building, Buddha Pavilion, two-sided wheel halls, Cishi Pavilion and other secondary buildings, pavilions and pavilions. It is also the climax of the entire Buddhist temple complex. There is also the last Amitabha temple behind the temple. Both the Buddha Hall and Amitabha Hall adopt the system of juxtaposition of three halls. This layout, with the high pavilion as the center of the whole temple, is undoubtedly due to the fact that since the middle Tang Dynasty, the main building has to develop to multiple floors while offering sacrifices to the tall Buddha statue, and the number of secondary buildings that set it off has also increased, reflecting the characteristics of Buddhist temple architecture from the late Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty.
Longxing temple Mani Palace in Zhengding, Hebei Province was built in the Northern Song Dynasty for four years. It is the only existing large-scale Buddhist temple with a cross-shaped plane in China, and it is also the oldest example of existing wooden structures with mansions on all sides. There are five halls and five depths in the middle, the base is almost square and the plane is cross-shaped. There are two halls in the middle of each side, both facing forward. The hall is surrounded by thick walls, and only the front of the hall has doors and windows open. The beam structure in the museum conforms to the order of Wang Teng Pavilion. This hall is full of three-dimensional layout changes, overlapping majestic, dignified and serious, showing a lively and vivid character. It is the only handed down example of this architectural style in Song Dynasty painting. This unique architectural style was rare before the Song Dynasty.
The Great Compassion Pavilion of Mani Palace is the main building in longxing temple, and the existing pavilion was rebuilt around 1940. The pavilion is about 33 meters high, with three floors, resting at the top of the mountain, and the upper two floors have double eaves, giving people the feeling of being taller than the actual one. Guanyin in the pavilion is 24 meters high. It was cast in the fourth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty and is the largest bronze statue in ancient China. 1992, the government restored the Imperial Book Building and the Qing Ji Pavilion. The three pavilions are juxtaposed and Hongqiao is connected, which is magnificent. The wheel hall and the secretariat pavilion are on the second floor, with double eaves resting on the top of the mountain. Same size, but different structure. These two buildings have been rebuilt many times by later generations, while the Runner's Hall retains the style of the Song Dynasty. In order to accommodate the storage of hexagonal wheel, the two central columns of the lower column of the storage hall of the rotating wheel were removed to form a plane hexagonal column network, and there was no flat dark layer between the upper and lower floors, which was different from the Guanyin Pavilion of Liaodule Temple. The rest of the temples in the temple are single-storey.
Guanyin Pavilion, the runner hall of Dule Temple in Jixian County, Hebei Province, was rebuilt in Liao Dynasty. The existing Shanmen and Guanyin Pavilion are original works of Liao Dynasty. The gate is the gate of Dule Temple, with three wide doors and two deep doors. It has a single eave roof, gentle folding, far-reaching eaves and cornices. Twelve wooden columns are erected on the abutment, and the stigma of four corner columns is slightly retracted and the column body is slightly extended. Planting side columns not only stabilizes the structure, prevents the building from leaning outward, but also enriches the image of the building. Above each stigma, there is a big bucket arch. There is no suspended ceiling inside the mountain gate, and all components such as bucket arch, cross beam and purlin are visible, which is very decorative. The kisses at both ends of the ridge are vivid, the head is visible, and the tail is rolled inward, just like a pheasant flying. This is an example of the evolution of the Tang Dynasty.
Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Temple in Jixian County, Hebei Province, passing through the mountain gate, is a tall and majestic Guanyin Pavilion. From the modeling point of view, it is both vigorous in the Tang Dynasty and gentle in the Song Dynasty. It is an important representative of Liao architecture and the highest existing two-story pavilion building in China. It is famous for its superb construction technology. There are two floors outside Guanyin Pavilion, and there is a dark floor inside. It's actually three floors. Guanyin Pavilion is 23 meters high and has five wide rooms and four deep rooms. It is located at the top of the mountain and has only one roof. There are waist eaves on the first and second floors, and flat seats on the eaves. The pavilion is covered with caissons on the third floor, with flat rafts on the left and right. Guanyinge eaves arch is magnificent, sparsely arranged, and obviously has the style of staying in the Tang Dynasty. The layout of Guanyinge column network adopts inner and outer configuration, forming a double-layer circular column plane with a big trap and a small circle. There are 24 kinds of Guanyin fighting skills. Although there are thousands of beams, columns and buckets, they are arranged to form a solid and beautiful whole. At the same time, the width-depth ratio and depth ratio of the pavilion are all around four to three. With such a complete and unified structure and exquisite and stable design, Dule Temple has experienced 28 earthquakes since its reconstruction in Liao Dynasty. Almost all the houses collapsed except Guanyin Pavilion and Shanmen River. Guanyin statue *** 1 1, 16 meters high, slightly leaning forward, plump face and drooping shoulders. They are one of the largest clay statues of Buddha in China.
Guanyinyan Temple is located in Datong City, Shanxi Province, and its construction date is unknown. At the end of Liao Dynasty, it was destroyed by fire. According to the inscription, Jin was rebuilt on the original site in 1 140, but it was far from the original scale of Liao country. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, temples were divided into upper and lower floors, each with its own door and system. The main temple of this temple faces east, which is related to the custom of offering sacrifices.
Detail 2 of Daxiong Hall of Huayan Temple Shang Yan Temple:
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