The renovation of ancient buildings is different from architectural engineering. Protecting ancient buildings is a practical activity and the embodiment of natural science research results. Whether the protection measures of ancient buildings are reasonable is very important to the safety and value of ancient buildings. Cultural relics are non-renewable, and the consequences caused by negligence of any protective measures are often irreversible. ?
Therefore, the rationality of ancient building protection measures determines the quality and level of renovation and protection projects, and the key to measure the quality and level of renovation is to see how much value the ancient building has protected after renovation, whether it has eliminated potential safety hazards and whether it is most conducive to the embodiment of its social value. The three are inseparable. It's not just to repair the old or to look brand-new and resplendent. ?
How can we make the protective measures reasonable? First of all, workers engaged in cultural relics protection are required to have a positive and responsible professional spirit and a strong sense of responsibility and mission to inherit national culture, which is the premise of the rationality of cultural relics protection measures. Secondly, do a good job in all aspects of investigation and study, and strive for more reasonable protection measures for ancient buildings. Finally, scientific protection measures should be selected in a targeted manner. Let's talk about my job.
First, the reconnaissance survey?
The value orientation of ancient buildings stems from the judgment information of the value of ancient buildings. "Because many human past records lack historical documents, cultural resources in various periods are the main sources of information." (1) and the authenticity of this information is often determined by the survey and design unit, the historical situation of the protected object, and whether the survey is comprehensive and accurate. So, how to do this work well?
First of all, we must research historical materials. It includes not only looking for historical archives (including "four possessions"), but also looking for undiscovered historical photos, inscriptions and related clues. Because many ancient buildings have been destroyed in modern times, we should make every effort to explore relevant historical information, which is conducive to a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the times, structural French characteristics, historical evolution and previous repair traces of ancient buildings, and provide more favorable evidence for the restoration of cultural relics. ?
Second, conduct necessary social surveys. For the ancient buildings restored in recent years, if possible, we should not neglect to consult experts and technicians who have participated in or are related to protection in the restoration and construction design, including visiting local cultural relics workers, internal staff of management and use units and people around who understand the development and changes of ancient buildings. If necessary, you can also collect information from society through the media. In the restoration design of the Summer Palace promenade and the formulation of cultural relics protection schemes such as Chuandixia Village and Jiaozhuanghu Tunnel Warfare Site, a lot of social investigations have been made in these aspects. ?
Finally, on-site investigation. Through actual measurement and necessary scientific exploration, first-hand physical data can be obtained, especially in some reconstruction projects where ground buildings have disappeared. It is necessary to clean up the site and carry out necessary exploration. This work should be done by architectural archaeologists, at least under the guidance of cultural relics archaeologists, to make a clean-up survey report in time, gradually change the "inertia" practice that the construction party still mainly organizes architectural designers or constructors to complete the basic survey, ensure that the basic survey is more scientific, and provide reliable basis for judging the construction or reconstruction age of cultural relics buildings and accurately grasping the characteristics of the times of buildings and existing building components. This point is often neglected in previous restoration projects. For example, the restoration plan of Tianwang Temple of Zhengjue Temple in Yuanmingyuan is based on the clean-up report of cultural relics and archaeologists of Beijing Institute of Cultural Relics, which provides sufficient basis for the design of the restoration plan; Before the reconstruction project of Yongdingmen Gate Tower began, archaeologists cleaned the foundation of the original building and determined the exact location of the reconstruction of Yongdingmen Gate. In practical work, sometimes it is difficult to clean and explore the foundation due to the limitation of design stage conditions, so it is necessary to create conditions for archaeological exploration of the foundation site as soon as possible, and modify and improve the plan in time. The exploration contents mainly include: foundation, large wooden structure, oil painting, etc. Record the current damage situation and safety situation, and explain the damage degree. Through surveying and mapping, we can understand the French characteristics of the building and research the age of the building. Finally, draw oil painting samples, prepare restoration plans, and organize experts to demonstrate. If there is no sufficient basis, subjective judgment should be avoided.
Second, the etiology analysis
(1) Types of diseases
Due to the age of ancient buildings, limited by the conditions at that time, in addition to the unreasonable structural design compared with modern buildings, there are still a lot of hidden dangers of disrepair. Including the aging, decay and splitting of wood structures, thus reducing the bearing capacity; Because the roof tiles are loose and leaking, the rafters rot, the roof is deformed and the wooden frame is crooked; Vegetable pits, tunnels, air-raid shelters, pipeline ditches, landslides, etc. In the later stage, artificial excavation makes the building foundation settle unevenly and the supporting force of the wall decreases; Poor drainage in the courtyard leads to cracking or even collapse of the wall; Serious weathering of masonry caused by air pollution.
(b) "Health" analysis
It is necessary to find out the base number in exploration, make scientific analysis and calculation, and judge the safety status of ancient buildings on the basis of argumentation. Here we should pay attention to some illusions that are easy to cause misjudgment. For example, when judging whether it is a stable injury or a developmental injury, it is particularly important to find out whether the danger of the problem part is a defect in the original design of the building, or caused by future generations during decoration, or the role of natural external forces.
When checking the big wooden frame, it is necessary to analyze whether the crack of the big wooden frame is unbearable during construction or damaged by external force in the later stage, whether it is the early crack caused by moisture in the early stage of wood or the structural damage caused by earthquake or external force in the later stage. It is easy to ignore whether the roof leakage trace is formed in the early stage or newly in the house repair.
Sometimes it is easy to draw the conclusion that "the water leakage is serious and the roof is overhauled" because of the watermark. In this regard, if the design is not analyzed and the scheme is slightly neglected, some irreparable losses will easily occur. Therefore, the exploration should be meticulous and earnest, and the phenomenon of jumping to conclusions on the grounds of "conditions are not available" and "time is tight" should be avoided as far as possible. ?
In addition, it is also wrong to think that the roof tiles are loose or have fallen off, that the roof leaks seriously and that it is necessary to repair the roof. For some traditional roofs, although the old gray back has gone through hundreds of years, it is still well protected and has a good protective effect. The leakage problem can be solved by re-or partially uncovering the tiles.
For the phenomenon of foundation subsidence and wall cracking, it is necessary to analyze whether it is formed in the early stage or later stage, whether it is an initial design problem, or whether it is caused by earthquakes, poor drainage around and construction. Only by determining the "cause" can it be possible to "prescribe the right medicine".
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