Reading comprehension and problem-solving skills of various types of questions

1, the function of the first paragraph, the function of the middle paragraph or sentence, and the function of the last paragraph. We can answer this question from two aspects: for the first paragraph, structurally speaking, it is to write down the topic, point out the center of the article, get straight to the point, get the full text, or play a role in causing the following; In terms of content, it is the foreshadowing and foil for the following, paving the way for the description of the following content. The problem in the middle part plays a bridge role in the structure. The function of the last paragraph or sentence is to summarize the full text, point out the main idea of the article, make people remember deeply and take care of the theme. 2. What thoughts and feelings does the article express? This needs to be answered according to the specific content of the article. Common ones are singing, praising, loving, admiring, moving, happy, longing, shock, missing, melancholy, faint sadness, regret, missing relatives at home, or boredom, hatred, pain, shame, guilt, hatred, sadness, grief, regret and so on. Between the lines of the article, we can see the feelings of the general author, some of them may be written more implicitly, and some of them are directly expressed.

2. Summarize the main idea of the article. For this kind of topic, you must read the full text carefully several times before answering, and then you can answer with such key words: "The story of crossing ..., you praised (praised) the author's thoughts and feelings and revealed profound truth ...". We can also find from the article that in every paragraph of the article, especially the first or last sentence of the first or last paragraph, the philosophical sentences in the article are often the theme that the author wants to express.

3. What expressions are used in underlined sentences? What's the role? When we see this type of topic, we must first look at the expression used in this sentence, which is narrative, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism. Specifically, description is divided into character description, scenery description and comprehensive scene description. Character description can also be subdivided into language description, action description, psychological description, portrait description and detail description. The function of description is to make the article vivid, vivid and touching. The use of lyricism can enhance the appeal of the article and highlight the center of the article. If there are some fairy tales, folklore and descriptions of magical scenes in nature, its function is to increase the mystery of what is written and arouse readers' interest. 5. What rhetorical devices are used in a sentence in the text? What's the role? There are many kinds of rhetoric, and eight kinds are commonly used: metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question and rhetorical question. Among them, metaphor, personification, exaggeration and parallelism are the most tested. Metaphor has three functions: first, it simplifies profound truths and helps people deepen their body odor; The second is to make abstract things concrete and easy to accept; The third is to visualize the summarized things and give people a vivid impression. The role of personification is to make readers not only have a vivid impression on the things expressed, but also feel the author's strong feelings about things. Using personification to express things you like can make them vivid and make people feel more intimate and natural. Things that show hatred can be ugly and give people a strong sense of disgust.

The function of exaggeration is to deeply express the author's distinct emotional attitude towards things, thus causing readers to scream strongly; Rendering the image of things can arouse people's rich imagination and help highlight the essence and characteristics of things. The function of parallelism lies in highlighting the center of the article, expressing strong and unrestrained emotions and enhancing the momentum of language; It is an important link to improve the expression effect. There are also overlapping words and short sentences, which make the article full of rhythm, beautiful rhyme and catchy to read. Another rhetoric is quotation. Sometimes, in reading comprehension, poems, celebrity stories and related contents in celebrity language or celebrity works will be quoted. The question will be "What is the function of the quoted content in the article?" When answering this question, we should pay attention to two key words. One is "to contrast the quality of the narrative object and highlight the spirit of the protagonist". 6. What does a sentence in the text mean? Or tell us something profound? Please tell me your understanding.

The answer to this kind of question is not simply to find ready-made sentences from the text. This requires our students to read more and accumulate more at ordinary times, read more and remember some philosophical quotes, so as to truly understand the meaning of the article, enrich the answers and accurately express their understanding of the article in their own language. There are three steps to solve the problem of modern Chinese reading:

The first step is to read the full text and grasp the main idea.

(1) Clarify the idea of the article. In the final analysis, every paragraph and sentence of the article is to clarify the center and return to the main idea of the article. Usually, we should learn to bid for articles, summarize the meaning of each paragraph and summarize the central idea. Often effective.

(2) Find and understand the key words in the article. Especially those words that reflect the author's position and viewpoint, reflect the profound content of the article, have rich connotations and vivid images. In particular, the central idea of the article is often implied in the opening sentence, ending sentence, independent paragraph sentence, figurative sentence, serial sentence, turning sentence and lyric discussion sentence.

Don't rush to do the problem, be sure to read the article twice before getting to the point. Read and browse quickly for the first time, absorb the general meaning of each paragraph, establish an overall understanding of the article, and focus on solving a problem-what is the selected article written? The second intensive reading, read every sentence carefully, try to figure out and understand some important sentences and paragraphs, and have a certain understanding of the main idea of the article. Draw words, sentences and paragraphs that play a connecting role in the structure of the article, and draw the central sentence of each paragraph, paying special attention to the beginning and end of the paragraph. These words are often key words that need to be studied when answering questions. Find important words to further understand the ideas and structural levels of the article. (3) Have a sense of style in your heart and find out the sentences that make the dragon shine at the moment. As a philosophical prose, there are always some argumentative and lyrical sentences in narration and description. When reading, we must be good at grasping lyric sentences to grasp the meaning of the text, and pay special attention to lyric comments at the end of the article, which is often the theme of the full text.

Remember: haste makes waste. Be sure to read the article before doing the problem, and resolutely put an end to skimming.

The second step is to carefully examine the questions and conduct directional scanning.

The key to doing subjective questions in modern Chinese reading is to examine them accurately. If you grasp the key to the examination, you can find the key to the answer. The examination of modern text reading is to carefully analyze the stem and grasp the requirements of the topic, that is, to grasp all kinds of information related to the answer contained in the stem. This is the first and most critical step to answer the question. The stem of the question generally consists of two parts, one is the words of the author and the other is the words of the proposer. The purpose of setting the stem is mainly to limit the content of the answer; At the same time, in order to prevent candidates from being at a loss, proposers often prompt the position of the answer content in the text in the stem of the question, and even limit it to which paragraph or sentence. In this way, you can find out the points of each question according to the tips of the stem, and lock the answer interval, which is specific to paragraphs, sentences and words. As long as we find the relevant areas in the original text, carefully ponder the meaning of the context, accurately grasp the key words and accurately grasp the relevant information of the answers, the answers to most questions can be found in the original text.

Remember: the stem prompts the answer range, specifies the answer angle, provides the answer idea, implies the answer information and embodies the answer law. Thirdly, screening and combining, and directional expression.

Reading literary works is mostly subjective, and its stem can show both the answer area and the answer method. We should answer questions from the perspective of the "question" of the presenter, and answer any questions if there are any, so that the answers are sufficient, in place, accurate and organized. When integrating, we must ensure the fluency of the text.

Please remember:

1, find out the attitude or tendency in the stem.

If the question you encounter is negative, you should use the answer method of reverse first and then correct to avoid missing the main points; If your question is in a positive form, use a positive answer.

2. Find out the composition form of the stem language and determine the answer language form.

The structure of stem is an external form of expression, which implies what the meaning of a sentence is made of. The analysis structure can prompt candidates how to organize the language when answering questions.

3. Find out what the author said and what the proposer said. The author's sentences in the topic are generally the objects for students to understand and analyze, while the proposer's words generally play a role in guiding students to clearly answer the key points or provide restrictive conditions. 4. Change implication into directness and differentiation into generalization. When organizing the answer, we should first integrate the relevant information in the text to find out the similarities and differences of the information conveyed by the relevant paragraphs in the original text, and then use the concrete and visualized sentences with the same information in the text to transform these concrete and visualized languages into abstract and summarized languages, which is the mandatory answer.

5. Select, refine and integrate sentences from the original text. It is necessary to find out the common noun terms in the test questions.

Expressions, commonly used expressions are narrative, description, discussion, lyric, explanation and so on.

Writing skills, candidates should be clear, the narrow sense of writing skills is "expression", and the broad sense refers to all writing skills, such as expression, rhetoric, suppression before promotion, symbol, straight to the point, expressing ambition and so on.

Commonly used rhetorical devices include metaphor, personification, repetition, exaggeration, parallelism, antithesis, contrast, rhetorical questions and so on.

Language features generally refer to easy-to-understand spoken language, rigorous and elegant written language, vivid image and emotional literary language. When analyzing, it is generally analyzed from rhetoric.

Feeling refers to feeling, understanding and comprehension from the heart. Explanatory text of types, things and reasons (content perspective); Simple and vivid explanatory text (language expression angle).

Explaining methods generally include examples, classification, data list, comparison, definition, explanation, analogy, drawing charts, imitation, etc. (generally three words).

Descriptive order, chronological order (program order), spatial order, logical order. When answering questions, candidates can be more specific, such as: spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, etc. ), logical order (results first, reasons later, step by step, etc. ).

The object of explanation refers to the main person or thing explained in the article (generally there is no need to answer the characteristics of people or things).

Demonstration methods, reasonable argumentation, factual argumentation, comparative argumentation, figurative argumentation and reduction to absurdity required by middle schools.

Demonstration mode, demonstration and refutation.

Theoretical arguments, including famous sayings, proverbs, formula laws, etc.

Factual arguments, all facts, historical facts, data, etc.

Concise and concise sentences are generally limited by the number of words. Decent, civilized, polite and humanized.

What's the role? The function or benefit of answering something in the article can be considered from three aspects. The first is the content, such as deepening the theme and emphasizing feelings; Second, the structure, such as transition and echo; Third, language, such as fascinating and lively.

Ideological nature basically refers to the central idea or theme of an article.

Thoughts and feelings, the ideological tendency shown by the author or characters in his works, such as good and evil, likes and dislikes, praise and criticism, etc.

The above-mentioned "common terms" secretly examine students' language foundation and are also the points for assigning topics. Candidates can understand it, which can cure the problem of "answering irrelevant questions" well.

The main purpose of asking questions is to attract readers' attention and stimulate readers' interest; Rhetorical questions mainly emphasize tone and clearly express some opinions, thoughts and feelings.

Rhetorical question function; Emphasize the tone and the meaning to be expressed.

The function of double negation is to strengthen the tone of expression. Double negation equals affirmation, dash 1. Used in the explanatory part of the text. Step into the Golden Gate, pass through the spacious wind hall and cloakroom, and you will reach the central hall, the pivotal part of the building of the Great Hall.

2. Used to change the subject suddenly. "It's too hot today! -When are you going to Shanghai? " Zhang Qiang said to Wang who just entered the door.

3. Used for sound expansion after onomatopoeia. "Woo-"The train started.

4. Use before listing the items to share. According to the different research objects, environmental physics is divided into the following five branches:

-Environmental acoustics

-Environmental optics

-Ambient heat

environmental electromagnetism

-Ambient aerodynamics.

Ellipsis ⑤ 1. Used to omit quotation marks. She hummed a lullaby gently: "The moon is bright, the wind is calm, and the leaves cover the window lattice ..."

2. Ellipsis of enumeration. At the flower market in Guangzhou, peony, bell, narcissus, plum blossom, chrysanthemum, camellia, orchid … flowers in spring, autumn and winter are crowded together!

3. Used in the middle of speaking, it means speaking intermittently. "I ... sorry ... everyone, I ... don't ... finish the task."

They will live in our hearts forever. ...

use

name

sign

directions for use

for instance

Period ①

1. Used at the end of a statement.

Beijing is the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC).

2. Used at the end of soothing imperative sentences.

Can you hold for one moment, please?

question mark

?

1. Used at the end of a question.

What's his name?

2. Used at the end of rhetorical questions.

Don't you know me?

exclamation mark

!

1. Used at the end of an exclamatory sentence.

Strive for the prosperity of the motherland!

2. Used at the end of the imperative sentence.

Stop shooting!

3. Used at the end of rhetorical questions with strong tone.

I can't compare with him!

comma

1. If there is a pause between the subject and the predicate in the sentence, use a comma.

Most of the stars we can see are stars.

If there is a pause between the verb and the object in the sentence, use a comma.

It should be noted that science needs a person to contribute his life's energy.

If you need to pause after the adverbial in the sentence, use a comma.

He is no stranger to this city.

4. Pauses between clauses in complex sentences should be comma, except sometimes semicolon.

It is said that there are more than one hundred gardens in Suzhou, and I have been to more than ten.

Slight pause mark

、

Used for pauses between coordinate words in a sentence.

A square is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles.

Semicolon ②

1. Used for pauses between coordinate clauses in complex sentences.

Language is used by people to express their feelings; Words are used by people to remember words and notes.

2. Used between items listed in the branch.

The administrative divisions of People's Republic of China (PRC) are as follows:

1, which is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government; 2 provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities;

3. Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships and towns.

colon

1. is used after the salutation to indicate that the following contents are mentioned.

Comrades and friends: The meeting has begun. ...

2. After the words "say, think, yes, prove, announce, point out and disclose, for example, as follows", the following contents are introduced.

He was very surprised and said, "Ah, it's you!"

3. Used after the general discussion, it indicates that it causes the following discussion.

There are four gates in the Forbidden City in Beijing: Wumen Gate, Shenwu Gate, Donghuamen Gate and Xihuamen Gate.

4. Used after the words that need to be explained, it means to lead to explanation or explanation.

Foreign language book fair

Date: 65438+1October 20th. As for165438+1October 10.

Time: 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.

Venue: No.0/6, Gongti East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing

Organizer: China Book Import and Export Corporation.

5. Use it in the words summarized above to summarize the above contents.

Zhang Hua was admitted to Peking University; Ping Li entered a secondary technical school; I work as a shop assistant in a department store: we all have a bright future.

Quotes ③

""

' '

1. Used for the part directly quoted in the text.

The adage "All bets are off, modest gains" has been circulating for at least two thousand years today.

2. Used for objects that need to be emphasized.

3. Used for words with special meanings.

It is better to have fewer such "smart people".

4. When quotation marks are used inside quotation marks, double quotation marks are used in the outer layer and single quotation marks are used in the inner layer.

He stood up and asked, "Teacher, what does' orderly' mean?"

Parentheses ④

()

The part used for written comments. Annotate some words in a sentence (brackets in the sentence), including the comments immediately after the annotated words; Comment the whole sentence (brackets), including the comments after the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. A sentence can have commas or semicolons in brackets, but it can't have a period, even a complete sentence can't have a period.

(1) The discovery of Chinese ape-man in China is a great contribution to paleoanthropology.

(2) Writing research articles is different from literary creation, and it is impossible to spread out the manuscript paper and engage in "improvisation". (In fact, literary creation also needs literacy to have "improvisation")

dash

──

1. The part used to explain the text.

Step into the Golden Gate, pass through the spacious wind hall and cloakroom, and you will reach the central hall, the pivotal part of the building of the Great Hall.

2. Used to change the subject suddenly.

"It's too hot today! -When are you going to Shanghai? " Zhang Qiang said to Wang who just entered the door.

3. Used for sound expansion after onomatopoeia.

"Woo-"The train started.

4. Use before listing the items to share.

According to the different research objects, environmental physics is divided into the following five branches:

-Environmental acoustics

-Environmental optics

-Ambient heat

environmental electromagnetism

-Ambient aerodynamics.

Ellipsis ⑤

……

1. is used to omit quotation marks.

She hummed a lullaby gently: "The moon is bright, the wind is calm, and the leaves cover the window lattice ..."

2. Ellipsis of enumeration.

At the flower market in Guangzhou, peony, bell, narcissus, plum blossom, chrysanthemum, camellia, orchid … flowers in spring, autumn and winter are crowded together!

3. Used in the middle of discourse, indicating that the explanation is intermittent.

"I ... sorry ... everyone, I ... don't ... finish the task."

4. Semantic ellipsis

They will live in our hearts forever. ...

Connection number ⑥

—

1. Two related nouns form a unit of meaning with a hyphen in the middle.

The area north of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains in China belongs to temperate monsoon climate zone, which is hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter.

2. Between related times, places or numbers, the beginning and the end are indicated by connected numbers.

Lu Xun (1881-1936), formerly known as Zhou Shuren, was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang.

3. Between related letters and Arabic numerals. , using the connection number to indicate the product model.

In the Pacific region, in addition to the HAW-4 and TPC-3 submarine cables that have been built and put into use, TPC-4 submarine cables have also been put into operation.

4. Several related projects indicate gradual development with a hyphen in the middle.

Human development can be divided into four stages: ape-ape-man-ancient man-new man.

Separation point

1. Names used to distinguish foreigners from some ethnic minorities.

Leonardo da Vinci, Eduardo Nurhachi.

2. Used to separate the title of the book from the title of the article (chapter or volume).

China Encyclopedia of Physics, History of the Three Kingdoms, History of Shu, Biography of Zhuge Liang.

Title logo ("")

《》

〈 〉

Used for titles of books, articles, newspapers, publications, etc.

The author of A Dream of Red Mansions is Cao Xueqin. In the text, there is an article written by Lu Xun, "From Baicaoyuan to Santan Yinyue". His article was published in People's Daily. There is a book "The Language of China" on the desk. The preface of China Workers was published on February 7th 1940.

Proper name ⑦

____

Used under proper nouns such as names of people, places and dynasties.

Sima Xiangru, whose name is Changqing, was born in Chengdu, Shu County in Han Dynasty.

Hyphenation is the same as dash.

Connecting top lattice

1. indicates that time spans the ice core 1900— 1999.

2. It means that the position crosses Beijing-Shanghai proper nouns and crosses under the grid.

1, which is used to indicate the center of the article.

2, said hero note:

The form of a period is ".". There is another form of period, which is dot. , generally used in scientific and technological literature.

(2) Multiple complex sentences with non-coordinate relationship (such as turning relationship, causal relationship, etc.). ), semicolons are also used between the front and back parts of the first layer.

③ Use double quotation marks and single quotation marks for the straight draft.

④ In addition, there are square brackets, hexagonal brackets and square brackets.

⑤ If a whole paragraph or a line is omitted, it can be represented by twelve points. In an article, it is usually in the middle of a line.

⑥ There are three forms of hyphen, namely "-"(occupying the position of two words), "-"(occupying the position of half a word) and "~" (occupying the position of one word).

All landowners proper names are only used in ancient books or some literary and historical works. In order to match proper names, the titles of such works can use wavy lines.