First, the wine saint Du Kang
Second, Wen Sheng Confucius.
Third, Shi Sheng Sima Qian.
Fourth, the poet Du Fu.
Five, medical saint Zhang Zhongjing
6. Guan Yu Guan Yu
Seven, the book saint Wang Xizhi
Eight, Cao Sheng Zhang Xu.
Nine, painting Saint Wu Daozi
X. Cha Sheng Lu Yu
Xi。 Sun Wu, soldier saint
XII. Seeking Saint Sean
Thirteen, Mu Sheng (Ke Sheng) Zhang Heng
Fourteen Medical sage Sun Simiao
Du Kang, a wine saint, recorded in Baishui County Records in Ming and Qing Dynasties that "Du Kang, whose real name was Zhongyu, was a Kangjiawei native of our county and was good at making wine". The spring water in Du Kang Gully "still gushed weakly until winter, and flowed for four miles into Baishui River. The villagers said that the water still smells of wine. " According to legend, Du Kang took some water to make wine, and there are words to prove it: "He is a city wine, full of wine; Liquor alone cures diseases. Therefore, drinking all day long, not indulging; Take it for life and get the sum of qi and blood. A hundred miles away, sell more white wine. Xianze's heritage is unique to the local area. It is also obvious that the remains have been preserved along the trough so far. "
Du died in Baishui, which is the pride of Baishui people. Du Kang's wine has produced simple customs and ancient white water culture. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China, there were thousands of boiled pots and four wineries. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao sang the eternal swan song "Bold and unforgettable, how to solve the worries, only Du Kang": Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote beautiful poems "Late at night, the moonlight shines on Baishui Mountain" and "Du Jiu often remonstrates"; Pi Rixiu, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, also sang the quatrains louder, and the Du Kang language is empty, so the fragrant Du Kang wine spread all over the Loess Plateau.
Second, Wen Sheng Confucius.
Confucius (55 BC1~ 479 BC) was named Zhong Ni. A great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Lu people. He was the founder of the Confucian school and put forward the idea of "benevolence". He was a famous thinker and educator in ancient China.
He is studious, knowledgeable and versatile. He initiated the atmosphere of private lectures, and recruited disciples, regardless of wealth. It is said that there are 3000 disciples, 72 of whom are excellent. He became an emissary of cultural exchange. He traveled around the world, and devoted himself to the collation and dissemination of ancient documents, education, sorting out ancient classics such as poems and books, and deleting Chunqiu in his later years. Its students recorded their thoughts and actions in The Analects.
Through lifelong advocacy and the development of Confucianism in past dynasties, Confucius made China's Confucianism the mainstream of China culture and the guiding ideology of China people for more than 2,000 years. The core of Confucius' ideological system is the rule of virtue, and he persistently advocates a benign society and a benign life. The highest standard of Dehua society is "courtesy", and the highest value of Dehua life is "benevolence". Confucius taught people to actively pursue the "loyalty and forgiveness" of "standing if you want, reaching if you want" and "don't do to others what you don't want", so as to establish a correct outlook on life and correctly handle the relationship between people. Confucius advocated the teaching of "harmony between man and nature" to deal with the relationship between man and nature. He also expounded and spread the truth that people should not only be kind to people, but also love things. Confucius advocated that the country should implement the moral policy of "teaching the rich" to develop society and culture. Confucius believes that the highest achievement of civilization is to create an ideal society by cultivating ideal personality, and to achieve the realm of "the world is public" and "the world is harmonious" by practicing the principle of "the sage inside and the king outside". Because of Confucius' outstanding contribution and far-reaching influence, he was respected by the people of China as the most sacred teacher and a teacher for generations.
Third, Shi Sheng Sima Qian.
Before Sima Qian 145 or before 135 ~? Historians and writers of the Western Han Dynasty. Zichang, Zuo Fengyi, was born in xia yang (now southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi). Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (BC 145), born in the sixth year of Emperor Jian Yuan of the Han Dynasty (BC 135), the date of death is unknown. Sima Qian 10 years old began to study ancient literature biographies. During Yuan Guang and Yuan Shuo of Han Dynasty, he studied under the modern writer Dong Zhongshu's "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and the ancient prose writer Kong Anguo. At the age of 20, he roamed south from Chang 'an, the capital, and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends. Soon, he became a doctor, bodyguard and retinue of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and accompanied him to the Western Seas many times, and sent envoys to Bashu. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Tan, the stepfather of Sima Qian, was the official of Taishi, in charge of astronomical calendar and royal atlas, so it depends on the books collected by historians. In the first year of Taichu (before 104), he, Luo and others customized calendars to replace the Zhuan Xu calendar inherited by Qin, and the new calendar adapted to the needs of the society at that time. From then on, Sima Qian began to write historical records. Later, he was convicted, imprisoned and rotted for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu.
After he was released from prison, he worked as a secretary, continued to write angrily, and finally finished the writing of Historical Records. People call his book Taishi Gongshu. It is the first biography of China, which has a far-reaching influence on later historiography. Historical Records is an excellent literary work with vivid language and vivid image. Sima Qian also wrote a book, Bao Ren 'an, describing his imprisonment and his ambition to write a book, which was praised by all previous dynasties.
Sima Qian is a great historian in the history of China. "He was jailed for his outspoken suggestions, but he was even more angry. He wrote a book, Historical Records, a famous historian at all times and all over the world, which left a valuable cultural heritage for the people of China and the people of the world.
Fourth, the poet Du Fu.
Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province (now Gongxian County, Henan Province) and was a famous poet Du Zhisun. Because he once lived in Shaoling, south of Chang 'an, he called himself Shaoling's grandfather and was called Du Shaoling. Study and travel before the age of thirty-five. During the Tianbao period, he went to Chang 'an and had no way to join the army. After ten years of hardships, he won a small position in which you Wei led Cao to join the army. At the beginning of An Shi Rebellion, he was exiled and captured by the rebels. After getting out of danger, the official got a left pickup truck. In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), he abandoned his official position and went west. Finally he went to Sichuan and settled in Chengdu. He once played Yuan Wailang in Jiannan Our Time Yanwu, so he was also named Du Gongbu. In his later years, his family moved eastward, staying in Kuizhou for two years and leaving the gorge. Wandering in Hubei and Hunan, he died of poverty and illness.
Zi Mei lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Her poems are mostly about social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings, which is called "the history of poetry". He cares about the country and the people, has a noble personality and exquisite poetic skills, and is known as the "poet saint".
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" ancient novel, which is also a history of poetry, begins to narrate and focus on the whole story, marking the high achievement of China's poetry art. Du Fu also showed extraordinary creativity in the May 7th law, and accumulated complete artistic experience in the aspects of temperament, antithesis, refining words and sentences, which made this genre reach a fully mature stage. Du Gongbu has been handed down from generation to generation.
Five, medical saint Zhang Zhongjing
Zhang Zhongjing was a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His surname is Zhang Mingji and his first name is Zhongjing. Nie Yang, a native of Nanyang County (now Gedong Town, Deng County, Henan Province), was born on 150 and died on 2 19. Zhang Zhongjing is clever and studious. When I was a teenager, I studied medicine in Zhangbozu, the same county, which spread widely. Leo Lee's Medical History in the Ming Dynasty said: "Zhongjing's medical skill is better than Bozu's, and his diagnosis is really a strange doctor, although ghosts and gods don't know it."
Zhang Zhongjing read widely, adopted various prescriptions, systematically summarized the essence of medicine before the Han Dynasty, and based on his rich medical practice experience, wrote sixteen volumes of Treatise on Febrile Diseases (after the Tang and Song Dynasties, Treatise on Febrile Diseases was divided into Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber). Later physicians called Zhang Zhongjing a "medical sage" and regarded typhoid fever and synopsis of the golden chamber as medical classics. Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases is the first medical classic with complete theory, method, prescription and medicine in the history of human medicine. For the first time, he systematically and completely expounded the etiology, pathology, treatment principles and treatment methods of epidemic diseases and various internal diseases, which laid a solid theoretical foundation for the development of clinical disciplines in later generations.
6. Guan Yu Guan Yu
Guan Yu, the word Yunchang, was a general of Shu in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He was loyal and had high martial arts skills, and was later called "Guan Sheng" and "Guandi".
Guan Yu was officially appointed as the prefect of Xiangyang and governor of Jingzhou affairs, except that Cao Cao invited Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty to make him Hou Ting of Hanshou. Liu Bei was first named as a general of Dangkou, and later as a former general, ranking first among the "Five Tiger Generals" in Shu Han. In 4 1 year after his death, that is, in the three years of Shu Kingdom in the Three Kingdoms (260 years, which happened to be the100th anniversary of his birth), the late Lord was posthumously sealed as a strong Muhou and died. However, from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the end of Qing Dynasty, Guan Yu was respected by feudal emperors. "The prince is king, the king is emperor, the emperor is holy, and the sky is holy", and there are different opinions. There are boundless temples, and Guan Yu is famous at home and abroad, and has become one of the most worshipped sacred idols in history, so that he is as famous as Confucius and is called "both civil and military saints".
Guan Yu is famous for his loyalty, righteousness, courage and martial arts. The feudal rulers of past dynasties all needed typical figures like the patron saint to maintain their rule, so they greatly exaggerated and exaggerated their loyalty, bravery and ethics, hoping that more civil servants and military officers would be as loyal to the king and brave as Guan Yu.
Seven, the book saint Wang Xizhi
Wang Xizhi was born in Linyi (now Shandong). Jin Huaidi was born in Yongjia (AD 307) and died in Xingning (AD 367). The officers of the right army generals will review the internal history, so later generations will call it "Wang Youjun". He came from a noble family in the Jin Dynasty. When Wang Xizhi was twelve years old, he was taught the theory of brushwork by his father, and he realized that "language is based on the outline". When I was a child, I studied calligraphy under the famous female calligrapher Mrs. Wei at that time. Later, he crossed the river to the north, visited famous mountains, learned from others, observed and studied "combining various laws and preparing a family", and reached the height of "being more expensive than others and being the first in ancient and modern times".
Wang Xizhi's regular script, such as Le Yi Lun, Huang Ting Jing and Dong Fangshuo Hua Zan, was famous in the Southern Dynasties and had a great influence on later generations. Wang Xizhi is an innovator in calligraphy, and his main achievements are in running script and cursive script. His cursive script is honored as "the sage of grass" by the world. He combined some advantages of using the brush and Guan Zi scattered in ancient and contemporary calligraphy works to become a brand-new calligraphy work.
Eight, Cao Sheng Zhang Xu.
Zhang Xu (date of birth and death unknown), a native of Suzhou, is a commandant of Changshu County. Great calligrapher of Tang Dynasty. It is famous for cursive writing. Tang Wenzong once issued a rare imperial edict to the whole country: Li Bai's poems and songs, Zhang Xu's cursive script and Fei Min's sword dance can become the "three wonders" in the world.
As soon as the imperial edict arrived in Luoyang, it immediately caused a sensation among those knowledgeable people. They congratulated Zhang Xu on winning the highest prize for his outstanding efforts. Zhang Xu bowed and thanked them one by one, and hosted a banquet for Luoyang celebrities. At the banquet, someone suggested that Zhang Xu talk about the secret of cursive script, but Zhang Xu politely declined. He said modestly, "You laughed. I know I am humble. The emperor gave me something, and I feel guilty about it. When it comes to secrets, it is nothing more than the word' intention'. "
Zhang Xu thought for a moment. He remembered Du Shaoling's poem "Watching Gong Sundaniang's Disciples Dance Sword" and said: "Shaoling once wrote a poem about Gong Sundaniang's sword dance, four of which were as fierce as shooting for nine days, and the wings of a flying dragon were as swift as angels; She started like a thunderbolt, venting its anger, and ended like a shiny and calm river and sea, you must know. In Yexian, I was lucky enough to see Gong Sundaniang's dance. Every time I look at it, it reminds me: she waved her left hand and I immediately felt what this gesture looked like; He jumped up and spun. I think the gallop of the' turn' pen in cursive script should be like this! His whole dance and voice inspired me with a comprehensive cursive structure. "
Nine, painting Saint Wu Daozi
Wu Daozi (about 686 ~ 760) was a painter in the Tang Dynasty. Also known as Tao Xuan, painting history is called Wu Sheng. Yang Zhai (now Yu County, Henan Province) was born. Small lonely and poor, starting from a folk painter, he had a painting name when he was young. He used to be the county commandant of Qiu Yan (now Ziyang, Shandong Province), and soon resigned. After that, he settled in Luoyang and engaged in mural creation. During the kaiyuan period, he was called into the palace because of his good painting and was consecrated successively. He is a doctor of internal medicine and Wang Ning University. He studied calligraphy with Zhang Xu and He, watched sword dancing and experienced the skill of using a pen.
Good at Buddhism and Taoism, ghosts and gods, figures, landscapes, birds and animals, plants, pavilions and so on. Especially good at Buddhism, Taoism and figures, and good at mural creation. According to reports, he has painted more than 300 murals in temples in Chang 'an and Luoyang, all of which are different. Among them, "disguised hell" is more famous.
Wu Daozi's painting style is unique. His landscape paintings have the power of change, and the characters drawn are dressed and vigorous, which is called water shield description. It has the effect of flying and full of wind, and is known as the wind in the military. He also used Jiao Mo's lines as an understatement, and was called Wu Zhuang. Draw simple lines? Quot There are only one or two pens, which seems to be ready. It is called "sparse body". Wu Daozi's paintings have a great influence on later generations. He was honored as a "painting saint" by people and as the founder of the mountain by folk painters. Su Shi once praised his art as "innovating in statutes and keeping good reason outside the bold".
Wu Daozi's paintings have never been handed down from generation to generation. Born of Gautama Buddha, which has been handed down to this day, may be an imitation of the Song Dynasty. In addition, there are other copies, such as the Buddha statue of Bao Jialuo and Taoism. Vimalakīrti Jing in Cave 103 of Dunhuang Grottoes is also considered as his painting style. ?
X. Cha Sheng Lu Yu
In the history of tea culture in China, Lu Yu's tea science, tea art, tea ceremony thought and his Tea Classic are epoch-making symbols.
In the feudal society of China, Confucian classics was regarded as the right path for scholars. Knowledge such as tea science and tea art is just a "miscellaneous science" that is considered difficult to enter orthodoxy. Lu Yu, like other scholars, is very familiar with China's traditional Confucianism and studies it carefully. However, unlike ordinary literati, he did not stick to Confucianism, but was able to stay in it and transcend it, dissolving profound academic principles into the material life of tea, thus creating tea culture.
Lu Yu, the word hung-chien; A disease, a word season defect. Since its name is Sang Weng, it is also called Jinglingzi. Born in the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he was born in Jingling County, Fuzhou (now Tianmen County, Hubei Province). Lu Yu, an abandoned child, was raised by no parents since childhood, and was adopted by Master Jigai Temple and Master Jigong. Jigong was a famous monk in Tang Dynasty. According to Lu Jiyi, Tang Daizong once called Jigong into the palace and treated him with special courtesy, so he was also a well-read person. Lu Yu was taught the sea since he was a child, and he must have a deep understanding of Buddhism. After accumulating tea, Lu Yu learned tea art by peeing. However, after all, the morning bell and the evening drum are too boring for a child. Besides, Lu Yu was interested in Confucianism since he was a child, so he finally fled the temple at the age of eleven or twelve. Since then, I have studied drama in a troupe. Lu Yu stutters, but her acting skills are very talented. She often plays the clown in the play, which just covers up her physical defects. Lu also writes plays and once wrote thousands of humorous words.
Lu Yu is closely related to the poets Huangfuran and Huangfuzeng, and the Huangfu brothers also have a special interest in tea. Lu Yu lived in the tea country, made many poets, cultivated art, and the mountains and rivers are beautiful, which made Lu Yu naturally combine tea with art and formed his profound and beautiful thoughts and styles in the later Tea Classic.
Xi。 Sun Wu, soldier saint
Sun Wu (about 55 1-? ), a famous soldier in the Spring and Autumn Period and a great military theorist Wu, was born in Changqing and Qi Le 'an (now Shandong Huimin). His great-grandfather and grandfather were both great names of the State of Qi, who made great achievements in wars at home and abroad. Influenced by family studies, Sun Wu loved the art of war since he was a child, eager to explore the way to win the war, and prepared for worshipping the altar, sending troops to the battlefield and making earth-shattering things on the war stage in the future.
Sun Wu was revered by later generations as a "soldier saint", "father of a strategist" and "teacher of a strategist". In addition to his outstanding military achievements, more importantly, he left an immortal military masterpiece-Sun Tzu's Art of War. Book 13, * * * more than 5000 words. But these thousands of words contain profound theoretical system and rich ideological content. It has had a great and far-reaching impact on the development of military art in China. Military scientists and strategists of all ages have drawn nutrition from it to guide war practice and develop military theory. Cao Cao, a famous statesman and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period, was the first to annotate the Art of War systematically, which opened the door for later generations to study and apply the Art of War. Sun Tzu's Art of War is not only a strategic treasure house of China, but also enjoys a long-standing reputation in the world. It was introduced to Japan in the 8th century, and18th century was introduced to Europe. Today, it has been translated into 29 languages and spread widely around the world. Liddell hart, a famous British military theorist, revealed to Xiang that the viewpoints expounded in his military works can actually be found in Sun Tzu's The Art of War 2,500 years ago. He is very interested in Sun Wu and his works. He not only prefaced the English version of Sun Tzu's Art of War, but also quoted Sun Wu's motto in the first paragraph of his strategic masterpiece. 199 1 during the gulf war, officers of the us marine corps were ordered to carry a copy of the art of war to read on the battlefield.
XII. Seeking Saint Sean
Minister in the early Han Dynasty, the word ovary, spread in his father's city (now southeast of Hao County, Anhui Province), and his father and father were Xuan Huiwang and other five generations. After Qin destroyed Korea, he attempted to restore South Korea and made friends with assassins to attack Qin Shihuang in Bolang (now southeast of Yuanyang, Henan). It is said that when he fled to Xiapi (now Jiangsu Province), he met Huang Shigong. Later, Liu Bang and Lv Hou conspired to secretly set up an office for Prime Minister Xiao He, and personally trapped Han Xin in Changle Palace as close friends. Lv Hou urgently ordered the death on charges of rebellion, and the Han Xin family copied it. Han Xin, a generation of founding hero and eternal military genius, was slain. So, Sean hid in the deep mountains, accompanied by immortal couples, did not eat earthly grains, and followed the immortal trail, isolated from the world.
Regard Cheng as a model of counselor, and be respected as "seeking holiness" by later generations.
Thirteen, Mu Sheng (Ke Sheng) Zhang Heng
About 1800 years ago, in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 1 17), a large astronomical instrument driven by water was successfully manufactured in Luoyang, Kyoto, Eastern Han Dynasty. Twenty years later (A.D. 138), another instrument installed in Luoyang, Kyoto, "Houfeng Seismograph", accurately reported earthquakes thousands of miles away in the west. This marks the beginning of a new era of human recording and studying earthquakes with instruments.
The inventors of these two famous instruments were Zhang Heng, a great scientist and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng made outstanding contributions to ancient astronomy, seismology and mechanics in China. It is said that he also made a south guide car and a drum car in his memory. Because of its high level of mechanical manufacturing, it is honored as "Wood Sage".
Fourteen Medical sage Sun Simiao
Sun Simiao, born in 58 1-682 by Sun Zhenren, was a great doctor in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Sun Shi was smart since he was a child. He liked reading, studying hard and practicing hard. At the age of 20, he is proficient in a hundred schools of thought, good at talking about Laozi and Zhuangzi, good at understanding classics, connecting Yin and Yang, and promoting medicine. Emperor Sui and Tang called him an official, but he had no intention of official career. In his later years, he engaged in medical writing. He is an outstanding figure in literature and history medicine, especially in medical comprehensive exhibition. Sun Simiao became a doctor due to illness and worked hard to get married. He is not only knowledgeable, but also virtuous. His noble medical ethics is a combination of great doctors' sincerity and superb medical skills. He also set a lofty example in academic circles and influenced generations of doctors. Sun Simiao embodies the spirit of treating diseases with benevolence. He wrote in the book "Great Doctors Sincerity": "All great doctors should be calm, have nothing to want, show great sorrow first, and swear to save the suffering of the spirit. If someone is sick and asks for help, don't ask them whether they are rich or poor, whether they are old or young, whether they are friendly or unfriendly, whether they are from China or foreigners, whether they are stupid or not, and whether they are common. It's like missing your loved ones. Never look back and forth, worry about good or bad, and save your life. Seeing his distress, if you have it, it is deep sorrow. Don't avoid danger and evil. You are hot and cold all day, hungry, exhausted, bent on saving, and have no intention of making any efforts. This can be a lifelong doctor, but he is a spiritual thief. The doctor's body ... goes to the patient's home, keeps walking around, and doesn't look around; Silk and bamboo make up the ears, and there is nothing like entertainment; Precious shame and repeated recommendations are tasteless; Look at Lu and Chen and see if there is anything. A husband is a doctor's law, so don't make jokes, tell jokes, talk about right and wrong, talk about human feelings, show off your reputation, corrupt doctors, and be proud of your own virtue. If he is treated carelessly, he will be cocky, but he will look confident. His name is a Chinese odyssey, and this doctor's ointment is blind. " These words have shown Sun Simiao's noble medical ethics. Sun Shi thought that "human life is the most important thing, and there is precious gold, while helping it, the virtue is more than that", so he named his two works "Thousands of Women" and "Thousands of Women Belong to the Party" and "Thousands of Women Return to the Wing". The achievements of these two works are as follows: First, the in-depth study of Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases provides a reliable way for future generations to study Treatise on Febrile Diseases, especially adding more specific content to generalized typhoid fever. He founded the method of studying Treatise on Febrile Diseases from three aspects: prescription, syndrome and treatment, which initiated the precedent of taking prescription as evidence in later generations. Qian Jin Fang Yao is the earliest medical encyclopedia in China, with complete theories, methods and prescriptions. One is recorded in ancient books, and the other is folk unilateral. Widely absorb the strengths of all aspects, suit both refined and popular tastes, and have appropriate priorities today. Many contents are still instructive and of high academic value, and are indeed valuable wealth of traditional Chinese medicine. Qian Jin Fang Yao is a great contribution to the development of prescription science. This book brings together the clinical experience of hundreds of years' achievements in prescription and medicine from Zhang Zhongjing's time to Sun Simiao. After reading Zhongjing's prescription, watching Qian Jin Fang can really open your eyes and broaden your mind, especially the prescriptions from different origins, which shows that Sun Simiao has a wide range of medical sources and superb medical skills. Later generations called Fang the ancestor of magic.
Qian Jin Fang Yao has made great contributions to dietotherapy, health preservation and old-age care. Sun Shi can live to be over 100 years old, which is the result of his active advocacy of these theories and his own practice. Sun Simiao's brilliant achievements before his death were revered by people. Known as the "King of Medicine", "Real Person" and "Medicine Sage", Sui and Tang Dynasties highly valued him, and celebrities treated him with courtesy. After his death, people paid homage to Yu Cheng on the bank of Jianshan, his former residence. "Preface to Qiao Shining" said: "Building mountains and burning incense is prosperous in Guanzhong, although the Chinese saying and the true martial arts have not been caught." Sun Simiao also enjoys a high reputation in Japan, especially the famous Japanese doctors Danbo Kanglai and Kojima Shangshi.