Not long ago, in the so-called "anti-fine-tuning curriculum" movement in a province in southeast China, young people who claimed to be "fair" shouted: "After all, Taiwan Province Province became theirs only after signing a contract ... They have a legal clause on colonial issues. I think this is a fair fact for everyone. " This case alone shows how deeply the Japanese cultural aggression has hurt China!
Destroy a new culture
193265438+1October 29th, that is, the morning after the "November 28th Incident", Japanese planes took off from the seaplane carrier "Nengdanglv" and dropped bombs on the Commercial Press General Factory in Baoshan Road, Shanghai. Although the number of bombs dropped was small, it quickly ignited a large number of flammable items such as paper in the factory. Comprehensive management office, preparation office, four printing plants, warehouses, and primary schools. All the buildings on Baoshan Road were hit and caught fire, and all of them were burned. The fire ran across the road and spread to the Oriental Library.
/kloc-On the morning of February, the Japanese ronin sneaked into the Oriental Library and set it on fire. Until the evening, this novel five-story building, the tallest building in Zhabei, was burned out. A large number of Chinese and foreign books collected for more than 30 years, all Chinese and foreign magazines and newspapers accumulated for many years, extremely precious local chronicles of provinces, prefectures, prefectures and counties, and various reference books and manuscripts compiled and collected have all turned into dust.
Major General Yukichi Iwasawa, commander of the Japanese army stationed in Shanghai 1 overseas fleet, said: "Blowing up several streets in Zhabei can be restored in a year and a half. Only when China's most important cultural institutions, the Commercial Press and the Oriental Library, are burned, it will never be restored. "
It is sad that the traditional cultural classics have been destroyed, but Yanze's focus has fallen on "cultural institutions", which shows that things are not that simple.
The Commercial Press was established in 1897 and reached 1932. Its scale has surpassed all publishing enterprises in the Far East, including Japan, and even in Asia as a whole, and it is comparable to any large publishing house in the world. At that time, the Commercial Press occupied more than 80 acres in Zhabei, Shanghai, with more than 4,500 employees. In 1930s, the publications of Commercial Press accounted for 52% of the national publications, among which textbooks accounted for more than 60% of the national textbooks. The Commercial Press is known as "the central organ of oriental culture".
Under the background of learning from the west, the Commercial Press has made great efforts to translate and introduce foreign classics, among which eight kinds of influences, such as The Theory of Evolution translated by Yan Fu, are the most profound. These foreign masterpieces have played a positive role in enlightening people's wisdom, enlightening thoughts and promoting social progress.
As early as before the full-scale outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese were furious with China's tenacious cultural resistance at this time. As a representative, the Commercial Press became a symbol of China's new culture at that time.
Because of this, the famous Commercial Press became the key air strike target of the Japanese army the day after the "1.28" incident. At that time, the Japanese army regarded bombing the press as one of its great achievements. At least one of the "Military Mail Notes" issued by Japan after the incident entitled "The Battle of Shanghai" was a tragic scene in which the Zhabei Commercial Press in Shanghai was bombed and collapsed.
The Commercial Press after Bombing
194 1 After the outbreak of the Pacific War, with the Japanese invasion of Shanghai Concession and Hong Kong, the Commercial Press, which had already moved to these places to resume production, was hit again. With the fall of Hong Kong, the Commercial Press "shot and burned the printing plate workshop, paper pallet room and ink room, all the houses were destroyed and all the materials were reduced to ashes". After the Japanese army occupied Hong Kong on February 25th, 65438, all factories, managers and warehouses in the West Ring were sealed up. "Property losses are extremely serious. /kloc-more than 0/20 machines have been shipped away, and dozens of boxes of copper molds are not counted. There are millions of books and papers in the warehouse. " With the fall of Shanghai Concession, Hong Kong and Beijing, the main factory buildings, machines and raw materials of the Commercial Press are no longer used.
Moreover, after the Commercial Press reopened in August 1932, it received a threatening letter from the Japanese. The original text is as follows: "China lost his way, established a school, read some Mandarin, the Three People's Principles, built a harmonious society, defeated imperialism, did evil things in the world, and corrupted young children in my country, which made me lose money. Solzihai, I will never be full of south. Our library sells school books separately and prints some corrupt things. Shanghai burned down the library, but the library still kept its bad habit of printing three-person books and party languages. Our country couldn't bear to see it, so it destroyed our library. If we don't change our bad habits as soon as possible, our army will be burned everywhere, especially the Commercial Press. My country made a promise first, so don't regret it. My country is still a good country if it praises and reads the books of Confucius and Mencius and does not defeat Japanese goods. Otherwise, although Japan is small, we must fight for it. "
From the threatening letters, it is not difficult to see the direct cause of Japan's air raid on the Commercial Press: * * and anti-imperialism are one of the ideological foundations of the anti-Japanese struggle, which aroused Japan's suspicion. It is precisely because of the "enlightenment" of the new culture (and of course the "education" of the imperialist atrocities themselves) that there are fewer and fewer people in China who are numb and like to watch the beheading in Lu Xun's works. If everyone rises up to resist, Japan's national strength and manpower will undoubtedly be defeated in the end. At the same time, the so-called "Confucius and Mencius" is a progressive thought that deliberately opposes the Three People's Principles, * * and anti-imperialism. On the one hand, some China people reject new ideas, on the other hand, they flaunt that Japan respects China tradition, which also reflects the fantasy that some Japanese follow the example of Manchu Dynasty and enter the Central Plains.
This concern about China's self-enlightenment led to the Japanese taking the most extreme measures to exterminate the representative of new culture and western culture, such as the Commercial Press. In the 1932 and 194 1 two raids on commercial publishing houses, 34 of nearly 40 commercial branches and local factories in China were bombed and sealed up by the Japanese army, and most of the machinery and equipment were damaged or looted; In the "December 28" incident, Japan confiscated 4.62 million books it published and destroyed all the publishing record cards of the publishing department; 194 1 year later,1520,000 books were confiscated in a few days. As long as the Japanese military police see the words "Soviet Union", "Japan" and "national disaster", they will copy whatever they are.
Plunder the old culture
Dissolving the new culture and preventing it from inspiring the people of China is only the first step in Japanese culture. Influenced by China culture for a long time, Japanese people are still quite yearning for China's ancient civilization and its achievements. However, due to the strength of modern Japan and the decline of China, this yearning for China culture was finally manifested in a terrible way, that is, plunder.
Before "September 18th", there were dozens of cases of Japanese investigating ancient sites and stealing cultural relics in China. For example, in 1905, Torii Ryuzo of the University of Tokyo conducted an investigation and excavation in Liaodong Peninsula and Northeast China until1911; 1On May 3rd, 928, Japan invaded Jinan and forcibly transported two Northern Qi stone buddhas, two Northern Qi Bodhisattva statues and two stone tablets to Japan. 1933, shinya yamanaka, the boss of shinya yamanaka Chamber of Commerce, and Takada, the manager of Beijing branch, colluded with Ni Yushu, an antique dealer in Beijing to dismember and plunder the stone carvings in Tianlongshan Grottoes in Taiyuan, Shanxi. ...
After the Japanese invaded the three northeastern provinces, they plundered the local Chinese culture more directly. Some Japanese archaeological groups, university research institutions and individuals followed closely, conducting "archaeological investigations" and excavations, some even under the direct protection of the Japanese army.
193 1 to 1934, an archaeological team led by Japanese Shu Ren Harada and others excavated the site of Longquan House in Shangjing, the capital of the former Bohai Kingdom, in Tokyo Town, southwest of Ning 'an County, Heilongjiang Province, including 6 palace sites, ancient temple sites 1 and mausoleum sites 1.
1in the summer of 937, an archaeological team led by Harada, Kikujin and Ai, in the name of the East Asian Archaeological Society of Japan, carried out excavation on the site of Yuanshangdu (now the north bank of the East Lightning River in Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia), stole a batch of unearthed cultural relics and hid them in the Archaeological Research Office of the University of Tokyo. In the same year, Kuroda excavated the site of Liao porcelain kiln in Daguantun, Fushun, and stole a large number of Liao porcelain specimens.
1937 12. After the fall of Nanking, the Japanese pirate activities developed to the south of China. 1938 Keio University published a report "Jiangnan Survey". In the preface, it is written that Nanjing fell to the twelfth year of Showa (1937). In order to adapt to the development of the current situation, it is urgent to send personnel to China for academic investigation and excavation of ancient cultural relics. To this end, Keio University sent three "academic travel teams" in May 1938, one led by Dabaishan to Beijing, Zhangde and Datong; The team led by Chai Tian Changhui went to Central China; The third team is Nobuhiro Matsumoto, who went to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces in China.
The report recorded in detail that Nobubo Matsumoto, Yasaka of Saburo and Hideo Nishiooka departed from Tokyo and arrived in Nanjing on May 1938. Under the escort of Japanese troops, they "investigated" and looted the Institute of History and Language of Nanjing Academia Sinica, the Antiquities Preservation Institute, the Tomb of the Six Dynasties and the West Lake Museum, and excavated the site of Shihushan in Gudang near Hangzhou and the site of Qianshanyang in Xing Wu. The report is accompanied by photos of Matsumoto's "Travel Team" activities. At the excavation site, the Japanese army stood guard around the site, and it was explosive, which fully exposed their ugly face of ignoring China's sovereignty and digging at will.
The last part of the report is the catalogue and photos of the looted cultural relics in the south of the Yangtze River, with a total of 129 pieces, many of which are very precious cultural relics, such as a perforated stone axe in the Warring States period, a jade qi, a covered tripod with a disk pattern, a bronze ge in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, a bronze mirror in the Han and Tang Dynasties, a black pottery cup in Liangzhu culture and a pottery pot in the Han Dynasty.
For example, in Nanjing, starting from March 1938, the Japanese army sent 367 soldiers and 220 special agents, captured 830 China people as coolies and plundered Nanjing books and documents. Also participating are the staff of the Manchuria Railway Investigation Department, East Asia Wentong College and other institutions. The looted units include Academia Sinica, Central Library, and Provincial Library of Traditional Chinese Studies. The number of books robbed reached 880,000, 30,000 more than that of Imperial Library, the largest library in Japan at that time. These books and documents were transported by Japanese trucks for 3 10 times before they were moved, and all of them were robbed later. Not only public books were looted, but also the rare books of some private book collectors, such as Lu Hegu, a famous private book collector in Nanjing, whose rare books were looted or burned. In addition, rare books such as Sikuquanshu, which were moved from the Central Library to the Fengpingshan Library, were also brought to Japan. According to the figures released by Nanjing Provisional Senate 1946, during the eight-year Anti-Japanese War, Nanjing books were looted and burned by the Japanese army, totaling 18 15 boxes, 2,859 sets and 1486 19 volumes, many of which were extremely precious and rare ancient books.
According to the statistics of the Ministry of Education of the National Government 1938, China has lost at least100000 books since the Anti-Japanese War. Before 1943, Americans made a field trip and estimated that China lost more than150,000 books.
A large number of museums in China were also bombed or looted by Japanese invaders. For example, two batches of cultural relics were robbed in the preparatory office of the Central Museum, and more than 300 cultural relics collected by Baoji Peiping Research Institute were stolen. The Japanese and puppet troops successively transported 66 bronze cans, 1 bronze cannons and 9 1 bronze lamp booths from the Palace Museum. What's more, in 1942, the pseudo-Beiping municipal department searched for gold scraps in the golden urn of the Forbidden City for Japanese aggression, and it went to the extreme. A large number of cultural relics in the museum were robbed, which caused immeasurable losses to China.
According to a document submitted by the delegation of China to the Paris Conference of UNESCO in 1946, "there were 37 national museums before the war, and the staff1/kloc-0. After the war, most of the cultural relics and treasures collected by the Palace Museum were transferred to Sichuan and Guizhou for safekeeping. The preparatory office of the National Central Museum also moved to Lizhuang, Sichuan to continue preparations. Because of the war, most of the museums set up in the provinces were closed. According to 1944, there are only 18 museums in China. " Fortunately, after the "September 18th Incident" in 193 1, many cultural relics and treasures collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing moved south in time, otherwise the consequences would be even more disastrous!
Correspondingly, it plunders the traditional culture of China in the right to speak and interpret. Nan huaijin mentioned in his Shurangama Sutra, "Especially before the Second World War, foreign scholars and Japanese scholars deliberately slandered China's cultural traditions, believing that many of them were false. Especially the Japanese are very powerful. For example, they think that there are no such people as our ancestors Yao, Shun and Yu in history. Yao is an incense burner, made of earth, with legs tilted, Shun is a candlestick, and candles are inserted in the temple. So a big reptile crawled around on the ground and crawled out of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. People deliberately denigrate our culture and invade. And then talk about Confucius? Confucius-Japanese! Socrates-Japanese! All the good ones are Japanese ... "This delusion of cultural tampering and substitution is an important evidence of Japan's comprehensive plunder of China culture.
Establish colonial culture
In addition to destroying the old and new cultures in China, Japan also tried its best to promote its own set of cultures in the occupied China territories, namely the so-called "imperial education". Long before the "September 18th Incident", Qing Liu Du Heng, who was in charge of the management of overseas students in China at Waseda University in Japan, said: "Cultivating one more zhina youth is a step forward for Japanese forces to the mainland." Kojiro Kwanwu, who was in charge of academic affairs in Kanto Prefecture at that time, bluntly said: "The educational policy of the new territory is also the ruling policy."
1932, the "Puppet Manchukuo" and the Declaration of the Founding of the People declared that the purpose of establishing a new country was to make peace with the people. 1The Outline of the Guiding Principles of the Puppet Manchukuo promulgated in August, 933 stipulates that the education of the Puppet Manchukuo "must focus on inspiring Manchus to consciously understand the inseparable relationship between the state and the empire, and cultivate special self-esteem and the harmonious thoughts of the five ethnic groups to ensure peace in East Asia". The Yearbook of Manchu Culture and Education, published by 1934, points out: "Today, the policy of implementing education in China is king."
Japanese enslavement education in the northeast of China obliterated the people's concept of the motherland, national consciousness and the spirit of resisting aggression. They indoctrinated students with fascist ideas such as "China-Manchuria goodwill" and "Great East Asian glory", and listed Japanese as "national language", which is one of the few historical geography courses, and the content was distorted beyond recognition, so that Japanese students forgot their motherland; Moreover, China people's cultural knowledge level was lowered by the policy of obscurantism, and vocational education was unilaterally emphasized from pragmatism in order to cultivate the labor force needed by Japanese aggression.
Japan attaches great importance to popularizing Japanese to the people of China, because "Japanese learning has the special significance of imperceptibly assimilating the northeast nationalities". Therefore, in the curriculum, the hours of Japanese learning exceed any other subject. For example, Japanese study time in public schools has increased from 6 hours to 8 hours per week. At the same time, it is also stipulated that all the daily language of the school should be in Japanese, such as giving notice, reciting, practicing, password, saying hello to the school, and seeing you after school. And China people are not allowed. In order to strengthen Japanese learning, in public colleges and senior classes, except "Manchu Mandarin", all other courses are Japanese, such as history, geography, self-cultivation, arithmetic, abacus, singing and so on, and Chinese is not allowed. Most of the teachers employed in the school are Japanese.
Japanese books published by the Puppet Manchukuo Association.
After the outbreak of the Pacific War, as the enemy-occupied areas entered the wartime state, Japan carried out the policy of imperial education in the enemy-occupied areas.
The Japanese colonial authorities gave "conference education" to China students, that is, they thanked the Emperor for his kindness and loyalty to the Japanese Emperor, and asked China students to concentrate on reading the imperial edict of the Japanese Emperor, raising the Japanese flag, singing the Japanese national anthem and worshiping the Japanese Emperor from a distance facing the East every morning.
At the same time, the Japanese invaders also carried out "ritual education" and "worship education" for China students, demanding that China students pay attention to the celebration of Japanese festivals. The Japanese colonial authorities regarded the "God of Heaven" as a "Yuan God" and enshrined it in shrines and memorial towers all over northeast China, requiring China students to pay homage and pray on the anniversary. For example, on the 8th of every month, we will pay homage to the Bell Tower (now Bai Yushan Tower) in Lushun Bai Yushan and the Zhong Ling Tower (now Labor Park) in Dalian Central Park (this tower has been demolished). Feudal ethics became a spiritual tool for Japanese invaders to enslave the people of China.
Japanese Ando Kiping clearly said in the book "The Mission and Value of Manchu Education": "To educate China people, we must first dress up as an angel of God, appear as a savior, and come to China to save the unfortunate nation from the standpoint of humanitarianism. Through education, we have gained the trust and understanding of China youth and firmly believe that we can help each other in the same boat with Japan and build a paradise for kings. " Ando also bluntly indicated that the reason why Japan runs schools with great fanfare is "to open the language gap, let China students learn Japanese, and then let them act as a medium to influence their fathers and brothers, reduce their hatred for Japan, and make them emotionally close to Japan, and thank the Japanese. In this way, the interests of Japan in the northeast from Dalian to Manchuria and then spread to the whole northeast will be immeasurable. "
Suppressing new culture, plundering old culture and replacing China culture with colonial culture and so-called "imperialism" can be described as the "three axes" of the "cultural war" during the Japanese invasion of China, which is fatal. This systematic destruction and ravage of China's culture can even better reflect the great ambition of Japanese imperialism than the military action itself.