A great leader, a brave warrior and an outstanding architect, he has more than 100 children, and his life has been praised a lot. The true story of Ramses II, the most famous Pharaoh in ancient Egypt, shows us his humanistic side, his emotional world, his extraordinary ability to establish his own image, and his eternal epic remains.

[Edit this paragraph] 10 gives orders at the age of 0.

A legendary life. The most famous Pharaoh in the history of ancient Egypt was a powerful king, an invincible general, an amiable father and a tireless builder. Ramses II (Ramses II), with these auras on his head, reigned for 67 years (ruling time was 1279 ~ BC 12 13 years) and still enjoys these reputations. Enemies fear him, subjects love him, and gods bless him. Ramses II, who lived in the first 19 dynasty in ancient Egypt, left an indelible mark on human history.

The date of birth of Ramses II is still a mystery. We only know that he was born in Memphis around 1290 BC. His father seti i married tuya, the daughter of a soldier general. They have four children, two men and two women. But the eldest son died at a very young age, which made Ramses successfully ascend to the throne. When he was very young, he began to study in the "Pharaoh Sect": 10 served in the army, and 15 was taken out by his father to ensure that he would become a king with both wisdom and courage in the future.

Not long after, Ramses II learned a lot, especially two skills necessary as a king: governing the enemy by military means and building a palace. He succeeded in both war and architecture. Today, there is not a piece of land in Egypt without his footprints.

[Edit this paragraph] How to establish your own heroic image

When his father died, Ramses II was about 25 years old, but he had enough ambition and tenacious self-awareness, and he wanted to surpass all his predecessors in his feat.

"Propaganda is his best weapon and plays an important role in promoting his kingdom and mission." Professor of Eda Egyptology, University of Pisa, Italy? Blesi Bresciani described, "A large number of statues and inscriptions tell people about the feat and courage of the king, and make his image spread through the ages, which can still stand the test of time."

His family life can also be seen in the article: two queens, a group of concubines who are hard to verify and 100 children. Ramses had to choose the heir to the throne many times, but not because of "many things in the palace", but because he lived to be over 80 years old. At that time, the average life expectancy of people was only about 40 years old, and many of his children died before him. Melenputa, who succeeded to the throne, ranked thirteenth on the list of heirs to the throne, and was not able to ascend to the throne until he was 60 years old. In fact, Ramses had achieved his goal before he died: he had become a legend of his subjects. But the great Pharaoh did not expect that not only the epic about his life would go down in history, but also the epic about his death would be immortal. Ramses' most praiseworthy achievement was the battle of Kadish against the Hittites. When the young Pharaoh's conceit almost crushed him, the goddess of fate took care of him. But what matters is the final result, at least in the eyes of his subjects.

Frank who wrote a monograph on Ramses? Franco Simino explained: "In ancient times, no war had so much historical materials. After the Ramses war, on the wall of his palace, in Abu? Scenes depicting wars are carved in the temples of abu simbel temple and Luxor in Karnak Temple. These giant artworks show soldiers, Egyptian camping, battle scenes and captured soldiers respectively. Of course, ramses is the most prominent one. In the photo, he defeated the enemy alone. There are two epics that tell us about this war. The most important one is "Poems of Pontur", which tells people about this history together with the murals in the temple. "

In short, all this is like a "movie" with pictures and sounds.

[Edit this paragraph] History told by the Egyptians

The conflict between Egyptians and Hittites led by Ramses was triggered by the absolute control over Syria. At the end of April 1275 BC, Pharaoh led his troops to the Oronte Valley and conquered Kadesh, an important town established by Hittites in Syria. Ramses led 20,000 soldiers and 200 chariots. These forces are divided into four groups, named Amon, Puta, Lala and Seth. The target of this war is the land in northern Syria, and the opponent is King Muwatalish, who has 1000 soldiers and more than 3,500 chariots. Near the Orente River, Pharaoh's army captured two people who claimed to be Hittite deserters. They said they had important information to inform the Egyptians. The two men were taken to Ramses and told him that Mu Watari's army was far away from here, and the Pharaoh could easily capture the city. Rameses has taken Kadesh as a bag at this time. Before the troops were assembled, he led the Amon team to the plain near Kadesh and camped here. When his guards caught two soldiers of the enemy vanguard, he realized that he was trapped in the encirclement of the enemy, but it was too late. The Hittites who stamped their feet in the castle suddenly attacked, and the unprepared Pharaoh's army fled in flight. Only Ramses led his personal bodyguard to resist the Hittite attack. Zimino described: "Thanks to two unexpected things, Ramses was able to escape unscathed. First, after the Hittite soldiers invaded the camp of the Egyptian army, they were immediately busy grabbing property, but forgot to pursue the enemy with victory. " Secondly, Pharaoh's follow-up troops rushed to rescue Ramses and his soldiers in time. "At this time, the whole battle was completely reversed: the Hittites who should have won easily were in danger, and the two sides stopped fighting near dusk. In the evening, soldiers from other Egyptian detachments came to reinforce Pharaoh.

Finally, the Hittites were forced to make peace because of the fierce attack of Ramses army and the civil strife in their own country.

Frank. Zimino said: "The real situation may not be completely like this. Although Mu Watari lost many heavy chariots (more than Egyptian chariots, but more difficult to control), his soldiers were almost unscathed. But for Ramses, the Hittite raid cost him at least one detachment. " The result of the war was a draw, which forced Ramses to give up his plan to capture Kadesh.

But with the help of his own propaganda, he turned this battle that almost ruined his future into a heroic feat under the leadership of a great leader.

Ramses carved this war on many temples. He brought a new expression. Abu? In the relief depicting the Battle of Kadesh in Simbel Temple, the surface decorated with stripes is now used to express exciting scenes and create more dramatic dynamic scenes. The images of Ramses and chariots depicted in the relief can make people understand this brand-new style, and people have different interpretations of the "four arms" in the details of the picture. Some people think that the extra two arms should belong to the chariot driver, and his body is completely covered by Ramses II. Others think that, as the inscription says, it should be the Arm of Amon summoned by Ramses. The latest hypothesis is that they belong to Ramses himself, and the artist who created the relief painted two more arms to increase the movement of the picture.

[Edit this paragraph] The modern peace treaty signed more than 4,000 years ago.

A peace treaty carved on a mud wall or a stone wall described in cuneiform or hieroglyphics is the first example of solving a war conflict through "diplomacy".

After the Battle of Kadesh, the conflict between Egyptians and Hittites continued until the death of King Mu Watari, and his successor Khatulish signed the earliest existing international treaty with Ramses in human history. At present, people have found two versions of the treaty, one is hieroglyphics carved on the wall of the stone pillar hall of Karnak Temple, and the other is Babylonian cuneiform tablets excavated on clay boards at the site of Hattusa, the Hittite capital. What prompted the two countries to hold peace talks was the threat from Asiri, a belligerent country that constantly harassed the two kingdoms. The peace treaty was signed in Ramses, the newly-built capital of Ramses, around 1269 BC. This treaty has many modern meanings. According to the treaty, the people of the two countries will no longer wage war, help each other when attacked by the enemy, safeguard the rights and interests of the other king, and extradite prisoners who have taken refuge in the other country.

Abu? Simbel Temple is considered as the greatest work of Ramses and a veritable ancient architectural treasure. Four giant statues carved from rocks are 20 meters high, symbolizing Faabou sitting at the entrance of the palace. Simbel Temple is very old, and now it has become a symbol of Egyptian civilization. Sergio, one of the famous Egyptian scientists in Italy? Professor SergioDonadoni explained: "This is an incredible building, which brings the architectural elements of Egyptian classical architecture into the mountains."

The temple was built on a hillside, with a depth of 60 meters. Originally, it was dedicated to the three gods of Amon, Ra and Buta, but in fact, it only served one "true god"-Ramses himself.

Temple, in addition to the buildings on the ground, there is also a cave temple dug from the cliff. The typical hollow rock center is the temple of Ramses II in Abu Simbel, located in the south of Aswan, near the second waterfall of the Nile. This temple is dedicated to the gods of Amon, Lahlakati and Puzhaota, and also commemorates Ramses II himself. In fact, it is a combination of a temple and a sacrificial temple. The grotto temple in Abu Simbel is surrounded by mountains and rugged rocks, and the grottoes are dug on the cliff slope. The facade of the Great Temple may be called the Tower Gate, which is 32 meters high and 36 meters long. There are four sitting statues of Ramses II carved on both sides of the entrance to the Tower Gate, which are about 2 1 m high. There is also a column hall and an opposite place in the depths of the temple at the entrance of the cave, which is used to worship the above-mentioned gods and their own sculptures. This cave is 60 meters long. Every year on February 2nd1Ramses II's birthday and1October 2nd1Ramses II's coronation day, the sunlight can pass through the 60-meter-deep temple corridor and sprinkle on the statue of Ramses II, but the statues around him can't enjoy the wonderful gift of the sun god, so people call Ramses II "the sun's". Call this day "Sun Day". Now, due to the construction of Aswan Dam, construction started in 1968, and the temple site was moved to a height of 65 meters away from the Nile at 20 1 m, and the "Sun Day" was also postponed by one day. More than 3000 years have passed, and the mystery of this spectacle, whether it is coincidence or careful calculation by ancient Egyptian architects, has not been solved.

Near Abu Simbel, there is a smaller cave temple dedicated to his wife Nefertari. There are six statues on the front of the temple. Besides the three statues of Ramses II, there are three statues of Nefertili that complement the image of Hassall.

But what about Abu? However, the fate of Simbel Temple is disastrous. Shortly after it was built, an earthquake caused great losses. Many stone pillars and statues were smashed, and the damaged part included the whole upper part of the front of the temple. Most of the damaged places were later repaired, but the architects at that time could do nothing about the statue, and only the fragments of the statue were scattered nearby.

Ramses carved his confession of love for the queen on her tombstone. "My love for you is unique. When you walked by me, you took my heart away. "

My love is unique-no one can match her because she is the most beautiful woman. Just bypass, she stole my heart. )

[Edit this paragraph] A safe made of sand.

Centuries after Ramses' death, the building was completely abandoned, and sand began to gradually bury it, leaving only the head and shoulders of the huge statue at the entrance exposed. 18 13, a Swiss scholar John? Burckhardt discovered it, and after four years of deep sleep, the Italian Jordan? Giovan Belzoni began to dig it. After several months of hard work, a road was finally opened in the sand. After thousands of years, someone finally got into the temple.

After a long time, this magnificent temple, chosen by Ramses to represent its powerful power and sacred destiny, finally faced extinction and was buried underwater almost forever. 1960, Egyptian President Nasser began to order the construction of a large Asuan reservoir. After the completion of the reservoir, an artificial lake with a length of about 500 kilometers will be formed, which can turn many barren lands into fertile fields. This is a project of vital importance to the country, but it will represent; Many relics of Egyptian Pharaoh civilization are buried in the water forever, including Abu? Simbel Temple, which also made it famous all over the world.

[Edit this paragraph] The rescue operation that went down in history.

UNESCO warned the world and launched a veritable rescue operation. Three countries in the world11lend a helping hand and provide Egypt with manpower, funds and technology. Will the rescue plan take Abu? Simbel Temple was divided into many pieces, and then these pieces were reassembled at a distance of 180 meters and 65 meters above the ground. The whole project lasted for five years, using more than 2,000 workers, tons of materials and resources, and unprecedented technology in archaeological history. During the whole process, each piece is numbered to facilitate reassembly. The rebuilt temple is the same as the original direction, depending on the constellation and the direction of the Nile after the completion of the Aswan Dam. The outstanding peaks have also been restored to their original state, and the whole giant building block has finally been completed.

[Edit this paragraph] The misfortune of the most beloved princess

From Abu? Not far from Simbel Temple, there is a small mountain temple, which is a sacrificial temple dedicated by Pharaoh to Nafu Ti Tuo Li. People know nothing about the origin of this princess. She seems to come from a civilian family. But there is no doubt that both Lao Wang and ordinary people love her deeply.

The princess's name means "the most beautiful woman", and many portraits also prove her charm. Ramses married her shortly before he succeeded to the throne, and has been inseparable from her ever since, and she can be seen in both religious ceremonies and national activities. She can often be seen snuggling up to her husband in paintings and other cultural relics. Nefertitali also plays an important role in political life. She maintained a good relationship with the Hittite Queen through letters and gifts.

She gave birth to six children for Pharaoh: two daughters and four sons, but they all died young and failed to inherit the throne. In fact, Melenpa, the son of another princess, Si Nuo Flatt, became the heir of Ramses.

Nefertiti should entertain Abu with Ramses? The inauguration ceremony of Simbel Temple, but it is very likely that she failed to make it. According to a hypothesis between fiction and history, Neve Ti Tuo Li died in front of this temple that was supposed to share eternal life with Pharaoh, when she entrusted her eldest daughter to preside over the inauguration ceremony with her father. Nefertiti was solemnly buried in the Valley of the Queen.

1904, Italian archaeologist Ernest? Schiaparelli found her grave, but her mummy and funerary objects were stolen. Nevertheless, the exquisite murals restored in the tomb still make Nafti Titali's tomb a pearl of ancient Egyptian civilization.

[Edit this paragraph] An eternal epic

Ramses II died in BC 12 13. After 70 days, his mummy was buried in the most grand way that a great Pharaoh could enjoy. At that time, his son Moniputa was the heir to the throne. He led a huge fleet to send his father's body to Thebes by royal boat along the Nile. Along the way, all subjects and people paid tribute to the great Pharaoh who brought them peace and prosperity with tears. After the fleet arrived in Thebes, the funeral procession headed for the tomb dug in the Valley of the Kings. In addition to Ramses II's coffin, there are endless treasures that make Ramses II live a rich life in the underworld. Finally, the door of the tomb was sealed so that Pharaoh could rest in peace. But contrary to expectations, decades later, the treasures buried in the mausoleum were looted, and the mummy of Ramses was never at peace. The Egyptian clergy in charge of guarding had to move the Pharaoh's mummy many times, so that grave robbers could open the bandage on the mummy and steal the gold ornaments hidden inside. Around 1000 BC, the mummies of Ramses and several other pharaohs were hidden in the temple of Hetshepsut in Deirel Bahari, a town near Thebes. 188 1 year, French Egyptologist gaston? Maspero found it and finally put it in the Egyptian National Museum.