Jin State and Jin Culture
As we all know, the 5,000-year history of China is a spiral history of continuous integration of various ethnic groups and countries. In this long process, various nationalities and countries have created countless advanced cultures, and these different advanced cultures have finally gathered into the splendid culture of the Chinese nation, which has nurtured generations of Chinese sons and daughters. Two weeks, it is such an important historical period, countries dispute, compete with each other, emancipate their minds, let a hundred schools of thought contend, let a hundred flowers blossom, and strive for novelty. The result is an unprecedented development in the field of ideology and culture, which has a far-reaching impact on China culture. When it comes to this history, we have to mention the state of Jin and its splendid culture. To this day, many historical allusions of the State of Jin are well known to women and children and widely read. For example, the goodness of Qin Jin, the use of Chu materials, the avoidance of the three schools, the bones of the monarch, the loneliness of Zhao, the terminally ill, the mountains and rivers, the deaf, the three schools and so on. Therefore, it is of great significance to briefly review the history of Jin State and understand the great achievements of Jin State archaeology here for us to deeply understand the culture of Jin State and further explore the culture of the two Zhou Dynasties in a more comprehensive way.
The Establishment and Prosperity of Jin State
During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, there was an ancient Tang kingdom in the middle and upper reaches of the Uighur at the western foot of Taiyue Mountain, which was equivalent to Yicheng, Quwo and Jiangxian in the southwest of the mountain. The Tang Dynasty has a long history, and its ancestor is a famous family-Emperor Yao. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, shortly after his death, Tang took part in a rebellion with Cai Shu and was destroyed by the Duke of Zhou. In order to strengthen the rule of the Tang Dynasty and prevent similar incidents from happening again, Zhou Chengwang named his younger brother Yu Shu Emperor of the Tang Dynasty. "Historical Records Jin Shijia" records: "Tang is in the east of Hefen, a hundred miles away." At the same time, it also recorded the process of Yu Shu's sealing the Tang Dynasty: "Playing for the king, cutting tung leaves for the title, saying,' If you seal it with this'. Wei Shi asked for a date to establish an uncle. Wang Cheng said, "I will play with him." Wei Shi said:' The son of heaven is not joking. Words are history books, rituals are achievements, and music is music. "So he named Yu Shu the emperor of the Tang Dynasty." Although this record contains banter, it still reflects the historical background of the political event of enfeoffment in the early Zhou Dynasty to some extent, and its deep reason is to defend the rule of thousands of kings and emerging dynasties.
When Yu Shu sealed the Tang Dynasty, he held a grand ceremony to award land and people. Wang Cheng gave Yu Shu "nine surnames and five officials" to help him establish a new regime; In addition, he was also warned to "rule Xinjiang with long summer" in the territory of the Tang Dynasty (Zuo Zhuan Ding Gong for four years). This series of measures enabled Yu Shu to smoothly start managing this new country.
After his death, his son Xie's father inherited the throne and changed his title from "Tang" to "Jin". Xie's father also changed his name to Jin Hou. The term "gold" has been used for nearly 700 years. If the "Three Jin Dynasties" of North Korea, Zhao and Wei are included, the history of Jin State is close to 900 years.
From Shuyu to, it became the 9th generation after Jin Hou, Wu, Cheng Houfu, Yijiu, Situ, Ji and Mu Hou. In 785 BC, the Duke of Jin Mu died, the throne was usurped by his brother Uncle Yi, and the prince was forced to flee for revenge. Four years later, in 78 1 BC, the prince came back for revenge, attacked and killed his uncle's uncle, and regained power for Jin Wengong. This civil strife seems to have little impact on Jin society, but it has become a precursor to the long-term civil strife in Jin.
Jin Wengong was an outstanding monarch in the history of Jin State. In 77 1 year BC, he joined hands with Zheng Wugong and Qin Xianggong to protect Zhou Ping and Dong Wang from moving to Luo, thus stabilizing the situation in the early years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Ping escort, Zhou Pingwang reward. Only three people in the history of the State of Jin won this honor, namely Tang Shuyu, Hou Wen of the State of Jin and Zhong Er, who later dominated the world. Jin Wengong has lived up to Zhou Pingwang's ardent expectations. In 760 BC, the unorthodox Xie Wang was captured alive and killed, ending the ten years of coexistence of the two kings of the Zhou royal family and becoming the hero of recreating Zhou Yisheng. Nevertheless, Jin was still a hundred miles away among the vassal States at that time, and its political and economic strength was far less than that of Qi, Yan and Chu.
In the later years of Emperor Wen of Jin Dynasty, with the decline of the Zhou royal family, there was also a serious political crisis in the State of Jin. In 746 BC, Emperor Wen of Jin died of illness, and his son was Emperor Zhao of Jin. Jin Zhaohou forgot the hardships of his father attacking and killing an uncle to regain the throne, and sealed his uncle in Quwo, known as Uncle Quwo Huan, and planted bitter fruit for himself. From then on, the state of Jin began a civil war on the throne for 60 to 70 years. After repeated bloody massacres, in 678 BC, Duke Quwo, the grandson of Uncle Huan, wiped out the remaining government offices of the State of Jin in one fell swoop, and finally ended the long-term civil strife and unified the State of Jin in the form of Quwo sideline. History books call this historical event "Qu Wo Dai Yi", which is an important event in the history of Jin State, and Jin State has entered a new historical stage. It is no wonder that the Jin people in the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period forgot their ancestors and the ten emperors who followed, and only worshipped Quwo martial arts.
After being officially listed as a vassal by the Zhou royal family, Duke Wu of Quwo died after only two years as a monarch, and his son succeeded him. In the early years, Jin was still a small country, surrounded by many small countries, where Rong and Di lived together, and often fled to Jin to plunder and harass. At this time, Qi and Chu Qin Dou has become a vast country, which poses a great threat to the State of Jin. In order to develop the economic and military strength of the State of Jin and compete with the vassals for hegemony, the regime was first consolidated, and then the territory of the State of Jin was expanded, which made the State of Jin embark on the road of prosperity.
As a descendant of Xiaozong of Quwo, Jin Xiangong witnessed the bloody battle between his father, Wu Gong, and the Duke of Jin. In order to avoid this passive situation, prevent the recurrence of historical tragedies, gather cronies and plan to eradicate the descendants of Uncle Huan and Zhuang Bo, who have become the upstarts of the State of Jin, in order to consolidate their political power. Later, through the expansion of Jiangdu and the development of military power, it gradually merged with neighboring small countries. When Jin Xiangong's hegemony was booming, Li Ji, the youngest and most beautiful wife in the office, directed a civil strife for the throne. In this civil strife, the prince committed suicide, and the second and third sons were easily taken away. In 65 1 BC, Jin Xiangong died of illness, and Li Ji's son Xiqi finally succeeded to the throne as he wished, but he was killed by his third son, a private family led by doctor Rick and Pizheng. Then, Zhuo Zi, the son of the doctor Xun Feng, became the monarch, and Rick and others killed Zhuo Zi. In this case, in 650 BC, Yiwu first returned to the State of Jin and became the monarch of the State of Jin, Gong Hui. Jin's accession to the throne did not make Jin get rid of the rebellion. On the contrary, it is in danger of internal troubles and foreign invasion because of its opposition to internal parties and its bad faith in foreign countries. In 645 BC, the State of Jin and the State of Qin finally broke out in Hanyuan between Hejin and Wanrong. Jin was defeated in this battle, and Jin and other doctors became prisoners of Qin. Finally, the State of Jin was forced to agree to the terms of the State of Qin, cede five cities, and take the Prince (son) of the State of Jin as hostage in exchange for the State of Jin. The Li Ji Rebellion and the Hanyuan War interrupted the prosperity of the State of Jin and delayed the process of the State of Jin dominating the world. It was not until his son Zhong Er returned to power after his escape that the State of Jin really embarked on the road of hegemony.
Hegemony of Jin state
Zhong Er is the most talented of Jin Xiangong's five sons. His fate is bumpy. He fled abroad 19, and was exiled to Rongdi tribe, Qi, Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chu and other countries. After hardships, he finally came to Qin. In 636 BC, with the help of Qin Mugong, Zhong Er defeated the newly acceded Duke Huai of Jin, returned to the State of Jin, and ascended the throne for Jin Wengong.
Jin Wengong's intelligence and exile became his precious political wealth, which laid a solid foundation for the rapid rise of the State of Jin. After he ascended the throne, he immediately launched political and economic reforms and soon achieved remarkable results. In the second year of the throne, the Zhou royal family rebelled, and Wang Xiang's half-brother Prince Dai He jointly expelled Wang Xiang from Zhou and became king on his own. King Xiang of Zhou fled to Zheng, who rushed to Jin. Jin Wengong seized this political opportunity, personally led troops to quickly quell the rebellion, and escorted King Xiang of Zhou back to Luoyi. To show his gratitude, King Xiang of Zhou presented eight cities in the capital of Zhou State to the State of Jin. This move made the governors sit up and take notice, and Jin's political status was greatly improved, but there was still a long way to go. At that time, it was Chu that actually controlled the vassal state. Therefore, if you want to dominate the world, you must first conquer Chu.
Chu is located in the south, and because it is located in Man Jing, it has always been despised by all countries in the Central Plains. As early as two weeks ago, Chu annexed many small countries separated from the Central Plains, and its influence gradually developed into the Yellow River Basin. In 638 BC, Song and Chu fought for hegemony, and Chu won a great victory. Since then, all the vassal states except Jin, Qin and Qi have paid tribute to the King of Chu. In 634 BC, Song rebelled against Chu and returned to Jin. In the second year, Chu sent troops to attack the Song Dynasty and surrounded Shangqiu, the capital of the Song Dynasty. Song turned to Jin for help, and the battle between Jin and Chu was imminent.
Chu surrounded the Song Dynasty and made Jin famous, but Jin was still unwilling to take the initiative to confront Chu. Jin Wengong adopted a series of circuitous tactics to induce and force Chu to take the initiative. Finally, Chu finally couldn't help it and fought a decisive battle with 8 Jin Army in Chengpu. As a result, the 8 Jin Army won a total victory. The battle of Chengpu is a famous war example in history, which greatly dampened the spirit of Chu. Since then, Chu's allies have turned their backs on Chu and turned to Jin. In May of the same year, Jin Wengong invited King Xiang of Zhou to Jiantu (now Xingyang, Henan Province) to meet the vassal, and King Xiang made Jin Hou a Jinbo, which could make the king crusade against the vassal. Since then, the state of Jin has established the hegemonic position of "relying on the emperor to make the princes".
Jin Wengong was the most outstanding monarch in the history of Jin State. Although he was in power for only eight years, he made the State of Jin develop from a vassal state into a superpower in the Central Plains, created the hegemony of the State of Jin, established a political order centered on the State of Jin, and laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of the State of Jin.
Although the victory of the battle of Chengpu created the hegemony of Jin State, the war for hegemony among great powers did not decrease, and so did Jin State and the great powers of Qin, Chu and Qi. Among them, the famous battles in history include the Battle of Qin Jin in 628 BC, the Battle of Chu Jin in 597 BC, the Battle of Jin Qi 'an in 589 BC, the Battle of Qinma Tunnel in 578 BC, and the Battle of Yanling in Chu Jin in 575 BC. After decades of war, the strength of Jin State has been severely damaged, and the internal political power of Jin State has also been severely challenged by doctors. During this period, although there was the battle of the Summer Palace, the government won the struggle against the Qing doctors, but it still could not get rid of the dictatorship of other Qing doctors. For a time, Jin's internal diplomacy was difficult and there was a serious hegemonic crisis. In 573 BC, Sun Zhou ascended the throne in Xintian and paid tribute to Duke Xiang of Jin. In view of the crisis in the state of Jin, Aigong carried out a series of reforms at home and abroad, which revived the hegemony of the state of Jin. However, the good times did not last long, and the time of mourning was only 16 years. In 558 BC, he mourned the death of a public servant. Ten-year-old Prince Biao ascended the throne, and Liu Qing took power. As a result, the governors were at a loss and the hegemony of mourning for the public began to decline. At this point, Liu Qing is no longer interested in the hegemony of great powers. One of their greatest concerns is how to annex land and seize political power, and the other is to explore new methods of governance. At the same time, the vassal States also hated the years of war and generally demanded a truce. In 546 BC, fourteen countries, including Chu Jin, joined forces outside the West Gate of the Song Dynasty, and the State of Chu fought for the alliance and established the first king of Chu, thus ending the era of the state of Jin dominating and forming the situation of Chu Jin dominating. In 482 BC, Jin and Wu met in Huangchi, and the king of Wu set out to grab the alliance. Jin had to make concessions, marking the official end of Jin's hegemony.
Three clans divided into Jin, Qin and San Jin.
From 557 BC to 453 BC 100 years, it was a transitional period from dictatorship to the division of Jin State. This period can be divided into two periods. In the first 50 years, six ministers took turns to be in power, which was able to maintain a relatively balanced political situation, but they all stepped up their economic and military strength in secret to prepare for the next merger. The past 50 years have been a period of Liu Qing's integration. First, the four families of Zhao, Han, Wei and Zhi eliminated Fan and Bank of China, then, Wei and Han eliminated Zhi Bo, and divided up the land as much as they could, eventually forming a situation in which the three families divided Jin. After the three clans were divided into Jin State, although the official position of Jin State still existed, it actually existed in name only. In 403 BC, Zhao, Wei and Han were made princes by Zhou Weilie. In 376 BC, the last monarch of the State of Jin was deposed, and the State of Jin disappeared completely. The State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period was inherited and developed by Sanjin.
The division of the three clans into Jin is an important symbol of China's historical turning point. Many famous historians claim that the division of the three ethnic groups into the Jin Dynasty in 453 BC is the dividing line between the slave society and the feudal society in ancient China, which seems reasonable.
From 453 BC, the history of China entered the Warring States Period. At this time, although Zhao, Han and Wei were not officially established as princes by the Zhou royal family, their strength had already jumped into the ranks of princes. After the merger of the Spring and Autumn Period, only a dozen vassal states remained in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Among them, Zhao, Wei, Han, Qi, Yan, Chu and Qin, known as the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, are among them, and Zhao, Wei and Han, which were separated from the State of Jin, are among them. The other four countries are old-fashioned powers in the Spring and Autumn Period, which shows the strength of Jin and Sanjin. In addition to its solid foundation, Sanjin was always in the forefront of the vassal States in the early and middle period of the Warring States Period.
The largest of the three Jin Dynasties is Zhao, whose territory is centered on Taiyuan in Shanxi and Handan in Hebei, occupying parts of central, northern and southeastern Shanxi, southeastern Hebei, northern Henan and western Shandong. Wei's territory is slightly smaller than Zhao's. It occupies parts of southwest and southeast Shanxi, northern and western Henan and Shaanxi along the Yellow River. South Korea has the smallest territory, accounting for Linfen and Yuncheng, most of southeastern Shanxi and central Henan.
After the reform, development and outward expansion in the early Warring States period, Sanjin has occupied a vast area from Daqingshan in the north, Nanyang in the south, Xihe County in the west and Qiyan in the east, including the whole of Shanxi, most of Henan, Hebei and parts of Shandong, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, which is the biggest obstacle for Qin to enter the Central Plains in the east. If Qi and Xin worked together in Qi Xin, there would be no rise of Qin and its advance into the Central Plains. However, the infighting among the three Jin Dynasties weakened each other, which gave Qin a chance to push eastward step by step and was eventually annexed by Qin. In 230 BC, Korea perished. In 225 BC, the state of Wei perished. In 222 BC, Zhao completely perished. At this point, Korea, Wei and Zhao, which were separated on the basis of the State of Jin, were completely annexed by the State of Qin after more than 200 years. In 22 1 year BC, the state of Qin ruled the whole country, ending the Warring States period, and China entered the imperial era.
Important archaeological discoveries in Jin state
Shanxi is the political, economic and cultural center of Jin and Sanjin Dynasties, and its sites and tombs are all over most parts of the province. The 50-year history of Shanxi archaeology, the most important of which is a series of major discoveries of Jin archaeology, has given us a new understanding of Jin history and two-week history.
I. Site of the State of Jin in Houma
The two-week Shanxi archaeology began in the early 1950s, and the large-scale archaeological excavation of the site of the State of Jin in Houma began in the 1960s. The site of the State of Jin in Houma, namely Xintian Site, was the capital of the State of Jin from 585 BC to 403 BC. Jin established its capital here in 182, and experienced a historical process from strong to weak until it was divided into three parts. Many important historical events and splendid cultures originated here. During the first excavation in the early 1960s, a remarkable copper-casting site was discovered, and more than 30,000 pottery patterns were found, of which about 65,438+00,000 were with patterns, about 65,438+0000 were with recognizable shapes, and about 65,438+000 were with matching and repairable shapes. By comparing with these pottery models, we can find that most of the bronzes in the tombs of Hunyuan in Shanxi and Zhaoqing in Taiyuan are produced here. In addition, bronze wares apparently from Houma copper casting site have also been found in Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia and other provinces, which shows that the production level and scale of copper casting industry in Jin Dynasty are extraordinary.
Another major discovery in the 1960s was the discovery of the Houma Pledge Site. More than 5,000 vows were unearthed, and 656 were recognizable, each with more than 10 words and more than 200 words, mostly written on jade articles with calligraphy. Once Shu Meng was discovered, it caused a sensation in academic circles. Its content roughly reflects the sharp struggle between Zhao, Fan and China Bank at the end of Jin Dynasty, and it is a very rare material to study the history of Jin State and the ancient history of China.
In addition to the archaeological conference in Houma in the 1960s, the excavation and research work of Xintian site has been going on one after another. Among them, the discovery of Niucun, Wang Cheng, Beiwu, Wang Ping, Shen Tai, Mazhuang, Baidian and other seven ancient cities, the discovery of Shi Gui, pottery-making, bone-making and other workshops, the discovery of sacrificial sites such as Nanxizhuang, a company and a coal ash product factory, and the discovery of cemeteries such as Ma Shang and Qiaocun. These findings provide important materials for us to understand and study the social structure and ideology of Jin State.
Second, Tianma-Qucun site
Since 1950s, archaeologists have been trying to find the original fief of Jin State and the site of Tianma-Qucun.
The discovery and research of this paper reflect this difficult exploration process. The site is located at the junction of Yicheng County and Quwo County, with a total area of about100000 square meters. This is the largest site of the Western Zhou Dynasty ever discovered. 1963, the Department of Archaeology of Peking University and the Shanxi Provincial Cultural Management Committee jointly conducted the first investigation and trial excavation, 1979, the second investigation and trial excavation, 1980 to 1990, and seven large-scale excavations, but the most important discovery was the excavation of the Jinhou cemetery in the 1990s.
In the late 1980s, grave-robbing activities were rampant in southern Shanxi, and grave robbers extended their black hands to the cemetery of Jinhou, which had been unknown for more than 2,000 years. In order to protect this 1,000-year-old heritage, from 1992 to 2000, Peking University Archaeological Department and Shanxi Archaeological Research Institute jointly carried out six large-scale excavations, and the remaining tombs were excavated in 5438+0 in 2006 and 2002. Up to now, * * * has discovered 9 groups 19 tombs. Except for the M64 group, there is a Jin Hou and two ladies, the others are all a Jin Hou and a lady. According to textual research, the upper age limit of nine groups of tombs of Jin Hou couples is not earlier than the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and the lower age limit is not later than the early Spring and Autumn Period. The nine generations of Jin Hou in the nine groups of tombs are Hou Xie-Wu Hou Ning-Cheng Hou Fu Ren-Yi Jiu-Situ-Ji (Su)-Muhou Faye Wong-Hou Wen Qiu, and their father and son are in the same strain as recorded in Records of the Jin Family. This understanding has been recognized by most scholars and provided an extremely important basis for the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties dating project.
In Group 9 19, 1 1 was well preserved, and 8 tombs were stolen. Nevertheless, a large number of precious cultural relics have been unearthed, especially those exquisite bronzes and jades, which caused a sensation in academic circles once unearthed. People not only admire its superb artistic value, but also are shocked by its unparalleled historical value.
In terms of types, there are many kinds of bronzes in the cemetery of Jin Hou, including utensils, wine vessels and musical instruments. Judging from the combination and quantity, the bronze ritual vessels in the cemetery of Jin Hou show the characteristics of attaching importance to food and music. For example, almost all Hou tombs in the Jin Dynasty were buried with utensils, gongs, gongs and musical instruments, while almost all Madam tombs were buried with utensils, gongs and gongs, but no gongs and bells. Judging from the bronze inscriptions, the inscriptions in Su Zhong in Jin Dynasty are as long as 355 words, and the shortest one is also 5 words (Wen Ding in Jin Dynasty). These inscriptions record the names or characters of the Jin Dynasty and various calendars that have not been discovered before, and are important materials for studying the lineage of the Jin Dynasty and the astronomical calendar of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Judging from the decorative patterns, the bronze wares in the cemetery of Jin Hou have various shapes, including round ding, Fang Ding, warm ding and so on. Ear tripod, ear tripod, ear tripod; A tripod with legs and feet. Bronze ornamentation is parallel and simple, with three-dimensional intersection and unique style, which fully embodies the superb realm of bronze art in Jin State.
According to the different functions, the jades in the cemetery of Jin Hou can be roughly divided into three categories: sacrificial jade (including Rui jade and sacrificial jade), decorative jade and buried jade. According to the form, it can be divided into geometric form, image form and image form. Ritual jade includes jade ge, jade hairpin, jade bi, jade GUI, jade altar, jade drum and so on. Yuhuan and Yugu, in particular, are the earliest jade articles in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Decorative jade, including all kinds of group jade and other ornamental jade, is the largest and most wonderful jade in the cemetery of the marquis of Jin Dynasty. It has a wide range of novel materials and beautiful and natural shape, which reflects the superb level of jade industry in the Western Zhou Dynasty. For example, a group of M63:4 1 consists of Jade Emperor, Jade Hanging, Tooth Punch, Jade Tube, Material Beads and Agate Tube, with a total of 204 pieces, including 45 Jade Emperors, which are magnificent and extraordinary. The decorative patterns on jade ornaments are exquisitely carved and have different postures, such as double dragon pattern, double bird pattern, and human-dragon combination pattern. This large-scale group decoration is elegant and gorgeous, which provides a solid foundation for understanding the jade system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The decorative jade articles in Xiao Sheng are small and exquisite, and there are many kinds, including people in real life and common animals. Most of them are precise in structure, exquisitely made, lifelike and highly realistic and dynamic. Such as M8: 184 Jade Man, height 9. 1, width 3.3 cm, dark green, long hair, thick eyebrows, big eyes, wide nose, wearing turtle neck, right collar, trapezoidal waist, with leaf-shaped knee pads hanging in front, and diagonal plaid belts around the collar, waist and skirt. Yu Pei, Jade Zan, Jade Grip, Jade Tread, etc. were unearthed from Hou Cemetery in Jin Dynasty. Among them, Yu Pei is the most exquisite, such as M62: 20, * * * is composed of 48 pieces of Yu Pei, and the five senses are composed of 24 pieces of Yu Pei with different shapes and exquisite carvings, especially the tiger-shaped ornaments on the forehead and crouching legs. Looking back, it is quite dynamic and holistic.
Three, Zhao Jin, Taiyuan, Qingling.
1March, 988 to1March, the tomb of Zhao Qing of the State of Jin excavated by Shanxi Institute of Archaeology and Taiyuan Cultural Management Committee in the northwest of Jinsheng Village in the southern suburbs of Taiyuan City is the largest tomb of the nobles of the State of Jin ever discovered. The tomb is a large wooden tomb made of stones and charcoal. It has a vertical hole with a big mouth and a small bottom, which looks like a bucket. The mouth of the tomb is 1 1, 9.2 from north to south, and the bottom of the tomb is 8.8, 6.8 and 14 meters deep. The tomb contains the owner's coffin, four martyrs and various funerary objects. There are many kinds of funerary objects, including bronzes, goldwares, jades, bones, pottery, mussels, etc., totaling more than 3 100. Among them, there are more than 0/690 bronzes/kloc-pieces, which can be divided into eight categories according to their uses: ceremony, music, military, imperial, utensils, ornaments, accessories and ornaments. Bronze sacrificial vessels are the core of funerary objects, with more than 1 10 pieces. There are more than 20 kinds of utensils, such as ding, beans, cans, swords, plates, bird statues, stoves and so on. There are 8 kinds and 27 pieces of tripod alone, which are rich in shape and simple and honest. Bronze musical instrument is a set of 65,438+09 cymbals, which are divided into two groups: dragon cymbals and scattered cymbals. They are tall and luxurious, and the whole set of cymbals can play 38 notes, forming a neat series of six and a half octaves, with beautiful melody and clear melody, which fills a gap in the history of China music. There are more than 500 weapons in Zhao Qing's tomb, including swords, daggers, halberds, cymbals, spears, knives, axes and arrowheads, most of which are as sharp as ever. Except for stone chimes, jade articles are almost all jade articles, mostly in coffins. There are many kinds of jade articles, such as Huang, Yuan, Huan, Yan, Pei, Jun, Gui, Yulong and Yuhu, which are beautifully made and pleasing to the eye.
7.5 meters north of Zhao Qing's tomb, there is a chariot pit, which consists of chariot pit and chariot pit. The plane is square in shape, with an area of about 150 square meters. There are 46 horses in the pit from north to south, and the cars in the pit are arranged in two rows from west to east. * * * There are 16 cars, all of which are practical wooden cars, very imposing. There are as many as seven or eight kinds of cars, which can be divided into square and round according to their shapes, and the round car is the only one in China.
According to the shape of the tomb, the ornamentation of the buried bronzes, the inscription of bronze ge and the fact that the tomb is located near Jinyang ancient city, the owner of the tomb should be the warlord (Zhao Yang) who ruled Jinyang in the late Spring and Autumn Period.
Four, the discovery of other important tombs
In addition to these major discoveries, there are many very important tombs, which cannot be introduced one by one due to space constraints. We can only click here to increase our comprehensive understanding of the archaeology of Jin State. It mainly includes: 1953, 1954 Western Zhou ruins and cemeteries excavated in Fangdui Village, Hongdong, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions with inscriptions found. In the spring and autumn tombs in front of Wanrong Temple excavated in 1958 and 196 1, two bronze Ge of the State of Wu engraved with the words "Prince" were unearthed. Tombs from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasty excavated in Wenxi Guoshang Village and Qiujiazhuang in 1970s and 1980s, among which the six-wheeled bronze chariot of "The Keeper" unearthed in 1989 is a treasure of bronze art .. 1983 unearthed the Spring and Autumn Tomb of Luhe No.7 in Lucheng, with more than 500 funerary objects, including bronzes/kloc-0. Tomb No.7 in Chunqiu County was excavated in 1970s, and more than 500 funerary objects were received. 1987 excavated the Spring and Autumn Cemetery in Chengcun, Linyi, and cleared 52 tombs and 8 chariots and horses pits, and obtained more than 500 funerary objects 1500. 1978 The Spring and Autumn Tomb of Liyu Village in Hunyuan was a national cemetery in the Spring and Autumn Period. 1923 found dozens of bronzes, most of which were exported overseas, and only a few were collected by Shanghai Museum. 1964 The tomb of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty discovered in Zhiyu Village, Yuanping contains a precious Guang Jian, which is a witness to the friendly exchanges between Jin and Wu. Eastern Zhou tombs excavated in the Changzhi Valley in the 1960s, especially M269 and M270, which are juxtaposed east and west, have always been regarded as the standard tombs in the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. 1999, the tomb of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was excavated in Baodian Town, Zhangzi County, with more than 80 funerary objects 180, including only 30 bronze sacrificial vessels and 2 bronze ding 12. This is an important tomb of the State of Jin discovered in Shanxi in recent years.
These major archaeological discoveries cover the historical stages from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the late Warring States Period, and are valuable materials for us to understand and study the history of the State of Jin. It is precisely because of these important discoveries that we have gradually clarified the historical features of the State of Jin.
The bronze jade 13 set and Zhao Qing 3 set exhibited in this exhibition are treasures carefully selected from thousands of unearthed cultural relics in Jin State. After careful watching and savoring, it is not difficult for us to appreciate the vast and splendid scenery of Jin State.