Victor hugo (1802- 1885), a poet, novelist, political activist, lover of psychological inquiry,/kloc-the leader of the positive romantic literary movement in the early 9th century, and an outstanding bourgeois-democratic writer in the history of French literature. The leading thought that runs through his life activities and creation is humanitarianism, opposing violence and controlling "evil" with love. His creative period is more than 60 years, and his works include 26 volumes of poems, 20 volumes of novels, 79 volumes of drama 12 and 2 volumes of philosophical works, adding a splendid cultural heritage to the treasure house of French literature and human culture.
1827, Hugo published the play Cromwell and its preface. Although the script was not performed, the preface was regarded as a declaration of French romanticism and an epoch-making document in the history of literature. He played a great role in promoting the development of French romantic literature.
Victor hugo was born in Besancon, the Swiss capital near France. His grandfather was a carpenter, and his father was an officer in China's army.
Victor hugo, a great French romantic writer.
He was awarded the rank of general by Joseph Bonaparte, the brother of King Napoleon of Spain, and was a close friend of the king. Hugo was gifted as a child and stationed in Spain with his father. He returned to Paris to study at the age of 10, and entered law school after graduating from high school, but his interest was writing. He began to write when he was 9 years old. At the age of 65,438+05, reading is a fragrant steamed pumpkin won the prize in the Poetry Competition of the French Academy. 17 years old, won the first prize of "Hundred Flowers Poetry Competition". At the age of 20, he published a collection of poems, Poetry and Fu. Louis Stanislas Xavier gave him an annuity to celebrate the restoration of Bourbon, and then he wrote many exotic poems. Later, he was disappointed with the Bourbon Dynasty and the July Dynasty and became a pacifist. He also wrote many poetic dramas and plays, which are novels with distinctive characteristics and carried out his thoughts. At the age of 40, he had a malignant heart disease, but he insisted on physical exercise and finally got better. Hugo's life almost spanned the whole19th century, and his literary career lasted for 60 years, with enduring creativity. As an important romantic writer, his novels are touching and have permanent charm for readers.
Victor Hugo
From 65438 to 0830, Hugo's play Onani was staged in the Grand Theatre of the French Academy, which had a great influence and established the leading position of romanticism in French literature.
Victor hugo was born in an officer's family in Besancon on February 26th, 802. He took a keen interest in literature when he was in middle school. His literary activities began with writing for the magazine Literary Conservatives. Due to the influence of family, Hugo's initial poems mostly praised royalism and religion. His first novel, Han? Islam won the admiration of novelist Notir. The connection with Nottier prompted Hugo to turn to romanticism and gradually become the leader of romanticism. 1827 Hugo wrote a long preface for his play Cromwell, which is the famous romantic literary declaration. In the preface, Hugo opposed the classical artistic viewpoint and put forward the romantic literary proposition: insisting on not formulating but expressing the plot concretely. In particular, he preached the principle of comparing truth, goodness and beauty with falsehood, evil and ugliness. This preface occupies an important position in the history of French literary criticism.
Onani tells the story of a robber from Spain, Onani, who rebelled against the king in the16th century. Hugo praised the robber's chivalry and aristocratic temperament, showing a strong anti-feudal tendency. The premiere of Hugo's representative romantic drama Aranyi marked the decisive victory of romanticism over classicism.
1830 In July, the "July Revolution" occurred in France, and the feudal restoration dynasty was overthrown. Hugo enthusiastically praised the revolution, the revolutionaries, and wrote poems to mourn the heroes who died in the street fighting.
Notre Dame de Paris, published in 183 1, is Hugo's most romantic novel. The plot of the novel is bizarre, tense, vivid, unpredictable, dramatic and legendary. Hugo went more to the left in politics, and his masterpiece Notre Dame de Paris was the work of this period. This work established Hugo's reputation as a famous novelist.
After the "July Revolution", France established the "July Dynasty" ruled by the big bourgeoisie headed by the financier Louis Philippe. In the July dynasty, Hugo was constantly being wooed. 184 1 year, Hugo was elected to the French bachelor's college. 1845, Louis Philippe made him a French aristocrat and became a member of the French House of Lords. Hugo's enthusiasm for struggle in creation has weakened. 1843 wrote a mysterious drama "garrison officer", which was booed by the audience and failed. Hugo was silent for nearly 10 years without writing.
1848 In June, the people of Paris held a revolution, overthrew the July Dynasty and established the Republic of China. Hugo didn't understand the revolution at first, but when the big bourgeoisie plotted to destroy the Republic, Hugo became a staunch pacifist. 185 1 65438 In February, louis bonaparte staged a coup, and Hugo participated in the anti-coup uprising organized by * * * and party member. After louis bonaparte came to power, the Second Empire of France was established. He pursued a policy of terror and ruthlessly suppressed the rebels. Hugo was persecuted and had to go into exile. During his exile, he wrote a political satire "Punishment Collection", and each chapter was accompanied by a section of Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's policy agenda, satirizing and comparing the achievements of Napoleon I and the shame of Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte. He also wrote other political satirical pamphlets and satirical poems, attacking Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's dictatorship. During this period, he published the novels Les Miserables, Marine Laborers and Smiling Man.
1870 When the Franco-Prussian War broke out, after France was defeated in Sedan, the Prussian army pushed Paris. At the critical moment of national peril, Hugo returned to the motherland after 19 years in exile. He made speeches everywhere, calling on the French people to rise up against the German aggressors and defend the motherland. He also bought two cannons with the reward of his work and reading poems, which showed his lofty patriotism.
When the Paris Commune revolted, Hugo didn't understand the revolution. However, when the commune failed and the reactionary government frantically suppressed the commune members, Hugo angrily condemned the cruelty of the reactionaries. He called for the pardon of all commune members and announced in the newspaper that his residence in Brussels, Belgium would be used as a refuge for exiled members. To this end, his home was attacked by reactionary thugs, and he almost died, but he still held his ground.
Hugo's life's works cover all fields of literature. Critics believe that his creative ideas are closest to modern ideas. After his death, France mourned and was buried in the Pantheon, where commemorative cards of French celebrities gathered.
Victor Hugo
Hugo's most legendary romantic story in France is that he met the 26-year-old actress Juliet Derouet at the age of 30 and fell in love with her. Whether together or apart, Juliet Derouet wrote love letters to Hugo almost every day until Juliet Derouet died at the age of 75. In the past 50 years, she has written nearly 20,000 letters without interruption. The leading idea that runs through Hugo's life activities and creation is humanitarianism-opposing violence and controlling "evil" with love.
Hugo was the leader of the positive romantic literary movement in the early19th century, an outstanding bourgeois democratic writer in the history of French literature, and experienced almost all the major events in France in the19th century. He wrote many poems, novels, plays, various essays, literary comments and political articles in his life, and was an influential figure in France.
Hugo's creative history is more than 60 years, and his works include 26 volumes of poems, 20 volumes of novels, 79 volumes of plays 12 and 2 volumes of philosophical papers1,which adds a brilliant cultural heritage to the treasure house of French literature and human culture. Representative works include: the novel Notre Dame de Paris (that is, the hunchback of Notre Dame de Paris), Les Miserables, Marine Labors, Smiling Man 1993, poetry collection Light and Shadow, Letter to Captain Butler on the British-French Allied Expedition to China (Lesson 4, Volume 1, eighth grade Chinese textbook of People's Education Publishing House). Shanghai Nine-year Compulsory Education Textbook, Grade 6, Volume 2, Lesson 10. Hubei education publishing house, volume 2, grade 6, lesson 2 1. Lesson 20, Volume II, Grade Five, Hebei Education Edition. Speech commemorating the centenary of Voltaire's death (selected from the sixth lesson of the first volume of the ninth grade of People's Education Publishing House)
Hugo worshipped chateaubriand, an early French romantic writer, since he was a child. 1827 Cromwell and: Preface, a poetic script known as the manifesto of the French romantic drama movement, is an extremely important literary work of Hugo. 1830, he wrote the first romantic drama "Onani" according to the theory in the preface, and its performance marked the victory of romanticism over classicism.
Hugo's masterpiece Les Miserables exposes the sharp contradiction and disparity between the rich and the poor in capitalist society, describes the painful fate of the lower class, and puts forward three urgent problems in society at that time: "Poverty makes men poor, hunger makes women degenerate, and darkness makes children weak." It lashed out at the hypocrisy of bourgeois laws. It fully reflects the social and political life of France in the first half of the19th century.
Zhu Ziqing (1898.11.22—1948.8.12), formerly known as Huazi and Qiushi, was renamed as Ziqing, with a string; Originally from Shaoxing, Zhejiang, I was born in Donghai, Jiangsu and grew up in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, so I call myself "I am from Yangzhou". Modern famous essayist, poet, scholar and democratic fighter. His prose is simple and meticulous, clear and gloomy, with refined language, beautiful writing and full of true feelings. With its unique artistic style, Zhu Ziqing added brilliant colors to China's modern prose, created a prose system and style with China's national characteristics, and established a brand-new aesthetic feature of China's modern prose. His main works include Snow Dynasty, Trail, Back, Spring, Miscellaneous Notes on European Travel, You and Me, Examples of Intensive Reading Guidance, Examples of Skimming Guidance, Chinese Teaching, Poetry, Miscellaneous Words of New Poetry, Standards and Measurement, etc.
Jiang Yang, Mrs. Qian Zhongshu, whose real name is Yang Jikang, was born in191and graduated from Soochow University in Suzhou 1932. 1935—— 1938 Studying in Britain and France. After returning to China, she taught in Shanghai Aurora Women's College of Arts and Sciences and Tsinghua University. After 1949, he worked in the Institute of Literature and the Institute of Foreign Literature of China Academy of Social Sciences. Ms Jiang Yang is a famous writer, translator and foreign literature researcher. Her main literary works include Bathing, Six Chapters of Cadre School and Don Quixote. In 2003, she published The Three of us, recalling the life of a family of three for decades. At the age of 96, she became a book and came to the edge of life.
Yu is a scholar, writer and essayist of contemporary cultural history in China, a famous contemporary art theorist in China, and the richest man in the first rich list of Chinese writers in 2006. 1968, graduated from drama literature department of Shanghai Theatre Academy. 20 10 was awarded the honorary doctorate of literature by Macao University of Science and Technology. He is currently the Dean of the School of Humanities and Arts of Macau University of Science and Technology. Chairman of Huangdi Culture International Forum, part-time honorary professor of qujing normal University, part-time professor of Sias International College of Zhengzhou University, dean and professor of Shanghai Theatre Academy, vice chairman of Shanghai Theatre Association, honorary chairman of 99 Reading Club. 1962 began to publish works. He is the author of a series of essays, such as Cultural Journey, Notes on Mountain Living, first frost River, A Millennium Sigh, Traveler Boundless, Touching the Earth, Searching for China, What is Culture, etc. General History of Culture, Inquiries about, Long Memory Literature, Lend me a life, I can't wait, etc. And an academic monograph Drama. He has published many historical monographs at home and abroad, and has been awarded honorary titles such as "National Outstanding Contribution Expert" (awarded 1987) and "Top Ten Higher Education Elites in Shanghai". Among them, Letter Guest was selected as the Chinese textbook of the first volume of the second day of the People's Education Press, and Dujiangyan was selected as the Chinese textbook of Modern Poetry and Prose Appreciation in the senior high school of the People's Education Press. 20 10 became the dean of the School of Humanities and Arts of Macau University of Science and Technology, and his name was included in Cambridge, England and Who's Who in the World.
Mao Yisheng was born in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu. Civil engineer, bridge expert, engineering educator, academician of China Academy of Sciences, academician of American Academy of Engineering and academician of Academia Sinica. In 1930s, he presided over the design and organized the construction of Qiantang River Highway-Railway Bridge, which became a milestone in the history of railway bridges in China and made outstanding contributions to bridge construction in China. He presided over china academy of railway sciences for more than 30 years and made outstanding contributions to the progress of railway science and technology. A pioneer who actively advocates the application of soil mechanics in engineering. A well-known alumnus and old president of Tangshan Jiaotong University, he used to be the president of Beiyang University, the director of the engineering department of Nanjing University, and the director of the Bridge Design Engineering Department of the Ministry of Communications of the National Government. He is the main founder of china civil engineering society, and served as the first three directors, and the fourth and fifth honorary directors.
Mao Yisheng once presided over the construction of the first modern large-scale bridge designed and built by China people themselves-Qiantang River Bridge; After the founding of New China, he participated in the design of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge. In his later years, he wrote The History of Chinese Bridges, including the ancient bridges and new bridges in China.
Wu Guanzhong (19 19 ~ 20 10 June 25th), a native of Yixing, Jiangsu province, is a famous contemporary painter, a master of China painting, one of the founders of China Liu Painting School, an outstanding China painter, oil painter and art educator. Committed to the exploration of nationalization of oil painting and modernization of Chinese painting, it has formed distinctive artistic characteristics.
65438-0942 graduated from Hangzhou Institute of Ethnic Arts and once taught in the Department of Architecture of National Chongqing University; 1946 was admitted to the Ministry of Education to study abroad at public expense, 1947 was admitted to the National Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, and/kloc-0 returned to China in the autumn of 950. He has taught in Central Academy of Fine Arts, Tsinghua University, Beijing Academy of Art and Central Academy of Arts and Crafts.
20 10 At 23: 57 on June 25th, Mr. Wu Guanzhong died in Beijing Hospital at the age of 9 1.
As a thoughtful artist, he is diligent in writing, with unique arguments and vivid and fluent writing. Among them, the views of abstract beauty, formal beauty, form determines content, and life and art should be like kites have caused controversy in the art world. Wu Guanzhong (19 19 to 20 10) was born in Yixing, Jiangsu Province, and was a famous contemporary painter. Wu Guanzhong is a representative painter of modern painting in China in the 20th century. He devoted himself to the exploration of nationalization of oil painting and modernization of Chinese painting, and formed distinctive artistic characteristics. Representative oil paintings include Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, Scenery of the Northland, Birds of Paradise, Yellow Mountain Pine, and Lu Xun's Hometown. Literary masterpieces include stone statues of ancient heroes and so on.
Ye Shengtao (1894- 1988), formerly known as Ye, is a famous writer, educator, editor, literary publisher and social activist. After liberation, Ye Shengtao served as deputy director of the General Administration of Publishing, president of People's Education Publishing House and vice minister of education. He is also the vice-chairman of the Sixth China People's Political Consultative Conference, a member of the Fifth the NPC Standing Committee, a member of the Standing Committee of the Fifth China People's Political Consultative Conference, and the chairman of the Central Committee for Democratic Progressive Party. Ye Shengtao died in Beijing on February 1988 at the age of 94. He created China's first collection of fairy tales, The Scarecrow (1923) and the first novel, Ni Huanzhi (1929) in the history of modern literature in China. His other works include: The Separation (1922), Fire (1923), Offline (1925), In the City (1926) and Never Tired. He has edited or compiled many important literature and Chinese education publications and dozens of Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools, such as Poetry Magazine, Literature Weekly, Novel Monthly, Literature for Middle School Students, and Chinese Discovery, and has trained and recommended a number of young authors, such as Ba Jin, Ding Ling and Dai Wangshu. 1980 Education Science Press published Ye Shengtao's Essays on Education in China.
Tao Yuanming (about 365-427), with a distinctive personality, is known as Mr. Wu Liu, a poet, writer, lyricist and essayist at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty. Han nationality, a native of Chaisang, Xunyang, Eastern Jin Dynasty (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi). I worked as a junior official for several years, then resigned and went home, and lived in seclusion from then on. Rural life is the theme of Tao Yuanming's poems, and his related works include Drinking, Returning to the Garden, The Story of Peach Blossom Garden, Biography of Mr. Wuliu, and Returning to Xi Ci.
Liu Yuxi (772-842), Han nationality, was born in Pengcheng (now Xuzhou) in China in the Tang Dynasty. His ancestral home was Luoyang, a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. He claimed to be a descendant of the King of Mountain Scenery in Hanzhong. He used to be a censor and a member of the Wang Reform School. A famous poet in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, he is known as the "great poet". His family is a scholarly family handed down from generation to generation by Confucianism. Advocating political innovation is one of the core figures of the Wang school's political innovation activities. Later, Yongzhen failed in innovation and was demoted to Sima Langzhou (now Changde, Hunan). According to the textual research of Mr. Zhou, a historian and collector in Changde, Hunan Province, Liu Yuxi was demoted to Sima Langzhou, during which he wrote the famous "Han Shou Chun Wang".
There are three kinds of existing ancient books in Liu Yuxi's collection: ① Dong's engraving (1 138) in the eighth year of Song Shaoxing, a small seal script, which Xu Hongbao has photocopied. In the 13th year of Xichun (1 186), Luyou was re-engraved according to the Eastern edition, which was called "the reduced edition". Block printing, which has been popular since Ming and Qing Dynasties, basically belongs to this system. (2) The Collected Works of Liu Mengde, an engraving of the Song Dynasty in Chonglan Museum, Fukui, Ping 'an, Japan, is a large-character version of Shu, which is now a photocopy of Dong Kang and a condensed version of the Commercial Press. ③ Collected Works of Liu Mengde (Volume 1-4), and Jian 'anfang Block Edition in Beijing Library. Jin Mao, Hui Dong, He Chao, Feng Hao, Huang Pilie and others in the Ming and Qing Dynasties preliminarily sorted out Liu Yuxi's books, but most of them were manuscripts, which were not widely circulated. The existing editions of Liu Yuxi's collected works are: Four Editions, Liu Mengde's Collected Works, Four Notes, Liu Binke's Collected Works, Collection Integration and Liu Binke's Collected Works. There is also the proofreading of Liu Yuxi's collected works. Liu Yuxi's life story can be found in the old and new biographies of Tang Dynasty, and Jia (called Jia) compiled by Tang Dynasty records Liu Yuxi's conversation about creation and learning in his later years, which is quite informative. The Chronicle of Liu Yuxi written by Bian, a modern man, has done a lot of textual research on Liu Yuxi's life and various historical materials. "Humble Room Ming" was selected as the first volume of the eighth grade of People's Education Press, and the 22 nd lesson of "Humble Room Ming" was the next semester of the seventh grade of the nine-year compulsory education textbook in Shanghai 12.
Zhou Dunyi was born in Loutianbao, Yinglu, Song Dynasty (now Daoxian County, Hunan Province), a famous philosopher in the Northern Song Dynasty and recognized as the originator of Neo-Confucianism in academic circles. "Under the Han Dynasty, Confucianism went from bad to worse. For more than a thousand years, in the middle of the Song Dynasty, Zhou Dunyi, who was born in the mausoleum, learned from the sages what he had never passed on, and wrote Tai Chi Tu Shuo and Tong Shu, explaining the principles of Yin and Yang and the five elements. He knew everything. " The Biography of the History of the Song Dynasty and Daoism put the Neo-Confucianism founded by Zhou Zi in a very high position.
Li Daoyuan (about 470-527) is good at writing. Han nationality, Fanyang Zhuozhou (now Zhuozhou, Hebei Province). Northern Wei geographer and essayist. My career was bumpy, but I didn't do my best. He has read many rare books. When I was young, I went to Shandong with my father to seek waterways. Later, he traveled the Qinling Mountains, north of Huaihe River and south of the Great Wall, inspected rivers and ditches, collected relevant customs, historical stories and myths and legends, and wrote 40 volumes of notes about water mirrors. The writing style is meaningful and vivid, which is not only a colorful geographical work, but also a collection of beautiful landscape prose. It can be regarded as the pioneering work of China's tourism literature, which has a great influence on the development of later tourism prose. In addition 13 local chronicles and 7 appointments have been lost.
Su Shi (1037-1101) was a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zi yue Zhan, no Dongpo lay man. Han nationality, Sichuanese, was buried in Yingchang (now Jiaxian County, Pingdingshan City, Henan Province). I have a bumpy career, profound knowledge, extremely high talent and excellent poetry, calligraphy and painting. His writing style, Wang Yang, is unrestrained and fluent, and he is also called Ou Su with Ouyang Xiu, one of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties"; Poetry is fresh and vigorous, making good use of exaggeration and metaphor, and its artistic expression is unique. Together with Huang Tingjian, they are called Su Huang. The uninhibited school has a great influence on later generations, and it is called Su Xin with Xin Qiji. Calligraphy is good at running script and regular script, and it can be innovative. Writing with a pen is ups and downs, full of childlike interest. And Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are also called Song Sijia. Painting is the same as literature. In painting, we advocate spirit likeness and "literati painting". He is the author of The Complete Works of Su Dongpo and Dongpo Yuefu.
Wang Wei (70 1-76 1, 699-76 1), a native of Zhou Pu, Hedong (now Yuncheng, Shanxi), was a poet in the Tang Dynasty and was called "Shi Fo". Su Shi commented: "Poetry is full of paintings; Look at the picture, there are poems in the picture. " In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (72 1), he was a scholar and was appointed as Tai Lecheng. Wang Wei is a representative of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Today, there are more than 400 poems, including Acacia and Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains. Wang Wei is proficient in Buddhism and is greatly influenced by Zen. Buddhism has a Vimalakīrti Jing, which is the origin of Wang Wei's name and ci. Wang Wei's poems, paintings and calligraphy are very famous, very versatile and proficient in music. Together with Meng Haoran, they are called "Wang Meng".
Li Bai (70 1-762), Han nationality, Taibai, a romantic poet in Tang Dynasty, was praised as a "poetic immortal" by later generations. A native of Ji Cheng, Longxi (now Qin 'an County, Gansu Province), Mianzhou, Jiannan Road (now Qinglian Township, jiangyou city, Mianyang, Sichuan). First, he was born in Broken Leaf City (now tokmak, Kyrgyzstan) in the Western Regions. At the age of 4, he moved with his father to Changlong County, Mianzhou (Brazil County), Jiannan Province (renamed as Changming County in 7 12). Li Bai's father's name is Li Ke, Li's two sons (Boqin, naturally) and a daughter (Pingyang). There are more than 0/000 poems in the world, such as Shu Dao Nan, Into the Wine and Li Taibai Ji. He died in Dangtu in 762 at the age of 6 1. Its tomb is in Dangtu, Anhui, and there are memorial halls in Jiangyou, Sichuan and Anlu, Hubei.
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