The first part of a cell
Chapter I Structure and Function of Plant Cells
Cell (plasma) membrane and cell wall of 1 segment
I. Cell (plasma) membrane
Second, the cell wall
Cytoplasm and organelles in the second quarter
I. Cytoplasmic matrix
Second, mitochondria
Third, plastids
Four. endoplasmic reticulum
Five, Golgi apparatus
Six, vacuole system
Seven, ribosomes
Eight, cytoskeleton
Section 3 nucleus
The content after the fourth quarter
I. Stored nutrients
Second, crystal.
Three. Plant secondary substances
Section 5 Cell Ask Lian Si
I. ultrastructure of plasmodesmata
Second, the secondary changes and the formation of plasmodesmata
Thirdly, the permeability of plasmodesmata.
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Chapter II Cell Metabolism
Section 1 Cells and Energy
I. energy conservation and intracellular energy conversion
Second, redox reaction-energy flow in cells
Third, enzymes.
Four. Bioenergy and ATP
Cell respiration in the second quarter
First, glycolysis
Second, aerobic pathway.
Third, anaerobic pathway.
Section 3 Material Transfer inside and outside Cells
First, water enters and exits the cell.
Second, matter enters and exits cells.
The fourth part: the relationship between various metabolic pathways in cells.
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Chapter III Cell Division, Cell Differentiation and Cell Death
Section 1 Cell division
I. Cell cycle
Second, mitosis.
Third, amitosis
Cell differentiation in the second quarter
I. Cell Differentiation and Its Essence
Second, the factors that affect cell differentiation.
Third, dedifferentiation.
Section 3 Cell Death
I. Programmed death of plant cells
Second, biological significance of programmed cell death
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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The second part is the development structure and physiological function of plants.
Chapter IV Factory Organization
Section 1 meristem
Section 2 parenchyma
The third quarter mechanical organization
First of all, thick horn tissue
Second, thick-walled tissue
Section 4 Protection Organizations
First, the epidermis
Second, Zhou Pi
Section 5 Transportation Organization
I. Tubular molecules
Second, screening molecules.
Section 6 Secretory tissue
I. Exocrine structure
Second, endocrine structure.
Section 7 the occurrence and evolution of organizations
Chapter V Structure, Development and Physiological Functions of Roots
The shape of the first root
Development and structure of the second root
1. Root tip structure and growth dynamics
Second, the primary structure of roots
Third, the branching of roots.
Fourthly, the secondary growth of roots and the formation of secondary structures.
V. Root growth and formation of tertiary structure
Section III Absorption of Water and Mineral Elements by Roots
First, the absorption of water by roots
Second, the absorption of mineral elements by roots.
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Chapter VI Structure, Development and Physiological Functions of Leaves
The shape of the first leaf
The genesis and structure of the second node leaf
First, the occurrence of leaves
Second, the structure of leaves.
Section III Photosynthesis
First, photosynthetic pigments
Second, the process and mechanism of photosynthesis
Third, the factors affecting photosynthesis
Section 4 Transpiration
I. Stomatal movement and transpiration
Second, the influence of environmental conditions on transpiration.
The adaptation of the fifth node leaf to different ecological conditions
I. C4 plants
Second, CAM factory.
Third, xerophytes and aquatic plants.
Fourth, plants in the sun and plants in the shade.
Senescence and shedding of the sixth leaf
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Chapter VII Development, Structure and Physiological Function of Stem
Morphology of the first stem
The development and structure of the second section stem
1. Structure and growth dynamics of shoot tips
Second, the primary structure of the stem
Thirdly, the secondary growth of stem and the formation of secondary structure.
Fourthly, the diversity of stem thickening growth mode.
Section 3 Transportation of Water and Solute in Plants
I. transport of water and inorganic salts in plants
Second, assimilate transportation.
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Chapter VIII Plant Propagation
Section 1 Types of Plant Propagation
Section 2 flower shape
First of all, the general form of flowers
Second, inflorescence
The occurrence and evolution of flowers in the third quarter
First, the occurrence of flowers
Second, the evolution of flowers.
The fourth quarter flower formation adjustment
First, low temperature and flower formation
Second, photoperiod and flower formation.
Section 5 Stamen development and pollen grain formation
I. Development of anthers
Second, the appearance of mononuclear pollen grains.
Thirdly, the development and maturation of pollen grains.
Fourthly, the structure of mature pollen grains.
Five, pollen abortion and male sterility
Section 6 development of pistil and formation of embryo sac
I. ovule development
2. Development of embryo sac
Third, the structure and function of mature embryo sac
Section 7 Flowering, Pollination and Fertilization
First, flowering
Second, pollination
Third, fertilization.
Four. Apomixis and polyembryony
Section 8 Development and Structure of Seeds
I. Development of seeds
Second, the structure and species of seeds
Section 9 Development and Basic Types of Fruits
First, the development of fruits.
Second, the basic types of fruits
Section 10 The life cycle of angiosperms
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Chapter 9 the interrelation and correlation between organs
Section 1 homology of organogenesis
The unity and connection of organ structure in the second quarter
Section 3 Sacredness and Relevance of Organ Life Activities
1. Circulating flow, processing, transformation and utilization of metabolites in the body
Second, information transmission between organs.
Third, the correlation of organ growth.
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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The third part is the regulation of plant growth and development.
Chapter 10 Regulation of Plant Hormones on Growth and Development
Section 1 Brief Introduction of Physiological Functions of Plant Hormones
Section 2 Hormone Regulation of Seed Germination
First, break seed dormancy and promote germination.
Secondly, gibberellin induces the formation of hydrolase.
Three. Cell division, elongation and expansion
Section 3 Hormone Regulation of Plant Vegetative Growth
First, the elongation of the stem
Second, the top advantage
Thirdly, the differentiation of vascular tissue.
Fourth, the differentiation of roots and buds
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Effect of ethylene on growth
Section 4 Hormone Regulation of Plant Reproductive Growth
First, the relationship between plant hormones and flowering
Second, the role of plant hormones in gender differentiation
Thirdly, the regulation of ethylene on fruit ripening.
Section 5 Aging and Hormone Regulation
Section VI Molecular Mechanism of Hormone Action
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Chapter II XI Regulation of Environmental Factors on Plant Growth and Development
Section 1 Influence of Environmental Conditions on Seed Germination
Section 2 Establishment of Photomorphology
Effects of Temperature, Humidity, Air and Mechanical Stimulation on Growth
I. Temperature
Second, moisture.
Third, air.
Fourth, mechanical stimulation.
Section 4 Periodicity of Plant Growth
First, the diurnal periodicity of growth
Second, the seasonal periodicity of growth.
Third, the biological clock
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Chapter XII Movement of Plants
Section 1 organ movement
First of all, sexual movement
Second, nose movement.
Third, sunshine tracking.
Fourth, automatic movement.
Section 2 Intracellular Movement
I. Cytoplasmic flow
Second, the movement of organelles.
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Part IV Plant Diversity
Chapter 13 Prokaryotes
Section 1 Cyanophyta
I. Introduction
Second, the diversity of cyanobacteria.
Third, the ecological distribution and value of cyanobacteria
Section 2 protochlorophyta
Section III Bacterial phylum
I. Introduction
Second, the diversity, ecological function and value of bacteria
Section 4 archaea
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Chapter 14 Eukaryotic Algae
Section 1 Introduction of Important Eukaryotic Algae
I. Chlorophyta
Two. Charophyta plants
Third, diatoms.
Fourth, Rhodophyta.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) brown algae
Section II Eukaryotic Algae Ecology
Function and economic significance
First, the ecological function.
Second, economic value.
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Chapter 15 Diversity of Higher Plants
Section 1 Bryophytes
I. liverworts
Second, Ceratophyllum
Third, bryophytes
Section 2 Pteridophytes
First of all, pteridosubfamily
Second, lycopodium
Three. quillwort
Fourth, the wedge-shaped sub-door
V. Eupterinae
Section III Seed Plants
gymnosperm
Second, angiosperms
Section IV Ecological Functions and Economic Significance of Higher Plants
First, the role in nature.
Second, economic significance.
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Chapter 16 Introduction of Angiosperm Groups
Section 1 Basic knowledge of plant classification
A, plant classification level
Second, the naming of plants.
Third, the process of taxonomic research.
Fourth, research methods.
Section II Introduction of Angiosperm Groups
First, primitive dicotyledonous plants
Second, real dicotyledonous plants.
Third, monocotyledonous plants
Key points and important concepts in this chapter
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Chapter 17 The Origin of Life and the Evolution of Plant Diversity
The origin of life and the production of prokaryotes
Section II Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotic Algae
The occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes and bryophytes in the third quarter
……
Part V Plants and Environment
refer to
Chinese noun index
Index of English nouns