Population density: 8 persons/km2
Barkam Town, where the county seat is located, is the resident of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture and the political, cultural, financial and information center of the whole state.
Located in the northwest of Sichuan Province, China. Malcolm Town, the county seat, is the transportation and trade center of northwest Sichuan. It covers an area of 6,632.7 square kilometers, 1.990, and has a population of 56,200. It is a Tibetan-inhabited area. "Marcand" means a place full of flames in Tibetan.
It used to be the jurisdiction of Jiao Mo, Zhuokeji, Songgang and Danba. 1953 set up Marcand office, 1955 set up Marcand county, 1958 moved the state organs of the autonomous prefecture here, becoming the seat of the people's government of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture.
It is an alpine valley on the southern edge of the northwest Sichuan Plateau, with mountain plains accounting for about 65% and mountain canyons accounting for about 35%. Climate characteristics: cool in summer and cold in winter, with four distinct seasons, with an average annual precipitation of 753mm and an average annual temperature of 8.6℃. Mainly agriculture and forestry.
Industries include agricultural machinery, pharmaceuticals, food, printing, matches, electricity and wood processing. The production of ethnic products mainly includes more than 80 ethnic costumes, leather products, Tibetan furniture, ethnic jewelry and hardware products. Agriculture mainly produces highland barley, wheat and so on.
Forestry specialties include spruce fir, birch, Tricholoma matsutake (green mushroom) and precious Chinese medicine Fritillaria, Cordyceps, etc. The local product is the skin of cattle and sheep. Zhuokeji Tusi Guanzhai was listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit by China.
administrative division
In 2000, Marcand County governed 65,438+0 towns and 65,438+03 townships: Barkam Town, Zhuokeji Township, Mosuo Township, Songgang Township, Bai Wan Township, Danba Township, Muerzong Township, Jiaomuzu Township, Shaerzong Township, Dacang Township, Longer Township, Caodeng Township, Kangshan Township and Nibo Township. According to the data of the fifth census, the total population of the county is 55046. Population of each township (person): 25337 Zhuokeji Township, Barkam Town 128 1 5 Mosuo Township 25 15 Songgang Township 2282 Bai Wan Township 28 15 Dangba Township 2733 Muerzong Township13/kloc-0. Dazang Township 1 109 Kangshan Township 17 18 Caodeng Township 3 194 Ribu Township 3016 [font color = # f7F7] [/font]
In 2004, Marcand County administered three towns (Marcand, Zhuokeji and Songgang) and 1 1 township (Mosuo, Bai Wan, Danba, Murzong, Jiaomu Zuzu, Shaerzong, Longerjia, Okura, Kangshan, Caodeng and Nibu).
geography
Located in the middle of the autonomous prefecture. It is connected to Hongyuan and Lixian in the east, Jinchuan and Xiaojin in the south, Tanggu in the west and Hongyuan and Aba in the north. Geographical coordinates, latitude 30 35' ~ 32 24', longitude1017' ~10241'. East-west length 134 km, north-south width of 90 km, covering an area of 6632.73 square kilometers. Located in the northwest of Sichuan Basin, in the east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in the north of Qionglai Mountains, it belongs to plateau canyon area.
The terrain is irregular and rectangular, and the terrain gradually decreases from northeast to southwest. Located at the intersection of Longmenshan in the northeast, Xianshuihe fault zone in the northwest and Songpan block. The geological structure is complex, and the strata are mostly Triassic sandstone, slate and metamorphic rocks. The highest peak in the territory is about 5000 meters above sea level, and the lowest valley is about 2300 meters above sea level.
The mountains are continuous and the valleys are steep. Mosuo River enters from the east of the county seat and joins Jiaomuzu River, with a total length of 9 1 km. Chabao River originates from Daqingping in the north of Suohemo Township, and flows into Jiaomuzu River in Longtou Pavilion from east to west, with a total length of 67 kilometers. Jiaomuzu River (Malqu River and Caodeng River) originated in banma county, Qinghai Province, and entered the northwest from Aba County. After Kerin joins the Duke River, it enters Jinchuan County via Dangba, with a total length of124km.
The region belongs to the plateau continental monsoon climate, and its main climatic characteristics are: obvious dry season and rainy season, unclear four seasons, no summer in most areas, abundant sunshine, large temperature difference and frequent windy days in dry season. The annual average temperature is 8 ~ 9℃, the annual rainfall is about 753 mm, the sunshine reaches more than 1500 hours, and the absolute frost-free period is about 120 days. The soil mainly includes mountain gray cinnamon soil, mountain brown soil, mountain brown soil, mountain brown cinnamon soil and mountain meadow soil.
develop
In ancient times, it was the land of Ranlong. Qin is under the jurisdiction of side roads. Wenshan County, Han Li. Tang and Song Dynasties belonged to 32 states. Ethan Tubo Xuanwei Department. Yongle period of Ming Dynasty belonged to Zagu appeasement department. Qingganlong belongs to Lifan Zhili Hall and Jiaqing belongs to Zagu Zhili Hall. The Republic of China belongs to Lifan County.
1950 65438+February, Maoxian Department sent a working group to go deep into Situ District (Marcand County was originally a part of Mosuo Tusi Territory, and it was called "Silu District" under the jurisdiction of Zhuokeji, Songgang and Damba Tusi Territories) to set up temporary working committees in Situ and Chuojia areas. 1951August, Sidu District declared peaceful liberation, and in September, the temporary military and political committee of Situ Abachuska was established.
In April, 1953, with the approval of the State Council, Xizang Autonomous Region was established. 1956 in April, the State Council approved the formal establishment of Marcand county. By the end of 1990, there were 230 villagers' groups in 1 town, 13 township and 104 village. County People's Government in Malcolm Town. Malcolm Town is also the residence of the state people's government, 395 kilometers away from Chengdu, the provincial capital.
Origin of the county name: It was named after the temple of Marcand. It means "full of flames" and extended to "land of prosperity".
Population:165438+58049 at the end of 990. Among them, there are 2269 urban residents1person and 35358 rural residents, and the birth rate is 15. 1 1%. The natural growth rate is 8. 12%. .
Ethnic group: The county is inhabited by Tibetans, mainly Jiarong Tibetans. Jia Rong is the abbreviation of "Gamo Charong Varong", which means residents living in the valley with mild climate around Gamo Mordo Mountain. Of the total population, Tibetans account for 63%, Han nationality accounts for 34%, and other nationalities account for 3%.
economy
The area is rich in natural resources. The alpine valleys are densely forested, with a forest area of 1.68 million hectares and a standing stock of 643,000 cubic meters. The main tree species are fir, spruce, larch, birch and alpine oak. Alpine forest is the home of leopard, white-lipped deer, sika deer, pronghorn and other national protected animals as well as national rare birds.
There are swift rivers, numerous lakes and abundant water resources in the territory. The four rivers are rich in water and contain huge hydropower. The theoretical reserve of river water energy in the county is more than 2.4 million kilowatts, and the exploitable amount is more than 700,000 kilowatts.
Alpine grassland rich in aquatic plants accounts for 15.8% of the county's total area, which is a natural grassland suitable for animal husbandry production. Before liberation, mixed grazing, livestock species degradation and epidemic disease greatly restricted the development of animal husbandry production. After liberation, animal husbandry production developed rapidly by strengthening grassland construction, introducing excellent livestock breeds, establishing veterinary outlets and popularizing science and technology. By the end of 1990, there were 46,000 livestock and 5,689 cattle and sheep, and the commodity value was 28 1 10,000 yuan.
Cultivated land is 76 149 mu, mainly distributed in river valleys and alpine areas. Produce wheat, cowpea, highland barley, corn, potato and so on. Before liberation, in the feudal serfdom society, the production of agriculture and animal husbandry was backward and the productivity was low, and there were many kinds of opium on the land. The land originally planted with a small amount of grain has also been planted and harvested on a large scale, with an yield of only about 50 kilograms per mu, which is a serious food shortage. After liberation, through democratic reform, the feudal serfdom was overthrown, the productive forces were liberated, agricultural science and technology were popularized, production conditions were improved, and the development of agricultural production was promoted. By the end of 1990, 5 canals had been rehabilitated, with an irrigation area of 1330 mu, and 3/kloc-0 drinking water projects had been completed. Solved the drinking water problem of farmers and herdsmen. The county has 687 tractors, agricultural vehicles and bulldozers 194, and 2537 supporting agricultural tools. The grain output has been greatly improved. 1990 grain yield per mu 199, the total output reached 147 18700 kg, which was more than 4.2 times higher than the 3.5 million kg at the beginning of liberation. The rural population has 457 grain offices, with a per capita net income of 599 yuan. Economic trees have developed rapidly, with 280,000 apples, 654,000 peppers, 49,000 walnuts and 22,700 Sydney. The fruit output reached 1222.95 tons, and the output of dried fruits such as walnuts reached 105 tons.
society
Before liberation, there were few craftsmen in China, and the industry was almost zero. After liberation, industry developed gradually from scratch, and industrial enterprises such as food, matches, sewing, electric power, forestry, mining, chemistry, building materials, wood processing, printing and leather were established. And produce various products, such as lithium alloy concentrate, placer gold, matches, furniture and civil goods. There are 25 state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises 1 1, and 7 township enterprises, with a total industrial output value of 10728 1 10,000 yuan, of which the total output value of township enterprises is 2.63 million yuan.
Before liberation, the traffic was blocked, there was no one-inch highway, and only the narrow path hovering in the mountains was connected with the outside world. Rugged mountain roads have seriously hindered social and economic development. After liberation, the expressway was built and the traffic conditions were greatly improved. Brush (temple) furnace (Huo) highway runs through the east and west, which is the main traffic artery in China; Zhuo (Ke) Xiao (Jin) Expressway is connected with Xiaojin County in the southeast. The forest roads built by Marcand Forestry Bureau, Longerjia Forestry Bureau and Rangtang Forestry Bureau connect the traffic in the western and northern regions, and the tractor-ploughed roads built in rural areas are connected with highway trunk lines, basically forming a traffic network. By the end of 1990, there were 20 Grade IV highways, 27 simple highways and 7 forest highways in the county, with a mileage of 672.83 kilometers. Chengdu, the provincial capital, is only a day's drive away. There are direct buses to all counties in the state. The freight turnover is 60.78 ton-km, and the passenger turnover is 6 14.53 person-km.
Before liberation, there were no posts and telecommunications in China. Toastmasters and chiefs contacted the outside world and delivered letters on foot by manpower. After liberation, the post and telecommunications industry developed rapidly. By the end of 1990, 9 post and telecommunications sub-offices had been built, with 3 post and telecommunications outlets and 439 kilometers of postal routes, and all villages in the county had postal services; 2 sets of medium-distance carrier three-way equipment, 4 telephone exchanges, telephone exchange capacity 1 10, rural telephone business157,000 yuan, telephone hub line 187 km; The capacity of local telephone exchange is 2000; 1458 user; Carrier telephone circuit, long-distance telephone and direct dial telephone have been opened, which can make calls with all parts of the country and also with foreign countries. Formed a post and telecommunications network with Quanzhou equipment hub as the radiation center and Wenchuan as the auxiliary center.
Around the twenty-seventh year of the Republic of China (1938), opium poppy was planted in the original place and its vicinity, and opium production increased year after year. In Marcand, an opium distribution center of Zagunao, Daxie Jinchuan and Chusijia was formed. Large and small traders in Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan exchange guns and ammunition, grain and oil, tea, cloth and daily necessities. Before liberation, Marcand became a distribution center for abnormal economic development. After liberation, the people's government banned opium production and the national commercial trade developed healthily; 195 1 year, trade shops were established and local businesses developed rapidly. Commercial and supply and marketing outlets spread all over urban and rural areas, which greatly facilitated the needs of people of all ethnic groups in production and life and promoted the development of urban and rural economy. 1990 domestic pure acquisition reached 1599600 yuan, of which the purchase amount of agricultural and sideline products reached 57400 yuan. Domestic net sales reached 10593800 yuan, and retail sales of social goods reached 43.67 million yuan.
Before liberation, the county's economy was very backward, and it developed rapidly after liberation. The fiscal revenue of 1954 was only 23,000 yuan, and it reached 4.32 million yuan in 1990, which was 87.8 times that of/kloc-0.
China's beautiful natural landscape and religious sites are precious tourism resources. Baoyan hot pool in Caodeng Township has moderate water temperature and contains many minerals, which has a good curative effect on dermatosis and arthritis. Bai Nuo Zap in Zhuokeji Township is a natural cave of Bayo Bai Nuo Zana-Jing Zuo, a great translator of Ma Ning School, many years ago. It is quite famous in Tibetan areas. As a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit, the Bo Gu bunker in Songgang Township is in contrast with the pastoral Tibetan village. Zhuokeji Tusi Guanzhai, with exquisite architecture, is a national key cultural relics protection unit. The White Snake Temple with wooden feet was the site of the "Zhuomu Tune Conference" held by the Red Army during the Long March. Caodeng Temple, with exquisite architecture and carved beams and painted buildings, is a group of temple buildings and a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Culture: In the 40 years since liberation, cultural undertakings have developed rapidly, and cultural and entertainment facilities have spread all over urban and rural areas. Cultural centers, libraries, radio and television relay stations (stations), management offices, stadiums, amateur sports schools, song and dance troupes, Xinhua Bookstore, film companies, cinemas, mass cultural stations, etc. The gradual establishment of subordinate prefectures and counties has promoted the construction of spiritual civilization and enriched the cultural life of people of all ethnic groups.
Before liberation, there were only a few private schools and small ethnic schools in Mosuo River area. After liberation, the people's government attached importance to education, set up schools, and the educational cause developed rapidly. 1990, there are 2 kindergartens in the county, with 425 children and 57 teaching staff. 93 primary schools with 4,774 students; There are 1 complete middle schools, 1 national boarding junior high schools, 1 primary schools and junior high schools with hats and students 1 195 people. Marcand Normal School for Nationalities 1, Aba Health School 1.
Before liberation, there were no medical and health institutions in China, only foreign tourists and a few Tibetan doctors. People can't go to the hospital when they are sick. Most of them ask God for divination and chanting to avoid disaster and illness. Leading to epidemic diseases, immortals are invisible and unable to resist death, which seriously endangers people's health. After liberation, medical and health institutions were rapidly established and gradually developed. During the period of 1990, there were epidemic prevention stations, maternal and child health stations, people's hospitals, district and township hospitals and other medical and health institutions in the county, and individual medical stations and cooperative medical stations were also established. There are 370 hospital beds and 753 health technicians in the county. Endemic diseases and epidemics have been effectively treated and controlled, rural medical and health networks have basically taken shape, and people's health level has been greatly improved.
Before liberation, there were no scientific and technological personnel at all. After liberation, scientific and cultural undertakings have made great progress. Over the past 40 years, a team of scientific and technological personnel and cadres of all ethnic groups has been trained. By the end of 1990, there were 9 professional technicians 1009, including 7 with senior titles, 39 with intermediate titles/kloc-0 and 863 with junior titles.
Resource situation
Hydropower resources. Marcand County is densely covered with a dendritic water network (* * * has 3 rivers and 69 streams), with highly developed streams, deep valleys, fast-flowing water, large drop, wide river basins and extremely rich hydropower resources. The theoretical reserve of hydropower is 7.2 million kilowatts, and now it is developed according to the storage capacity, and the exploitable amount has doubled. The hydropower resources developed by Jiaomu River, the main river in China, can reach about 3.2 million kilowatts according to the cascade storage capacity.
Mineral resources. It has excellent metallogenic geological conditions, and the main minerals are lithium, silicon, tantalum, niobium, gold, aluminum, zinc, lead and titanium 17 varieties. Among them, the reserve of lithium ore is 23 1 10,000 tons; There are more than 2.5 million tons of silicon ore with a grade of 99.2%. At the same time, there are non-metallic minerals such as marble, granite and quartzite.
Agriculture and animal husbandry resources. Marcand County is a plateau mountain line with semi-agriculture and semi-grazing, with an area of 48,000 mu of cultivated land and 4.27 million mu of grassland. The theoretical carrying capacity of grassland in the county is 220,000, and the stock has reached 6,543,800+0,550. The main food crops are corn, wheat, highland barley and potatoes. The main economic trees are apples, peppers, walnuts and pears. The main livestock are yak, goat, sheep and pig; There is also the world's largest fish egg culture test site, with an ecological fish egg culture scale of more than 700.
Forestry resources. The forest coverage rate in Marcand County is 52.26%, the comprehensive coverage rate of forest and grass is 95.32%, and the standing stock is 40.29 million cubic meters. Natural yew is rich in resources. In the dense forest, there are 73 kinds of rare wild animals, such as red pandas, golden monkeys, pronghorn, roe deer, bears and so on. Parasitic with more than ten kinds of wild edible fungi such as Tricholoma matsutake, Morchella and Hericium erinaceus; There are more than 270 kinds of precious medicinal materials such as Eucommia ulmoides, Codonopsis pilosula, Fritillaria and Cordyceps. It is known as "Yaoshan in West Sichuan".
Tourism resources. There are Zhuokeji Tusi Guanzhai and Zhibo Carvings in Marcand County, which are the national key cultural relics protection units. Because it is located in the hinterland of Jiarong area where Tibetans live in concentrated communities, it has formed a unique Tibetan style in Jiarong after a long period of ethnic integration. Unique stone-based building tradition and "Qionglong" architectural style, long-standing Jia Rong Tibetan opera art, unique food culture, colorful Jia Rong costumes, gorgeous pot dance, well-made and unique folk handicrafts, mysterious Tibetan temples, exquisite Thangka paintings and peerless butter sculptures. It makes people linger and feel mysterious. It is a tourist attraction featuring Jiarong folk custom in Aba Prefecture. The beautiful scenery of mountains and valleys includes the majestic beauty of snow-capped mountains, flowers in spring, richness in summer, profusion in autumn and ups and downs in winter. Rhododendrons, red leaves, hanging ice and flowing beads beautifully depict Marcand's spring, summer, autumn and winter. Sacred caves, castles, ancient rock paintings and official chieftain's village interpret the magical story of Marcand in a remote and mysterious way, and the strange stones, trees, rock springs and waterfalls add infinite charm to Marcand.
On February 3rd, 2020, the Office of Spiritual Civilization Construction of Sichuan Province published the list of the fifth civilized cities in Sichuan Province, and Marcand was on the list.
In June, 2020, Malcolm City was listed in the second batch of revolutionary cultural relics protection and utilization counties (Long March District (Red Army) and Long March District (Red Fourth Army)).
20 19 12.9 the state ethnic affairs commission named Marcand as the seventh batch of national demonstration zones for national unity and progress.
In February, 2065438+0721February, Marcand was included in the list of counties (cities, districts) with basically balanced development of compulsory education in China in 20 16.
On July 20 16, Marcand was awarded the title of National Model City (County) with Double Support.
On June 23rd, 2009, 65438+, Marcand was included in the second national civilized villages and towns list.