It is really difficult to grasp the intermediate scale of high-rise building design, because it is different from daily necessities, and it is easy for daily necessities to make correct judgments based on experience. The main reasons are as follows: First, high-rise buildings are huge, far exceeding the human scale. Second, high-rise buildings are different from daily necessities. There are many elements in architecture that do not depend only on function. For example, doors can be slightly higher than human dimensions, but some doors are designed to be very high for other reasons, which will bring difficulties to the identification of dimensions.
When designing a high-rise building, we should not only pay attention to the creation of the facade shape of the building itself, but also take the human body scale as the reference coefficient, and fully consider the observation viewpoint, sight distance, visual angle and the proximity of the high-rise building. We should create a good sense of scale from the macro urban environment to the micro material texture design. The external scale of high-rise buildings is divided into five main scales: urban scale, overall scale, street scale, adjacent scale and detail scale.
1, external scale in high-rise building design
1. 1 city scale
High-rise buildings are an organic part of the city. Because of its huge volume and high height, it is an important scenic spot in the city and has a great influence on the city. From the overall impact on the city, the performance is the impact of high-rise buildings on the urban skyline. The skyline of a city can be divided into real and imaginary. The real skyline is the outline of the building, and the imaginary skyline is a smooth curve connecting the top of the building. High-rise buildings play an important role in shaping the city skyline, because the city skyline can be seen from far away, and it is also the first impression a city gives to people who enter it. Therefore, the determination of the scale of high-rise buildings should be consistent with the scale of the whole city, and should not be divorced from the city, boasting and exclusive, which is not conducive to the formation of a beautiful and good skyline and directly affects the urban landscape. The influence of high-rise buildings on part or part of a city refers to the skyline seen from relatively open places in the city, such as squares, main roads, open water systems, green spaces, etc., and also directly affects people's daily lives. Therefore, the city skyline not only affects the landscape people see from the periphery of the city, but also directly affects the life and visual appreciation of the residents in the city.
High-rise buildings also have great influence on various elements of the city. The determination of the location and height of high-rise buildings should also give full consideration to the scale of the city and traditional culture. Improper scale will have a bad influence on the city. Changing the traditional history and culture of the city will also change the proportion of the original urban elements. For example, in Shanghai, the Huangpu River is an important water system in the city, which has a broad and magnificent momentum. However, due to the completion of the Oriental Pearl Tower, it is too close to the Huangpu River, and other high-rise buildings are also built next to the Huangpu River, which makes the sense of scale of the Huangpu River smaller, loses its original grandeur and changes the history and culture of old Shanghai. From this perspective, the completion of the Oriental Pearl Tower is a pity.
1.2 overall proportion
Overall scale refers to the relationship and feeling between the main blocks such as podium, main body and top of high-rise buildings. Designers attach great importance to the overall scale. There are many theories about the overall scale balance of buildings, but all of them emphasize the importance of the overall scale balance. When facing a building, people's instinctive desire is to grasp the order or law of the building. If we get this, we will think that architecture is easy to understand and master. If this cannot be done, people's perception of architecture will be meaningless confusion and anxiety. Therefore, it is very important to master the overall scale of the building, and the following two points should be paid attention to when designing:
1.2. 1 coordination of proportions of various parts
High-rise buildings are generally composed of three parts-the podium, the main body and the top. Some buildings have added active elements in their design to make the whole building lively. A high-rise building with beautiful shapes is built on the basis of dealing with the proportional relationship of these parts, and the determination of the proportion of these three parts should have a unified proportional reference system (such as taking the height of one or several floors of the building as the reference system), and the proportional reference system of each part should not be different, which is easy to make the whole building vague and difficult to grasp.
1.2.2 The detail scale of each part in a high-rise building should be hierarchical.
The division of detail scale of each part of high-rise building is based on the overall scale, and the main parts should be divided into finer scales, so as to enrich the modeling composition of each part. The highest scale part is an integral part of a high-rise building (podium, main body and top), and the lowest part usually adopts well-known dimensions such as height, width, window and balcony, which is convenient for people to grasp the scale of this part when observing the building. Generally, there is a scale of 1 ~ 2 between the highest and lowest grades, which is not easy to be too much, and it is easy to make the architectural modeling complicated and difficult to grasp.
1.3 street scale
Street scale refers to the visual impact of the scale of high-rise building frontage on street pedestrians. This is people's close perception of high-rise buildings, and it is also an important part of high-rise building design. The determination of the size of high-rise buildings facing the street mainly considers the comfort of pedestrians on the street. Because the main body of the high-rise building is too large and easy to retreat, the skirt building at the bottom is placed along the street, which reduces the oppression of the high-rise building on the street. For example, the high-rise buildings on both sides of Nanjing Road in Shanghai are placed in the back and the podium is placed in the front, so that the ratio of the height of the buildings on both sides to the width of the street is 1: 1? 2. Form a good shopping environment.
In order to maintain the continuity of street space and vision, the frontage of high-rise buildings should be consistent with other buildings along the street and should echo it. For example, on both sides of the old district and a reconstructed main road in Singapore, in order not to completely separate the high-rise buildings in the new district from the low-rise buildings in the old district, a skirt building as high as the houses in the old district was built along one side of the new district, and the high-rise buildings retreated slightly, resulting in a good dialogue.
1.4 proximity
Proximity refers to the feeling of the lowest part of a high-rise building and the size of the entrance and exit of the building. This part is often touched by users, easily observed by people, and an important part of people's direct feelings about architecture. Its scale design should be based on the human scale, not too large or too small. Too large will make the building lack intimacy, too small will reduce the sense of scale of the building and make the building like a toy.
In the treatment of approaching scale, we should pay special attention to the scale division of columns and walls at the bottom and entrance of buildings, as well as the treatment of cornices, doors and windows, and decorations, so that the sense of scale is more refined than the above parts. Restrict the entrance part and the space around the building, create a transitional buffer space from the street to the building, and make people's psychology have a gradual process. For example, the colonnade is used in front of the Shanghai Library, so that people entering and leaving the library have a transition area, making the building more approachable and close to their loved ones.
1.5 Detailed scale
Detail scale refers to the finer scale of high-rise buildings, mainly referring to the texture of materials. In life, some things we like to touch and some things we don't like to touch-our response to these things is to say "great" or "terrible", forming people's visual texture. In the design process, architects should make full use of the textures of different materials to shape buildings, and attract people to touch or at least get close to our eyes with their own hands, or in other words, create a visual beauty through textures. Le corbusier's monastery in Lataur is a good example, which uses or completely retains the "printed" texture of nature. The grain here is the wood grain left on the concrete by diagonal bracing.
2. Design principles of external dimensions of high-rise buildings
2. 1 Unity of architecture and urban environment in scale
Pay attention to the influence of the layout of high-rise buildings on the city outline, because buildings, especially high-rise buildings, play the greatest role in the organization of the city outline, so their layout should follow the principle of organic unity: (1) High-rise buildings can be arranged together to form the "crown" of the city, but in order to avoid mutual interference between them, a series of different heights can be adopted, or although similar heights are adopted, they can be properly spaced from each other to form related structures. Single high-rise buildings can also be arranged at the corner of the road to enrich the visual appreciation of pedestrians. (2) If high-rise buildings are irrelevant and there is no centripetal cohesion everywhere, it will not produce a satisfactory harmonious whole. (3) The tops of high-rise buildings should not be the same or different, because this will greatly affect the aesthetic feeling of the contour line.
2.2 In the same high-rise building image, the scale should be orderly.
When designing high-rise buildings, we should fully consider the order of city scale, overall scale, street scale, adjacent scale and architectural detail scale. In the design of a certain scale, we should abide by the unity of scale, and we should not confuse several scales, so as to ensure the good organic unity between high-rise buildings and cities, the whole and the part, and the part and people.
2.3 The image of a high-rise building must be recognizable in scale.
There should be some local image scales on high-rise buildings, which can make people grasp its overall size. In addition, some eaves, steps, columns and stairs can also be used to represent the volume of buildings. Enlarging or narrowing the cognitive scale components of these habits at will cause illusion and have a bad effect. But sometimes we often use this illusion to achieve special effects.
3. Conclusion
There are many factors that affect the external dimensions of high-rise buildings. When designing high-rise buildings, designers can fully grasp all kinds of scales, combine with human body dimensions, meet the requirements of people's use and appreciation, and will certainly create beautiful external shapes of high-rise buildings.