Publication: refers to the editing and processing of works and their distribution to the public after reproduction. Its concept consists of the following three basic elements: editing and processing works to make them have published content suitable for readers' consumption; Copy a large number of edited and processed works to make them have a certain carrier form for readers to consume; The copied publications will be widely disseminated through distribution.
Publication: refers to a published product with a certain material form, which stores knowledge and information for the purpose of communication. Publications are the products of the publishing industry, and they are the labor objects of publishers. It consists of the following basic elements: first, the processed and refined system knowledge and information needed by readers; The second is to present knowledge and information in a certain way; Third, take some kind of material carrier as the basis of knowledge information; The fourth is to attach knowledge information to the material carrier through a certain production method; Fifth, it is presented in a certain way.
Publishing: Publishing is a science that studies the law of the contradiction between supply and demand of publications. Because the contradiction between supply and demand of publications is unique in the publishing field, it can reflect the essential characteristics of publishing activities; The contradiction between supply and demand of publications is the most important contradiction in the field of publishing, which can reflect the basic situation of publishing activities; The contradiction between supply and demand of publication commodities generally exists in the whole process of publication reproduction, which can fully reflect various economic relations in publishing activities. Therefore, the process of studying the contradiction between supply and demand of publications is the process of grasping the law of publishing activities. In this sense, publishing is a science that studies the laws of publishing activities.
Newspaper: A newspaper is a loose-leaf publication published continuously in a specified period, which is mainly used for news and comments. The English name of newspaper means newsprint. The function of newspaper is to spread news and reflect public opinion, so it is often called the tool of news public opinion. A newspaper consists of three parts: title, text and auxiliary text.
Books: Books refer to works composed of words, images or other symbols according to a certain theme and structure, which are copied on portable carriers in a printed or non-printed way and disseminated to the public. The definition of a book by UNESCO is summarized as follows: any printed matter with more than 49 pages published by a publishing house or publisher, with a specific title and author's name, an international standard book number (ISBN), and pricing and copyright protection, is called a book; A booklet with more than 5 pages and less than 48 pages is called a booklet. A book consists of a cover, a text and an auxiliary text.
Periodical: also known as magazine, refers to a continuous publication with a fixed name, numbered by volume, issue or year and month, and published in volumes. Periodicals generally include cover, table of contents page, text and back cover.
Audio-visual products: Audio-visual products refer to audio tapes, video tapes, records, laser discs, laser discs and other publications containing scientific and cultural contents.
Laser disc: CD for short. Its recording methods include analog recording and digital recording. Its basic structure consists of three parts: disk base, recording layer and protective layer.
Laser video disc: a variant of entertainment video disc used in film industry, which adopts the same recording method and basic structure as laser video disc, but also contains image information and computer-usable digital data.
Electronic publication: Electronic publication refers to the mass media that edits and processes information such as pictures, characters and audio-visual images. In the form of digital codes, they are stored in magnetic media, optical media and dielectric media, used by computers or devices with similar functions to express ideas, popularize knowledge and accumulate culture, and can be copied and disseminated.
Internet publication: refers to the publication that digitally stores the contents of selected works in a database connected with the Internet or other corresponding carriers, and uses computers for online dissemination or other utilization on the Internet. The main types include digital online publications for online reading, downloading or instant printing, download software specially used for downloading online documents, and e-books that can be used online and offline.
Official publication: It is a publication classified according to its circulation nature. It refers to a publication officially published by a publishing unit with legal personality and widely distributed by commodity exchanges with the approval of the state.
Informal publication: this is a concept corresponding to official publication, which refers to a publication printed and published through certain examination and approval procedures and sent for exchange in the form of non-trade. Such as internal newspapers and periodicals used for communication, commemorative collections, etc.
Internal publication: this is a type classified according to the circulation scope of publications. Refers to the publications whose distribution scope is limited in official publications, including those marked with the words "internal distribution" and "domestic distribution only".
Illegal publication: this is a type classified according to the nature of publishing behavior, which refers to publications made through illegal behavior. In China, it refers to the publications made by organizations and individuals other than the publishing units approved by the state without approval, and subscribed to the public for sale, or publications whose contents are explicitly prohibited by the state.
Obscene publication: this is a publication classified according to the nature of content. Refers to a publication that promotes obscenity, arouses people's sexual desire, and can lead ordinary people to fall, but has no artistic or scientific value.
Research object of publishing science: the research object of publishing science is the contradiction between supply and demand of publications, which is the unique contradiction, main contradiction and basic contradiction in the publishing field. Because publications are special commodities with cultural characteristics, the contradiction between supply and demand of publications is different from that in other economic fields, which reflects the relationship between the supply of cultural knowledge and the growing demand for cultural knowledge in society. The existence of this contradiction affects and restricts the existence and development of other contradictions in the publishing field; It is also a comprehensive reflection of various economic relations in publishing activities.
Publishing-related disciplines: refer to disciplines that are directly and closely related to publishing in terms of research content. According to its nature, the relationship between publishing and related disciplines can be divided into two situations: one is the basic discipline of publishing, that is, the discipline that provides theoretical basis for the establishment of publishing. Among many such disciplines, those closely related to publishing mainly include communication, culturology, economics, etc. Second, publishing is an interdisciplinary subject, that is, there are some overlaps or some similar disciplines with publishing in research content. The disciplines related to this nature include journalism, library science, and literature information management.
A branch of publishing science: it undertakes the task of discussing the research content of a certain part of publishing science, which has a vertical total score relationship with publishing science and is an integral part of publishing science. The publishing discipline system should be composed of five branches: one is a discipline that discusses the basic principles and general laws of publishing activities, such as publishing introduction, publishing aesthetics, publishing economics, publishing culture, publishing sociology, comparative publishing, Chinese and foreign publishing history, etc. The second is the discipline that studies the elements of publishing activities, such as library science, publishing enterprise management, publishing informatics, reader science and so on. The third is to study the production and circulation process of publications, such as editing, distribution, publication production, marketing, book storage and transportation, book review and so on. The fourth is to study the environment of publishing activities, such as publication marketing, publishing law, macro management of publishing industry, etc. The fifth is the discipline that studies the organizational techniques and methods of publishing activities, such as publishing finance, publishing statistics, the application of computers in the publishing industry, the classification and cataloging of publications, and publishing network technology.
Communication: it is a science that studies the occurrence and development law of all human communication behaviors and communication processes. As publications are an important medium, publishing activities that organize the production and circulation of publications become a medium of mass communication system. The research content of communication science is divided into five parts according to the communication process: disseminator, communication content (information), communication media (channel), communication object and communication effect. The basic principles of communication formed through the study of these contents can provide important reference for the establishment of publishing theory system.
Culturology: it is a science that studies the emergence and development law of cultural phenomena that are common in human society. The emergence and development of various cultural phenomena are closely related to the development of publishing industry. Cultural exchange, dissemination and accumulation through publications is a very important cultural phenomenon in itself, so the development of publishing industry should follow cultural laws. The theoretical research results of culturology are also one of the theoretical foundations for the construction of publishing science.
Economics: It is a science that studies the process and laws of economic activities. Publishing activities have the nature of economic activities. The production of publications is a process of making suitable products-publications by using publishing resources according to the requirements of market exchange, and the circulation of publications is mostly carried out in the form of commodity exchange in a commodity economy society. Therefore, the operation of the publishing industry is not only governed by cultural laws, but also restricted by economic laws. Therefore, economic research is also of great significance to the formation of publishing theory.
Journalism: It is a science that uses newspapers, radio, television and other public media to study the laws of news dissemination. As a kind of communication behavior, news communication has many similarities with publishing, such as the function of spreading knowledge and information, and the publishing law of newspapers and other media should also be included in their respective research scope. Therefore, there is a lot of overlap between news and publishing in research content.
Library science: it is a science that studies the laws of library activities. The basic content of library activities is to collect, sort out, store and use books and materials, which, like publishing and distribution activities, all take publications as the labor object. The similarity of the nature of library work and publishing work makes the theoretical research of the two disciplines based on work practice have many similarities.
Document information management: Document information management is a science that studies the laws of collecting, sorting out, revealing and utilizing document information. In addition to publications, there are letters, documents, manuscripts and other material carriers containing information. Document information management studies the general principles and methods of document management, while publishing studies the information disclosure and utilization in this particular document form. Therefore, document information management is also a related discipline that has a certain intersection with publishing.
China Publishing Industry and Publishing System
Shi Huai: It refers to the comprehensive trading market that appeared near imperial academy in Chang 'an in 4 years, including buying and selling books. Because it is located in the bustling and beautiful locust tree forest, it is called "Huaicheng". On the first and fifteenth day of the first lunar month, business students often get together in Shihuai, "each holding his own classics, playing Sheng Pan instruments, trading with others and talking about the summer". Shi Huaixing flourished in the late Western Han Dynasty. In the first year of the New Year (23), Wang Mang's regime collapsed, imperial academy was dissolved in the war, and Shi Huai disappeared. We call Shi Huai the earliest book trading market in China.
Bookstore: refers to the bookstall that appeared at the turn of the Han Dynasty. Yang Xiong said in his book Fa Wu Yan Zi that "a good book is not all Zhong Ni, but also a bookstore", and the word bookstore was first mentioned.
Brochure: Before the invention of block printing in the early Tang Dynasty in China, the dissemination and sale of books depended entirely on manual copying. The activity of copying books for others and getting a certain commission is called "commission book" According to ancient records, book selling activities began in the Western Han Dynasty and developed greatly in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Block printing: A printing technique that appeared in the 6th century A.D., in which block fonts are used for printing, and a block can be reused.
Movable type printing: A printing technique invented by Bi Sheng in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, that is, lettering with clay, hardening with fire, heating and melting with turpentine wax, gluing clay movable type into printed books, and then melting turpentine wax with fire to disassemble the printed books. Clay types are classified and stored for the next typesetting.
Print on Demand: Print on Demand (POD for short) is a technology based on long-distance transmission and high-density storage of digital information, which directly prints digital books into printed texts through computers. Its operation process is to digitize the contents of books, print pages at high speed on a special laser printer by using electronic files, and complete folding, page matching and binding with a special computer.
E-book: also known as e-book, that is, special hardware reader, is a special reading device for storing digital information of books and corresponding retrieval software. It is not only easy to carry, easy to operate and check, but also small in size and cheap, and can be used online.
Macro-control mechanism: the organic combination of various measures and systems that take government functional departments as the main body of control and indirectly control the operation of the national economy as a whole.
Xinhua Bookstore Management Store: The types of Xinhua Bookstore classified by function refer to the Xinhua Bookstore that only undertakes the management of people, finances and materials of the lower-level bookstores, and does not directly undertake the sales tasks.
Xinhua Bookstore Distribution Shop: A kind of Xinhua Bookstore classified by function refers to a Xinhua Bookstore that undertakes the tasks of book distribution, adjustment, warehousing and transportation, and independently conducts economic accounting.
Xinhua Bookstore Sales Stores: Xinhua Bookstore types classified by function refer to Xinhua Bookstore that directly undertakes book sales tasks and independently conducts economic accounting. This is the basic unit of Xinhua Bookstore.
China Book Import and Export Corporation: one of the foreign publishing organizations in China. Company 198 1 led by the State Science and Technology Commission, mainly responsible for book import. At the same time, it is also responsible for the export of some newspapers and periodicals, focusing on the export of university journals and proceedings of world academic conferences held in China.
China International Book Trading Company: one of the foreign book publishing houses in China, 1978 was expanded from an international bookstore. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Culture, it is mainly responsible for the external distribution of all books, periodicals and newspapers except university journals and world academic conference proceedings, as well as the foreign trade export of handicrafts, calligraphy and painting, feather products and other artworks.
China Publishing Foreign Trade Company: one of China's foreign publishing institutions, China Publishing Foreign Trade Company was established in 198 1, directly under the leadership of the General Administration of Press and Publication. Mainly engaged in China's publishing system required technology import projects and printing equipment exports.
Publishing management: refers to the process in which the management organizations and their personnel related to publishing activities plan, organize, guide, supervise and adjust various elements that constitute publishing activities according to the relevant policies and regulations of the party and the state, so as to achieve the goal of sustained and healthy development of the publishing industry. This concept contains five basic elements of management activities, namely: management subject, management basis, management object, management goal and management function.
Macro-management of publishing industry: refers to the unified, systematic and comprehensive management of various components of the national publishing industry by various functional departments of the government. It is an indirect regulation and control of the macro-operation of the publishing industry by comprehensive use of various management means. The main body of management is the functional departments of the government, and the object of management is the whole publishing activities within a country. The ways and means of management are indirect macro-control by comprehensive use of legal, economic and administrative means.
Media management of publishing industry: it points out the classification, coordination and management of various subsystems that constitute publishing activities by various industry organizations in the publishing system. This level of management is mainly to coordinate the business activities and economic relations among operators of various industries in the publishing industry. The subject of management is various industry organizations in the publishing system, and the object of management is an industry subsystem composed of various operators in the industry. The management mode is to supervise and standardize the operators of subsystems and their business behaviors through the formulation and implementation of rules and regulations.
Orientation of industrial development: guide the development direction of publishing through planning, policy promotion and resource allocation, so as to guide all kinds of publishing operators to operate in the direction they guide. This management content is divided into three types: planning orientation, policy orientation and resource orientation.
Market cultivation management: Under the condition of socialist market economy, the government has taken a series of measures to cultivate the market, established a perfect market system, formulated and improved market laws and regulations, and strengthened various management behaviors of daily market supervision.