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Confucius
Directory and personal data
erudite and scholarly contribution
political career
Ideological characteristics
The contribution of education.
Chronology of Confucius
Confucius' family background
Direct descendant
Children of Confucius
Personal profile
Confucius (55 BC1-479) English name: Confucius, whose real name was from Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Lu (now Luyuan Village in the southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) was born in Changping Township on September 28th, 5565438 BC (August 27th of the lunar calendar). He died on April 1 1 day (February 11th of the lunar calendar) in 479 BC at the age of 72 and was buried in Surabaya, north of Qufu, Kong Lin.
His ancestors were aristocrats in the Song Dynasty, and they declined several generations before Confucius. Confucius worked as a small official several times when he was young, but spent most of his life in education. According to legend, he has as many as 3,000 disciples and has taught many knowledgeable and talented students. A thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period, he was known as "the sage of heaven" and "the muduo of heaven" when he was alive. He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time and was respected by later generations as the most holy (saint among saints) and the teacher of all ages. Because my parents prayed for the birth of a child for me in Niqiu Mountain, I was named Qiu and Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province). He edited poetry books, defined rites and music, prefaced Zhouyi and wrote Chunqiu. Confucius' thoughts and theories have far-reaching influence on later generations.
Erudition and academic contribution
The essence of Confucius' thoughts and theories can be found in The Analects of Confucius, with 20 articles and more than 11,000 words. The Analects of Confucius is Confucius' quotations, some of which are records of Confucius' disciples' words and deeds, and are the memories of Confucius and his disciples' words and deeds. This book has a profound influence on the history of China. Its ideological content, mode of thinking and value orientation have long been integrated into the blood of our nation, precipitated in our lives and cast our national character. The Analects of Confucius embodies the core connotation of Confucianism-benevolence. "Benevolence" is the center of all theories, and all norms about "benevolence" and "happiness" are only the ultimate means to serve the morality of "benevolence". As a representative of China culture, The Analects of Confucius was introduced to Korea and Japan as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, and was also designated as a compulsory course for Japanese students in Japan. Matteo Ricci translated it into Latin in 1594, and then it was translated into Italian, French, German, English, Russian and other languages, which were widely circulated in western countries.
Confucius takes "benevolence" as the core of his thought, which means "love". Put forward the arguments of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "stand if you want, and reach if you want", advocate the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy": "self-denial, courtesy is benevolence". He is skeptical about the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and thinks that "you can't be a ghost if you don't know his life" and "you can't be a gentleman if you don't know his life". It also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the viewpoints of "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new". Advocate the atmosphere of teaching in private schools, advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teach without distinction", "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and emphasize that "a gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to learn easily". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the viewpoint of "not suffering from inequality, not suffering from poverty, but suffering from worry". Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with great influence.
When it comes to governing the country, Confucius attaches importance to the sufferings of people's livelihood, calls for benevolent governance, and hopes that rulers will treat people with benevolence and righteousness. He said that "tyranny is fiercer than tigers", and he also stressed that no matter what laws and regulations, rulers must first set an example. "They are upright and have no orders to do things; Its body is not right, although it cannot be done. " In interpersonal communication, Confucius emphasized loyalty and forgiveness. "Loyalty" means being loyal to others and working hard; "Forgiveness" means putting yourself in others' shoes, "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", and "the beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of an adult". In dealing with people and things, Confucius advocated self-love and love. Confucius was cautious about fate, and he believed in man's own strength. He believes that "sex is similar, learning from each other is far away", and everything depends on personal efforts. Of course, there are also some thoughts in The Analects that deviate from the historical trend, such as his political retro tendency, over-emphasis on hierarchical order, introverted personality value orientation, etc., which have undeniably brought negative effects on the development of China society and need us to correct them with modern consciousness. However, we can't hide our shortcomings. In the pre-Qin era when human civilization was just dawning, our ancestors had such profound wisdom in life that our descendants could be proud of it.
political career
Confucius wanted to do something since he was in his twenties, so he was very concerned about world affairs, often thinking about various issues of governing the country and often expressing some opinions. By the time he was 30, he was already famous. In the twenty years of Lu, he visited Lu and summoned Confucius to discuss the question of being king with him, and Confucius got to know him. In the twenty-fifth year of Lu, civil strife occurred in Lu, and Lu was forced to flee to Qi. Confucius also left Lu for Qi, where he was appreciated and entertained by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nishi to Confucius, but the doctor Yan Ying stopped him. In the twenty-seventh year of Lu, at that time, the doctor of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard this, he turned to Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can still use it." Confucius had to flee to Lu. At that time, the state of Lu was actually in the hands of the doctor's retainer, which was called "ruling the country with the minister." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave them up until he was appointed as the capital master in 9 years. At this time, Confucius was 5 1 year old. Confucius was in charge of Zhongdu for one year, and his achievements were outstanding. He was promoted to a small ordinary, and soon he was promoted to a big sheep herder, taking photos to take care of Lu. 12 years, in order to weaken the Third Ring Road (the third-generation leader and uncle Heshi were called the Third Ring Road because they were three grandchildren), the state power of Lu at that time was actually in their hands, and some retainers of the Third Ring Road also controlled the Third Ring Road to varying degrees), and Confucius took measures to reduce the Third Ring Road (that is, demolishing the castle built by the Third Ring Road). Later, the action of capturing the three capitals was abandoned halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and the Third Ring Road was also exposed. 13 years, Lu Dinggong, Qi sent 80 beautiful women to Lu, and Ji Huan's family accepted female music. The monarch and his subjects were addicted to singing and dancing and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon, when Lu offered meat to the doctors after the sacrifice in the suburbs, he didn't give it to Confucius as usual, indicating that Ji didn't want to hire him any more. Confucius had to leave Shandong to find a way out and began to travel around the world.
Confucius first took his disciples to Weiguo, and Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to Lu's salary standard, he was given a salary of 60 thousand, but he was not given an official position and was not allowed to participate in politics. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius, and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius left Weiguo with his disciples and planned to go to Chen. When passing through Kuangcheng, I was besieged for five days because of misunderstanding. I fled Kuangcheng, came to Dipu, met my uncle, a patriotic aristocrat who launched a rebellion, and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to China to defend his country. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius and his disciples had returned from Dipu, and went to meet him in person. Since then, Confucius has gone abroad several times and returned to China several times. On the one hand, Wei Linggong had both good and bad feelings towards Confucius; On the other hand, after Confucius went abroad, he had nowhere to go and had to return.
In the second year (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left Wei, passed through Cao, Song and Zheng, and went to Chen, where he lived for three years. When Wu attacked Chen, the war broke out and Confucius left with his disciples. When the Chu people heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, they sent someone to meet him. The doctors of Chen and Cai knew that there was something wrong with what Confucius did, and they were afraid that Confucius would be reused in Chu, which was not good for them. So they sent laborers to surround Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not relying on the village in front or the shops behind. After eating all the food they brought, they were deprived of food for seven days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people, and Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, so that Confucius and his disciples were saved from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64. With the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68, but he was still respectful. Lu Aigong 16, Confucius was 73 years old and died of illness.
Ideological characteristics
Confucius was an educator, thinker and half politician, but most importantly, he was a noble intellectual. He is upright, optimistic and enterprising, pursuing truth, goodness and beauty all his life and pursuing an ideal society all his life. His success and failure are related to his personality. His character has influenced China people for thousands of years, especially the intellectuals in China.
Angry and forgetful, happy and forgetful.
When Confucius was 63 years old, he once described himself like this: "You forget to eat when you are angry, but forget your worries when you are happy. I don't know that my old age is coming. " At that time, Confucius had led his disciples around the world for nine years and had gone through all the hardships. Not only did he not get the appointment of the governor, but he almost died. But Confucius was not discouraged, still optimistic, stuck to his ideals, and even knew that he could not do it.
Be content with poverty
Confucius said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me". In Confucius' mind, upholding justice is the highest value of life. When there is a contradiction between rich and poor and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality. But we can't regard his peace and happiness as not seeking wealth, but seeking to maintain Tao, which is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Rich and expensive, people want what they want; You can't go anywhere unless you take the main road. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to people; If you don't take the main road, you won't go. " "Money is available, although there are many whips, I can do it. If you can't get it, just do as I say. "
Never tire of learning and never tire of teaching.
Confucius was famous for his eagerness to learn and showed great interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was very famous at that time, and was almost regarded as an omniscient saint, but Confucius himself didn't think so. Confucius said, "A saint cannot learn, but never tires of teaching." Confucius learned that there was no teacher. Whoever has knowledge and who doesn't understand will worship him as a teacher. So he said, "A threesome must have a teacher."
Follow the path of integrity-conduct integrity.
Confucius was upright in nature and advocated going straight. He once said, "I treat others, who will ruin my reputation?" If you are famous, you have to try. Simin also, the reason why the three generations went straight. "Historical Records records that Confucius asked Lao Tzu to be polite when he was in his thirties. When he left, Laozi gave a message: "Smart and thorough, close to death, considerate. Those who argue the broad masses are in danger, and those who are evil are also. A son should not have his own, and a minister should not have his own. "This is Lao Tzu's kind reminder to Confucius, and it also points out some shortcomings of Confucius, that is, he looks at the problem too deeply and speaks too sharply, hurting some people with positions and bringing great danger to himself.
help others
Confucius founded the moral theory with benevolence as the core. He is also a kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "A gentleman's adult beauty is not evil", and "Do your best until you die" are all his life principles.
Contribution of education
Confucius, a cultural giant, has been teaching with poems, books, rituals and music since he was born, and he has been teaching by example with his great personality. It was he who initiated private lectures in the history of our country and transplanted the phenomenon that cultural knowledge was the patent of nobles to the people. He first put forward the policy of "no class for all", and everyone, whether poor, humble or rich, can be educated there. Disciples are as poor as Yan Hui, as rich as Zigong and as expensive as Meng. However, most of them are children of ordinary people, and some of them have come to defend their country, such as Qi, Chen and Wu, which are really full of peaches and plums. Its teaching purpose is to spread his humanitarian theory. That is, self-denial and courtesy are benevolence, changing students' temperament, achieving personality, improving the realm of life, and finally achieving things. In other words, it is necessary to build a pillar of a country and the world. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and heuristic methods should be adopted to cultivate students' demeanor of "learning without tiredness", "learning without thinking", "thinking without learning is useless", "knowing what they know, not knowing what they don't know", "having a teacher for three people" and "not ashamed to ask questions". What's more, he is a tireless teacher, caring for students like a loving mother, guiding students like strict father, and learning from each other like friends, all of which are due to his talent. Such as Zi Xiao's stupidity, Lu Zeng's participation, Zhang Zi's extreme, and Lutz's vulgarity ... all became great events. Ceng Zi, in particular, was given the responsibility of preaching and became a saint. There are even outstanding people who divide Germany: Yan Hui, Min Zikai, Ran Boniu and Zhong Gong. Language: Kill me, Zigong. Politics: Ran Qiu, Luz. Literature: Ziyou, Xia Zi, ten people. Confucius has three thousand disciples. Two out of seventy people are proficient in six arts. Therefore, the vast traditional culture can be popularized and passed down.
Because Confucius made great efforts in giving lectures, all the disciples felt that the teacher had worked hard. Therefore, all disciples sincerely admire them. They followed him, served him and defended him. They traveled around the world with him, enduring hardships and hunger without complaining. When someone slanders Confucius, they accuse him of "not measuring himself". When in danger, give your life to guard. After the death of Master, the disciples mourned for three years. Zigong lived alone for six years. His spirit of respecting teachers and valuing Taoism is still a much-told story. It is well-deserved for future generations to respect Confucius as the "most holy teacher". Many of his educational theories and methods are inexhaustible resources for today's educators. As we all know, there are 3,000 disciples of Mr. Kong Qiu, 70 of whom are proficient in the Six Arts. At that time, it seemed that there was no student status management system, so it was impossible to verify the names of these 3 thousand disciples. As for the seventy-two disciples who enjoyed the Confucius Temple, however, these gentlemen are all ancient figures. We look at them from a distance through thousands of years of history, just like looking at the immortals in the fairy fog, we can only look at them roughly and can't see the details. However, our ancient publishing industry was surprisingly backward. All documents are carved with a knife, and all kinds of efforts will inevitably lead to mistakes and even misinformation; What's more, there are so-called masters, who love to be far-fetched. They make mistakes, explain at random, even explain infinite meanings, and even regard them as irreparable classics. So it's ridiculous that three jackals commit suicide. If, unfortunately, there are two or more experts, each with a different version, then things will be even bigger and we must strive for each other. So ancient things are obviously the same thing, but we can see different or even opposite appellations and statements. For example, the name of the seventy-two saints of Confucius. Biographies of Zhong Ni and Seventy-two Biographies of Confucius' Family Words in Historical Records are authoritative materials, but they are quite different. For example, Zi Sheng is called Le Ke in Historical Records and Le Xin in family language. Disciple's name was Zheng in historical records, but it was renamed Xue Bang in ethnic languages. Confucius, for example, was good at flattery and married his brother's daughter to his son Rong. It is called Nangong Shu in The Analects of Confucius, Nangong Kuo in Historical Records and Nangong Tao in the family language. Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait. Almost all these phenomena are attributed to the mistakes in transmission and carving. Moreover, the lists in Historical Records and Family Language are not no less than 72 people. The history books list 77 people, and solemnly quote Confucius' words, "Seven people out of seventy are connected". Who knows if Confucius ever said this sentence? "Family talk" is even more ridiculous. The title clearly says "Interpretation by Seventy-two Disciples", but there are 76 people listed in it. Finally, it concludes: "More than 72 disciples of Confucius are all scholars." Lying with your eyes open, can't even count? Sima Qian said that "China storytellers compromised with Confucius", but this roster of Confucius disciples didn't know who to compromise with. Compared with the two, Historical Records went to Kong Qiu relatively recently, and it is famous for its true history. Confucius Family is a famous book named Confucius Family, but it has always been regarded as a fake book. When it was regarded as the Three Kingdoms, Wang Su revised it by copying previous letters and bamboo slips. Relatively speaking, it seems not as good as historical records. The two are relative, take the one closest to the truth. So I decided to compare it with the family language based on historical records. Of the 77 people listed by Sima Qian, it is hard to say that five are supernumerary. As for the five, I don't know. Here, please also ask Mr. Naturalist for advice.
Chronology of Confucius
1 year: 55 BC1year (twenty-two years of Duke Xiang of Lu). Confucius was born in Changping Township (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) on September 28th. There are two kinds of records about Confucius' date of birth, with a difference of one year. Today, from the historical records of Confucius family.
3 years old: In 549 BC (the 24th year of Duke Xiang of Lu), my father Liang Shu died and was buried in Fangshan (now 25 miles east of Qufu). Confucius' mother, Yan Zhi, moved to Qufu Queli with her son and had a hard time.
5 years old: Qin Shangsheng, a disciple of Confucius in 547 BC (the 26th year of Duke Xiang of Lu), was born in Lu.
6-year-old: Ceng Dian, a disciple in 546 BC (the 27th year of Duke Xiang of Lu), was born in Braille and was the father of Zeng Shen.
7 years old: In 545 BC (the 28th year of Duke Xiang of Lu), his disciple Yao Yan was born, also known as Wu Yao, the father of Yan Yuan.
8 years old: In 544 BC (the 29th year of Duke Xiang of Lu), his disciple Ran Gengsheng was born in Lu.
10 years old: In 542 BC (the thirty-first year of Duke Xiang of Lu), disciple Zhong You was born in Lu and Bian. When Duke Xiang of Lu died, his son Zhou succeeded to the throne for good reasons.
12 years old: Qi Tiaokai, born in Cai in 540 BC (the second year of Lu).
15 years old: In 537 BC (the fifth year of Lu), Confucius became more and more famous. He realized that he had to study hard the skills of being a man and living, so he said, "I am determined to learn five from ten." ("The Analects of Confucius for Politics")
16 years old, Zheng Zhu was sentenced to death in 536 BC (six years of Lu). Disciple Min Shousheng was born in Lu.
17 years old: Yan Zhizhai, Confucius, died in 535 BC (the sixth year of Lu). This year. Ji's family gave a banquet to entertain the first-class aristocrats. Confucius went to the banquet, but yang hu, the home minister of Ji's family, turned him away.
19 years old: In 533 BC (the ninth year of Lu), Confucius married the daughter of an official in the Song Dynasty.
20 years old: In 532 BC (the tenth year of Lu), an official gave birth to a child. It is said that this time is just the time to give the carp to Confucius, so he named his son carp, the word Bo fish. It was in that year that Confucius began to be a Commissioner and manage the warehouse.
2 1 year: 53 1 year BC (the 11th year of Lu) is the year when Confucius changed his cultivation to Mu Zhi. Confucius said, "I am cheap because I am few, so I can despise." (The Analects of Confucius Zi Han) Such "despicable things" should include "entrusting officials" and "occupying farmland".
At the age of 27, in 525 BC (the seventeenth year of Emperor Lu Zhaodi), the jar faced Lu, and Confucius asked the jar about the ancient official system of the jar. Confucius set up private schools around.
30 years old: In 522 BC (the twentieth year of Lu), it was more than 15 years since he was fifteen years old. Confucius gained a firm foothold in society through hard work, so the cloud "stands at thirty." (The Analects of Confucius) and Yan Ying visited Lu Qi Jinggong in 1920 and met with Confucius, and discussed with him why Qin Mugong was dominant. Disciples Yan Hui, ran yong, Ran Qiu, Shang Qu, Liang? Healthy. Yuan, Yong Zi Zhong Gong, You and Qu are all Lu people; ? The word uncle fish, qi people.
3 1 year: Disciple, Gao Chai, was born in 52 BC1year (the 21st year of Lu). Zi Zi Shi Zi, Chen Guoren; Chai is tall and Qi is a local. Uneven words are cheap, Lu people.
32-year-old: Duanmu Ci, a disciple in 520 BC (twenty-two years), was born in Zigong, a native of the old country.
34 years old: Meng and Nangong studied under Confucius in 5 18 BC (twenty-four years of Lu). According to legend, Confucius and Uncle Jingnan of Nangong paid tribute to the old employees and asked them to have fun with Changhong.
35 years old: In 5 17 BC (twenty-five years in Lu), civil strife occurred in Lu. "Historical Records Confucius Family" says: "Lead the division to attack (season), attack with the division and uncle, and flee with great defeat." Confucius also went to Qi in this year.
In 5 16 BC (twenty-six years of Lu), at the age of 36, he asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son". Confucius was appreciated by Qi Jinggong. Duke Jing of Jin tried to seal the hole with a field of mud streams, but Yan Zi stopped him. Confucius was so fascinated by Shao in Qi State that he didn't know the meat flavor in March.
37-year-old: In 5 15 BC (the 27th year of Lu), the doctor of Qi tried to harm Confucius, and Confucius returned to Lu from Qi. The son of Wu Gongzi was hired, and his son died and was buried between Ying and Bo. Confucius went to see his funeral. My brother was born in Xu Fan and Yuan County. The word will be late, and Lu Guo will enter; Xian Zisi was born in Song Dynasty.
38-year-old: In 5 14 BC (twenty-eight years of Lu), Xian Zi (Shu Ming) of Jin and Wei reigned, and promoted talents regardless of personal relationship. Confucius thought it was a righteous act, and the cloud said, "It is righteous to raise your loved ones far away."
At the age of 39, 5 13 BC (twenty-nine years of Lu) was the winter when the tripod was executed. Confucius said, "Zhu Jin died and he lost his mind."
40 years old: 5 12 BC (thirty years in Shandong). After decades of tempering, I have a clear understanding of various problems in life, so I say that I am "forty without confusion". Disciple Tan Taiming was born. Yu, Lu people.
4 1 year: Disciple Chen Yu was born in 5 1 1 year BC (thirty-first year of Lu). Kang Ziqin, Chen Guoren.
Forty-two years old: 5 10 BC (thirty-two years of Lu), died and became a public official.
43 years old: Born in 509 BC (the first year of Lu). Thanks to China, Lu people.
45 years old: Disciple was born in 507 BC (the third year of Lu). Shang, a patriotic man.
46 years old: Disciple was born in 506 BC (four years in Lu). There are swallows, Wu people.
In 505 BC (the fifth year of Lu), he was 47 years old: disciples Zeng Shen and Yan. Son of god, Lu people. Fortunately, it is Lu.
48 years old: In 504 BC (the sixth year of Lu), Yang Hucheng, an official surnamed Ji, became stronger and stronger. Confucius called it "accompanying ministers in national life." ("The Analects of Confucius") Historical records Confucius said: "Accompany the minister to run state affairs. ..... So Confucius retired as an official to learn poetry, books, rituals and music. He has many disciples, all from afar. " Yanghu wants to see Confucius, but Confucius doesn't want to see Yanghu and the latter two meet on the road. Yang hu advised Confucius to be an official, but Confucius did not make a clear statement. It should have been done for five years or six years.
49 years old: In 503 BC (the seventh year of Lu), he was a disciple. Teacher Zhang Zi, Chen Guoren.
50-year-old: In 502 BC (the eighth year of Lu Dynasty), he claimed to know his destiny at fifty. ("The Analects of Confucius for Politics") Gongshan betrayed her family with Fei, making people call Confucius, and Confucius wanted to go, but was blocked by the quilt road.
5 1 year: 50 1 year BC (9 years in Lu), Confucius was the dictator of Zhongdu, and he was in charge of Zhongdu for one year with outstanding achievements. Disciples Ran Lu,,, and Uncle Zhong Huisheng. Lu Ziluzi, Lu Guoren: Ge Xunzi, Cai Guoren: Qian Zizi Analysis, Lu Guoren; High words are arrogant, and Lu people: they must be literate. Lu people.
52-year-old: In 500 BC (the tenth year of Lu), Confucius was promoted to, and later went to the mouth of the Great Temple to take pictures. In summer, Ding Gong and Qi Hou meet in Oracle bones. Confucius was very alert and prepared to invite Lu Jun to Jiagu in advance, so he not only foiled the plot of hijacking by Qi, but also forced Qi to promise to return the land of Lu 'an, Shaanxi and Shaanxi that invaded Lu.
53 years old: In 499 BC (11th year of Lu), Confucius was Lu Sikou and Lu Zhiguo.
54-year-old: In 498 BC (the twelfth year of Lu), Confucius was sealed as a boy's mouth. In order to weaken the Third Ring Road, measures were taken to capture the three capitals. The purpose of my uncle and supporting Confucius was to weaken the influence of my family, but this action was resisted by my family, and I secretly supported my family. The action of falling into Sandu fell by the wayside. Disciple Gongsun Longsheng. When the dragon word was written, it came from Chu.
55 years old: In the spring of 497 BC (13th year of Lu), Qi sent 80 beautiful women to Lu. Ji accepted female music, and the monarch and his subjects were addicted to singing and dancing, and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was at odds with Ji's family. Confucius left Shandong to defend the country. In October, Confucius was injured by slanders and left Weiguo for Chen. Passing through Kuang, surrounded. Later, when Confucius and his disciples were besieged, his uncle rebelled against Wei. Then I went back to Dewey.
In 496 BC (the fourteenth year of Lu), Confucius was 56 years old and was summoned by his wife Nanzi. Lutz criticized Confucius for reading Nanzi. After hearing this news, Confucius was very sad and praised Zi Chan as "the legacy of ancient times".
57 years old: In 495 BC (the fifteenth year of Lu), Confucius went to Julu. In the summer of May, Lu died and was made public.
58-year-old: In 494 BC (A.D.), Confucius lived in Lu, and the envoy of the State of Wu hired Lu to ask Confucius about the "special car for festivals".
59 years old: In 493 BC (two years), Confucius went from Shandong to Wei. Asked Chen (array) about Confucius, he was politely refused. Confucius couldn't live in Weixi in Weiguo. Go to Guo Song via Cao Guo. Song Sima Huan? I hated Confucius and threatened to hurt him. Confucius walked incognito.
60 years old: In 492 BC (the third year of Lu Aigong), Confucius claimed to be "sixty and obedient". Confucius crossed the State of Zheng and went to the State of Chen. He was separated from his disciples in the capital of Zheng and waited for his disciples to come to him alone at the East Gate. He was ridiculed as "a very rich dog." Confucius smiled happily and said, "Yes, yes!"
6 1 year: Confucius left Chen Toucai in 49 1 year BC (four years).
62 years old: In 490 BC (five years), Confucius went from Cai to Ye. Ye Gong asked Confucius about politics and discussed the moral issues of integrity with Confucius. On his way back to Cai, Confucius met a hermit
63-year-old: In 489 BC (six years), Confucius and his disciples were trapped between Chen and Cai. Many disciples fell ill because of hunger and were rescued by the Chu people. I met a hermit on my way back to Wei from Chu.
64 years old: In 488 BC (seven years), Confucius was in Wei. Advocating to clear the name first and then defend the country.
65 years old: In 487 BC (eight years), Confucius was in Wei. That was the year when Wu Wolu was defeated. Confucius' disciples contributed to the war.
66 years old: In 486 BC (nine years), Confucius was in Wei.
67 years old: In 485 BC (ten years), Confucius was in Wei. Mrs. Confucius died as an official.
68-year-old: In 484 BC (eleven years), Qi defeated Lu, and Confucius disciple Ran Youshuai defeated Qi. Ji Kangzi asked Ran where his command talent came from. You Ran replied, "Learning is to Confucius". Ji Kangzi sent someone to welcome Kong with money. Kong 14 travels around the world, which is the end. Ji Kangzi wanted to be a "land tax", but Confucius opposed it. Confucius said to You Ran, "A gentleman's trip is also a ceremony. Take what is thick, what is thick, and what is thin. If so, the hill will be enough. "
69 years old: In 483 BC (the twelfth year of Lu Aigong), Confucius was still interested in politics, but he was not used. Confucius continued to engage in education and literature work. Kong Li, the son of Confucius, died.
70 years old: In 482 BC (13th year of Lu Aigong), Confucius said, "At the age of 70, you can do whatever you want without overstepping the bounds." . Yan Hui died, and Confucius was very sad.
7 1 year: 48 1 year BC (14th year of Lu Aigong) was the spring of 2008, and hunting was rewarded. Confucius thought this was not a good sign and said, "I am poor." So I stopped writing Spring and Autumn Annals. In June, Qi killed Qi Huangong, and Confucius met with the Third Ring Road and asked Lu to send troops to attack, but he was not supported.
72-year-old: In 480 BC (the 15th year of Lu Aigong), Confucius heard that there was a coup in Weiguo, and he had a premonition that Lutz's life was in danger. Luz was killed. Confucius was very sad.
73 years old: In April 479 BC (16th year of Lu Aigong), Confucius fell ill and died. Buried in Lucheng North. Lu Aigong said, "How? I won't hang up every day, and I won't stay when I'm old. I'll regret leaving the screen alone. Alas! Father! No self-discipline. " Many disciples kept the tomb for three years, and Zigong kept the tomb for six years. Hundreds of disciples and Lu people came home from the ancient tomb and named them. Confucius' former residence was changed into a temple, and Confucius was worshipped by people.
Confucius' family background
The sixth ancestor of Confucius was Kong Fujia, a doctor in the Song Dynasty. He worked as a Fu and was killed in the civil strife in the imperial court. His son Mu fled to Lu to avoid genocide. From then on, Kong settled down in the city and became a Lu native.
Confucius' father is called Ge (a word, and Ge is a name), and his mother is called Yan Zhizai. Shu Lianggan was a famous warrior in Lu at that time. He made two military exploits and worked as a doctor in Qiaoyi. Shu married Shi first, gave birth to nine daughters and no children. He married another concubine and gave birth to a son named Bernie, also named Meng Pi. There was something wrong with Meng Pi's foot, and Shu was very dissatisfied, so he married Yan Zhizai again. At that time, Shu was 66 years old and Yan Zhizai was less than 20 years old. According to historical records, Confucius was not born out of wedlock. His mother was only 18 years old when she was born, while his father was 70 years old. Confucius' father died when Confucius was three years old, and he lived a poor life with his mother ever since. Confucius used to do everything: herding cattle and sheep, keeping accounts and being a librarian. At the age of 22, Confucius' mother died, and he spent three years in mourning. At the age of 53, Confucius was promoted to Boy Scouts. After serving in Lu for two years, Confucius resigned because he was extremely dissatisfied with the politics of the vassal.
According to the Analects of Confucius, Lu was very prosperous under the governance of Confucius. But this is unlikely, because Confucius has never held an important position in Shandong or other countries. Legend has it that Qi, a neighboring country of Lu, was worried that being too powerful would threaten Qi, so in order to undermine the reform of Lu, he sent hundreds of good horses and eighty beautiful dancers to the princes of Lu. The princes of Lu indulged in ease and enjoyment, turned a blind eye to government affairs, and even did not go to court for three consecutive days. Not satisfied, Confucius embarked on a long journey (traveling around the world) and visited some small countries in north-central China, including Wei, Song, Chen and Cai. He preached his political beliefs, but no country implemented them. Confucius returned to his hometown to teach at the age of 68 and received many disciples. In his later years, he and his disciples compiled the Five Classics, which is the crystallization of inheriting the wisdom of the sages. Unable to bear the double grief of losing his son and working hard, Confucius died at the age of 72 (or 73).
later generations
The second generation, Kong Li, word "fish. In the first year of Chongning (A.D. 1 102), it was named Sishui Hou, and the descendants of Kong were called the second ancestor. Kong Li often went to the court to receive the guidance of Confucius' poetry ceremony. 50 years old, died before Confucius.
The third generation, Kong Ji Zisi. In the first year of Chongning (A.D. 1 102), posthumous title Yishui Hou, from Zhiyuan (A.D. 1330), posthumous title was a saint, and the descendants of Confucius called him the third ancestor. He was a student of Confucius and gained a lot of Confucius' thoughts.