The French city of Villier, which borders Switzerland, is located on a hillside. The beautiful Dube River runs through the city, and there are many sawmills standing on the banks. Mayor Derek comes from a noble family with a medal on his button.
He is about fifty years old. His house has the most beautiful garden in the city. His wife is the richest and most beautiful, but he lacks wisdom. "He can only strictly collect debts from others. When he owes debts to others, the later the better." There is also an important person in this city, Mr. Valentino, the director of foster families for the poor. It took him 10000 to 12000 francs to get the position. He has a strong reddish-brown face and a thick black moustache. In the eyes of others, he is a handsome man, and even the mayor is afraid of him. But in order to show his superiority, the mayor decided to hire a tutor. Julian, the son of carpenter Sohail, was chosen as the female teacher of the mayor's family because he was proficient in Latin. He is about eighteen or nineteen, with a delicate face and two big black eyes. When he was quiet, his eyes sparkled like fire, as if he were meditating and exploring, but in an instant, he showed terrible hatred. Because he refused to do manual work because he stuck to books all day, he was disgusted and resented by the whole family and was often beaten by his father and two brothers. When he was a child, he worshipped Napoleon crazily and longed to be the master of the world with a long sword like Napoleon. It is believed that Napoleon "was a humble and poor junior officer who ruled the world with his long sword." But later he wanted to be a priest, because "now we see that priests around 40 can get a salary of100000 francs." This means that they can get100000 francs, which is three times the income of Napoleon's famous generals at that time. "So, he threw himself at the door of Father Xilang and studied theology. He recited a Latin Bible with amazing memory, which caused a sensation in the whole city.
The mayor's beautiful young wife grew up in a monastery and was genuinely disgusted with a rude man like her husband. Because there is no love, she raised three children wholeheartedly. She believes that men are "insensitive to everything except greed for money, power and medals". At first, she imagined Julian as a country bumpkin with a dirty face, but when she saw him, she was shocked: the young man in front of her was so white and his eyes were so gentle and moving. I thought he was "actually a girl" and pretended to be a man. She has a good impression on Lian, and even thinks that "only in the heart of this young priest can she be generous, noble and kind." Alisha, Lady Lena's maid, also fell in love with Julian. Alisha got an inheritance and asked her father Shiro to convey her love for Julian. Julian refused the love of Alisha, the maid. Mrs. Rena was very happy when she learned about it, and a warm stream of happiness fell into her heart. She found herself feeling for him like never before. In summer, the mayor's family moved to Country Garden Villa in Fanny Town. When enjoying the cool in the evening, the whole family gathered under a bodhi tree. Lotus accidentally touched Mrs. Rena's hand, and Mrs. Rena shrank back at once. I even thought that Mrs. Rena looked down on him, so I decided to hold it. The next night he did so, even secretly holding Mrs. Rena's hand, which satisfied his self-esteem. Love and moral responsibility kept Mrs Reina awake at night. She decided to be indifferent to Julian. But when Lian is not at home, she can't help thinking of him. Even bolder, he thought to himself, "I should go further and make sure I reach my goal with this woman." If I make a fortune in the future, some people will laugh at me as a tutor, so I want to let everyone know that it was love that made me accept this position. "
Breaking into her room at 2 o'clock in the morning, at first, she was angry at Lian's rude behavior, but when she saw that "his eyes were full of tears", she sympathized with him. She thought, if only she could fall in love with Lian before 10. However, there is no such idea in my heart. His love is completely out of an ambition, a fanaticism caused by possessiveness. He is so poor that he can get such a noble and beautiful woman, which is really a gift from heaven.
Soon, the emperor visited Villiers, and under the arrangement of Mrs Rena, Julian was hired as a member of the guard of honor, which gave him a chance to make a splash in public. At the welcoming ceremony, Julian attended the ceremony of visiting sacred sites as an accompanying priest. Later, he revered the young bishop Abbe, who was the nephew of the marquis Muir. I thought Bishop Abe had a prominent position at such a young age and was favored by women. He made up his mind that "he would rather be punished by religion than be envied by beautiful women." Mrs Reiner's beloved son is dying. She thought it was God's punishment for her immoral behavior, and she fell into a terrible confession. At this time, Alisha secretly told Mr. Wareno about his wife. He had always been greedy for Mrs. Lena's beauty, so he took the opportunity to write a letter to the mayor. But the mayor is worried that if he drives his wife out of the house, he will lose a lot of inheritance and damage his reputation, so he adopts the method of "only suspecting but not confirming". But in this city, there are more and more rumors about Mrs. Rena and Julian. When Eliza confessed to Father Xilang, she talked about Lian's secret relationship with Mrs. Rena. The priest who cares about Julien wants him to go to Shangsong in the north of the province.
Red and black.
University study. On the third night after the farewell, Julien ventured back to Villier to see Mrs Lena, who was already haggard with the pain of missing.
Besancon is an ancient French city with high walls. When I first arrived at the seminary, the iron cross on the door, the monk's black robe and the insensitive face all made Lian feel terrible. Father pilar, the Dean, is an old acquaintance of Father Shiro, so he takes special care of Lian. He said to Lian, "Laughter is the stage of hypocrisy".
Most of the students in 32 1 are mediocre young people, and they are confident that they will succeed soon. He said to himself in a low voice, "Under Napoleon's rule, I will be an army sergeant, and among future priests, I will be a bishop." Because of his excellent academic performance, the dean asked him to be the tutor of the New Testament and the Old Testament courses.
But the seminary was a hypocritical place, and he soon fell into depression. Dean pilar was pushed out and resigned, and Julian was introduced as the secretary of Marquis Moore. Father pilar introduced him to the Marquis family. He said: "You should pay great attention to the fact that a person in our industry can only have a future by relying on these adults ... In such a society, if you don't get respect from others, your misfortune is doomed." .
Marquez is thin and short, with very flexible eyes and a golden wig on his head. He is an extreme royalist.
The book Red and Black
He fled abroad during the French Revolution and gained a prominent position in Korea after the restoration of the dynasty. Julian's daily job is to copy manuscripts and official documents for him. The Marquis was very satisfied with Lian and sent him to manage the granges in two provinces. He was also in charge of the litigation communication between himself and Bishop Foley, the acting bishop of Besancon, and then sent him to London for diplomacy and gave him a cross, which made Julien feel very successful.
Under the influence of aristocratic society, Julien quickly learned the art of Paris society and became a playboy. Even in Miss Moore's eyes, he has got rid of the rusticity of young people from other provinces. Miss Muir's name is martel. She is a beautiful girl with golden chestnut hair and a well-proportioned figure, but "these eyes reveal the terrible coldness in her heart." She read many romantic novels and was excited by a family history of 3 centuries ago: her ancestor Muir was the lover of Queen Margaret. After being executed by the king, the queen bought his head from the executioner and buried it at the foot of Mount Montmartre late at night. She worships the spirit of Queen taking a chance on love, and her name Martel is the nickname of the Queen.
At first, Julian didn't love martel's lofty and arrogant personality, but when she thought that "she can bring her good position in society to her husband", she enthusiastically pursued her. Martel also knows that Julian comes from humble origins, but she has a romantic feeling that "I dare to fall in love with someone whose social status is so far away from me, which is considered great and brave". So she took Julian's arm in the garden and wrote to him to announce her love. In order to test Lian's courage, she wants Lian to climb to her room with a ladder in the bright moonlight. Julian did the same. She gave herself to him that night, and martel soon regretted it. Once, when they met in the library, she cried and said to Lian, "I hate myself for committing myself to the first person who came." He took down a Gu Jian hanging on the wall and killed her. Martel was not afraid at all, but proudly walked towards Lian. She thought she loved her enough to kill her, so she made up with him again. In the evening, Julian climbed into her room again. She asked Julian to be her "master" and she would always be his slave, indicating that she would always obey him. However, as long as Julian showed a little affection, she turned to anger, publicly insulted him and publicly announced that she no longer loved him.
Because Julian has a good memory, Marquis Moore asked him to attend a secret meeting of royalists, and the Prime Minister also attended.
The book Red and Black
Cardinal, general. After the meeting, Marquis Moore asked Julian to risk his life to take the minutes of his meeting abroad. He was almost killed by the enemy when changing horses at the post station. Fortunately, he escaped alert, got in touch with foreign envoys, and then stayed there to reply. There, he met Prince Khrushchev of Russia. He is an old hand in love, and Julian told him about his love troubles. He suggested that Julian pretend to pursue another woman in order to subdue martel and give her his 53 love letters. "Copy these letters and send them to the woman of your choice. This woman must be an acquaintance of another person who looks down on you. " When Julian returned to Paris, he sent these love letters one by one to the marshal's wife. Marshall's wife was very moved and wrote back to Julian. Martel can't stand it any longer. She knelt at Lian's feet and begged him to love her, which greatly satisfied Julian's vanity. "Look! This proud woman is lying at my feet! " . Soon, martel found herself pregnant. She wrote to her father asking him to forgive Julian and fulfill their marriage. At the insistence of his beloved daughter, the Marquis gave in again and again. First of all, I gave them a piece of land property, and I am going to let them get married and move to the grange. Later, I sent a letter of appointment to Lian, made him a lieutenant of hussars, and awarded him a title of nobility.
Even put on an officer's uniform at the headquarters of the hussars, intoxicated with the happiness of personal ambition. "Because of grace, I just.
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He has only been a lieutenant for two days, and he is already thinking that he can become a commander at the latest by the age of 30, just like the generals in the past, so by the age of 23, he should be above the lieutenant. He only thinks about his honor and his son. "At this moment, he suddenly received an urgent letter from Martell. The letter said: It's all over. Julien hurried back. It turned out that Mrs. Reina wrote to the marquis Muir and revealed their initial relationship. At this time, Lian became angry from embarrassment, immediately jumped into Villarreal's carriage, bought a pistol, immediately rushed to the church, and fired two shots at Mrs. Rena who was praying, and her wife was shot to the ground on the spot. Julian was arrested for shooting and killing.
After going to prison, he calmed down and felt remorse and shame for his behavior. He realized that his ambition had been shattered, but death was not terrible for him. Mrs Rena was shot, but not killed. After a little recovery, she bribed the jailer to prevent the company from being abused. Julian cried when he found out. Martel also came from Paris to visit the prison and ran around to rescue Julien. Julian was not moved by this, but was angry. During the public trial, Julian publicly declared that he didn't ask anyone for a gift. He said: "I have never been tried by my peers. I didn't see a rich farmer in the jury box, but just some angry bourgeois people. " As a result, the court announced that he was guilty of intentional homicide and sentenced to death. Mrs Reina visited the prison at all costs.
Even then, I realized that her letter to the Marquis was drafted by the priest who heard her confession and forced her to write it. Julian and Mrs Reina forgave each other. He refused to appeal, and also refused to say his last prayers to show his protest against the tyranny of feudal nobles. On a sunny day, I was connected to the guillotine. Martel bought his head and personally buried her lover's head in the way that she admired Queen Margaret. As for Mrs Rena, on the third day after her death, Lian kissed her son and passed away. [
Comment appreciation editor
Thematic analysis
Red and Black is the foundation work of European critical realism in19th century. The novel focuses on the hero's personal struggle experience and ultimate failure, especially the description of his two love affairs, which widely shows "1the oppressive social atmosphere brought by successive governments to the French people in the first 30 years of the 9th century", and strongly criticizes the reaction of nobles, the darkness of the church and the meanness and greed of bourgeois new noble during the Restoration Dynasty. Therefore, although the novel is centered on Lian's love life, it is not a love novel after all, but a "political novel".
The author used his long-term observation of the life of the restoration dynasty to connect with the reality at that time and injected his own understanding of social contradictions, making Red and Black an excellent work reflecting the social reality during the restoration period. "Red" in the works represents soldiers in red uniforms and "black" represents priests in black, which are two shortcuts for young people to get ahead in society at that time and also represent the social characteristics of society at that time. The work comprehensively criticizes all kinds of social ugliness, and at the same time successfully shapes typical characters in typical environments, with special emphasis on the influence of the environment on the characters, which also makes this work a model.
Paying attention to revealing the psychological activities of the characters is a prominent feature of Stendhal's art. Psychological activities are not a tedious rendering divorced from real life, but an inevitable reaction of the characters' personality in a specific environment and situation, and then projected into the life scene at that time. The combination of character activity and psychological description is an important means for the author to create a typical image. [4]
signature analysis
Julian's life is as short as a mayfly, but as brilliant as a meteor across the night sky. The climax of his life is two unusual love tragedies. Julian is a man full of contradictions. His inner world is profound and complicated. He is cowardly and brave, cunning and honest, sophisticated and naive, complex and simple. All these contradictory characteristics make Lian a special model.
Some readers will wonder why Lian refused to defend his appeal and took the initiative to die. In fact, at that time, there were two ways for Julien: one was to kneel down to the class he hated and the society he was determined to resist, begging and accepting its forgiveness. In this way, although he can live physically, he will be declared dead mentally. In addition, we should be loyal to our beliefs and ideals and stick to the challenges of life. In this way, the company must stand up and die.
Julian chose death. It is the independent choice of death that fully embodies the integrity of this rebellious character created by Stendhal.
On the surface, Julien despised all the moral norms of French society at that time. But what he tramples on is the hypocritical moral creed that people just talk about in that corrupt society, and no one wants to really abide by it. Julian is a bold liar, but this is because in that corrupt society, deception and lies have become everyone's means of making a living. He publicly declared that self-interest is human nature, but it is under the signboard of "serving the society and contributing to the public" that those senior officials and dignitaries unscrupulously seek personal gain for themselves and their families. [5]
5 works affect editing
Red and Black is the foundation work of French critical realism literature, an outstanding political novel in19th century, a classic of the father of modern novels, the first critical realism masterpiece in the history of European literature in19th century, a required reading list listed by American writer Hemingway, a literary book regarded as a real masterpiece by British novelist Mao Mu, and a French book in1986th century.
Red and Black is the representative work of French realist writer Stendhal. Since the publication of 1830, Red and Black has won the hearts of generations of readers all over the world, especially the love of young people. The "young careerist" portrayed in his works is a highly typical figure and has become synonymous with individual careerist. [6]
Through the description of Lian's dual personality, contradictory personality and tragic fate, the novel objectively reveals the cruel reality of the restoration period and its corrosion and destruction to the younger generation.
The subtitle of the novel is "The Age of 1830". In fact, readers can deeply understand "1the oppressive social atmosphere brought by successive governments to the French people in the first 30 years of the 9th century" and the reality. [7]
6 job evaluation editor
Stendhal's "Red and Black" pointed out the direction for novels in the 20th century. Entering this book, we will feel the shock that only a first-class psychological novelist can give us, because it brings us more realistic spiritual connotation.
-American professor Feldman
Red and Black is the book that has benefited me the most in my life.
-Gide, an outstanding French novelist
Julien in Stendhal's Red and Black is/kloc-the "ancestor" of a series of heroes who resisted capitalism and socialism in European literature in the 9th century.
Gorky
The novel fully shows the hero's spiritual space with profound and delicate style, and uses various artistic techniques such as monologue and free association to dig out the activities of deep consciousness, which creates the precedent of "stream of consciousness novel" and "psychological novel" in later generations. This is a "philosophical poem of the soul".
-History of foreign literature
Red and Black has a far-reaching influence in the history of literature. The French have knowledge of Stendhal and "Red and Black"-"Stendhal Studies" and "Dream of Red Mansions", as well as the "Stendhal Club" which specializes in this book.