Garbage pipes: vertical pipes for transporting domestic garbage in multi-storey and high-rise buildings, which are mostly installed in the walls of hidden places such as stairwells, corridors, kitchens and service balconies of buildings or in special pipe rooms. The garbage pipeline consists of garbage hopper, garbage well and garbage bin (or garbage room). The garbage bin with concentrated garbage at the bottom of the garbage shaft is provided with an ash outlet for cleaning garbage and an openable and closable ash cleaning door. There is always a mechanical transmission device with large storage capacity in the garbage room to input the garbage into the garbage truck. The garbage pipeline is made of incombustible materials; Garbage bins are generally welded by steel plates; Garbage wells generally use brick or reinforced concrete prefabricated parts, and the inner wall should be smooth. In order to prevent blockage, the inner diameter of the shaft should be greater than 350 ~ 400 mm, the top of the shaft should protrude from the roof, and exhaust holes should be set to eliminate dirty gas. High-rise building garbage pipes should also have washing and fire fighting equipment. This kind of garbage pipeline belongs to cold type (dry type), in addition to hot type (incineration type) and wet type (flushing type), but it is not commonly used.
Flue: the smoke exhaust passage of the stove in the building. The part of the flue that exceeds the roof is called a chimney. Kitchen, water room, boiler room and other stoves that use coal as fuel need to be equipped with flue. Generally speaking, the flue naturally exhausts smoke by ascending motion caused by air temperature difference. The cross-sectional area of the flue depends on the amount of flue gas discharged. The flue is always on the inner wall of the kitchen. In cold areas, the flue should not be located on the external wall, so as to avoid the decrease of flue gas temperature and flue gas exhaust power due to insufficient thermal insulation of the flue arm. Flues are mostly brick, and reinforced concrete prefabricated pipes or clay pipes can also be used, and the cross section can be square, rectangular, round or oval. Due to freeze-thaw weathering, the smoke outlet of chimney roof is seriously eroded in alpine region, and the inner wall of chimney is often lined with glazed tile clay pipe. The inner surface of the flue wall should be smooth, tight, airtight, smokeless and less dusty. Low-rise buildings often set independent flue according to stoves, and multi-storey or high-rise buildings often use sub-flue. At the bottom of the main flue, an ash removal port should be set to remove dust.
Ventilation duct: a duct in a building that uses natural ventilation to exhaust air. In winter cold areas, bathrooms, toilets, kitchens and other rooms that emit water vapor, lampblack or harmful gases, crowded rooms and rooms with closed doors and windows should be provided with ventilation channels to adjust the air. Ventilation duct should be located in the inner wall far away from the outer wall window, and its cross section should be determined according to the room volume, the number of residents and the degree of air pollution. The ventilation duct consists of an air inlet with a ventilation grille, a ventilation duct and an air outlet with a hood. The air inlet is located 300 ~ 400 mm below the ceiling, and the ventilation grille is usually made of thin steel plate and plastic. Ventilation pipes require smooth inner walls, and common wall-building materials should be built at the same time with the wall, or prefabricated pipes such as reinforced concrete, gypsum and glass fiber reinforced plastic should be built in the wall or at the side of the wall. The air outlet and hood above the roof are often made of the same material as the air duct or wall, and metal products can also be used. Brick, gypsum and glass fiber reinforced plastic ventilation pipes mostly adopt rectangular cross-section, while prefabricated reinforced concrete air ducts mostly adopt circular or elliptical cross-section. In multi-storey buildings, ventilation pipes are mostly branch pipes.
Air-conditioning duct: the duct for conveying air in air-conditioning system, also called air duct. The layout of air-conditioning ducts varies with different air-conditioning systems. Generally, there are air supply pipes and return air pipes; But for the inducer system, most of them only have air supply pipes. The indoor terminal of the air conditioning pipeline is connected with the air supply outlet and the air return outlet respectively. Large air ducts usually have rectangular sections that are easy to process; For small air ducts, circular sections are usually used. Due to the different air distribution forms in air-conditioned rooms, the positions and forms of air supply outlets and air return outlets are also different. The layout of air-conditioning pipes should not only meet the technical and economic requirements of air-conditioning system, but also meet the requirements of building space treatment. It is best to use the space between the inner wall and the ceiling to lay the air duct. According to the specific situation, the air duct can be attached to the wall and hung separately under the floor of the corridor, or set up a centralized vertical air duct room and horizontal air duct interlayer, or put the horizontal air duct in the attic floor. The material of the air duct can be concrete, brick, reinforced concrete, steel sheet, plastic sheet, wood chip board, glass fiber board, etc. In order to reduce the cold and heat loss in the process of conveying air and prevent condensation on the inner surface, the air duct should be insulated. Cork, foam plastic, glass wool and vermiculite board are commonly used thermal insulation materials. The outer surface of the air duct should be treated according to the interior decoration. The inner wall of the air duct should be smooth and tight, without air leakage.
Water supply and drainage pipeline: including outdoor water supply pipeline, water supply pipeline for indoor water supply, and drainage pipeline for discharging sewage from indoor and entering outdoor water supply and drainage pipeline (see indoor water supply and drainage system). Indoor water supply pipes are mostly galvanized steel pipes, and plastic pipes are also useful. The drainage pipes are mainly cast iron pipes soaked in asphalt, and some are made of plastic pipes or local steel pipes. The layout of water supply and drainage pipes in the house is as follows:
(1) Open pipes are in bulk, and water supply and drainage pipes are arranged along the wall in relatively hidden places such as corners, columns and floors. This method is often used in buildings with scattered water equipment and low requirements.
(2) The concealed pipes are in bulk, and the water supply and drainage pipes are arranged in the wall trough or ceiling shed, which is not exposed indoors. It is often used in buildings where water facilities are scattered but indoor cleanliness and beauty are required.
(3) Centralized pipeline wells, which are often set in rooms where water equipment is concentrated on the upper and lower floors, and the vertical pipelines are concentrated in the pipeline wells and pipeline interlayers, which is convenient for maintenance, neat and beautiful. This method is often used in hotels and other buildings.
(4) The centralized pipeline is blocked. In prefabricated houses, water supply and drainage pipes are concentrated in precast concrete blocks, and water equipment in toilets and kitchens can be directly connected with pipes in precast blocks.
⑤ Box-type toilets, sanitary wares and pipes are installed in prefabricated boxes in the prefabrication factory and transported to the construction site, so long as they are connected to the pipe network, they can be used. This method is mostly used in residential or hotel buildings.
Gas pipeline: gas risers are generally laid outdoors, and a few are laid in stairwells and kitchens (but there must be good ventilation). It is not allowed to be laid in bedrooms, bathrooms and bathrooms. When the gas pipeline passes through the corridor, the corridor must have natural ventilation equipment and explosion-proof electrical lighting equipment, and the ceiling of the corridor must be fireproof. Indoor gas pipeline adopts seamless steel pipe, welded or threaded connection, and plastic pipe. Gas pipelines passing through walls and floors should be placed in steel sleeves.
Cables and conduits: Cables and conduits can be installed openly or concealed. For the sake of electricity safety and indoor beauty, it should be concealed as much as possible. Vertical pipes are often buried in wall grooves, and horizontal pipes can be laid with the help of hollow slab holes, joints between slabs or ground cushions and laying layers. Cable sleeves shall be made of metal pipes or plastic pipes with reliable insulation performance. Pay attention to ensure the convenience of maintenance and replacement of concealed cables. When the exposed cable passes through the wall or floor, it should be insulated by casing. Where the cable passes, it should be kept dry to prevent leakage caused by insulation damage.
Cargo conveying shaft: a special shaft set in a building for conveying specific goods. The equipment of the shaft depends on the goods transported. For example, food in restaurants, medicines in hospitals, books in libraries and so on. Use manual or electric hanging cabinets and elevators for vertical transportation. There are always dirty clothes shafts in hotels and large hospital wards to transport dirty clothes and dirt. Other heavier items are transported by freight elevator. The special elevator shaft for transporting goods is similar to the ordinary elevator shaft in shape and structure, but it is generally smaller and has simple equipment and structure. The shaft wall is usually built of brick or reinforced concrete. Dirty clothes hoistway and garbage hoistway are provided with throwing ports on each floor, and a centralized room is provided at the bottom of the well. The horizontal transportation of articles is mainly carried out by closed or open conveyor belts. Some light and small items, such as library cards and telegraphic manuscripts of telecommunication bureaus, are usually closed pipes driven by compressed air.