People and animals are the same. Try to explain everything from the perspective of people, why people get sick, who gets sick easily and how to get sick less. The answer is that people with good health and strong resistance are not easy to get sick. How can I be healthy? Pay attention to reasonable diet, moderate exercise, good living environment, good mentality and habits. So do sheep. A strong sheep cannot spread all diseases. Diarrhea can be divided into lamb diarrhea and sheep diarrhea. The causes of diarrhea in sheep of different ages are different. Let's start with diarrhea in big sheep. Cause of diarrhea: 1 Bacterial infection, such as various infectious diseases, eating unclean forage (grass grown in long-term flooded places, grass contaminated by feces, etc.). (2) various stress situations, such as just being introduced back, getting caught in the rain, cold, especially sudden cold. 3 Intestinal parasites such as tapeworms, 400 people suddenly ate too much concentrated feed, and 5 the feed ratio of captive animals was not suitable. The sheepfold is wet or there is no proper outdoor exercise, and the sheep have to bask in the sun. Suddenly, eating hay turned into grass. This situation is very common in spring. Sheep are weak in constitution and have poor gastrointestinal function. This kind of sheep is prone to get sick after eating naked aquatic plants. The types of diarrhea can be roughly divided into simple diarrhea, indigestion diarrhea and infectious diarrhea. How to distinguish the nature of diarrhea by symptoms, first look at whether it is simple diarrhea or accompanied by symptoms such as fever and dyspnea, and then look at whether the color of feces is similar to that of normal feces, whether it is only diluted, how thin it is, whether it becomes yellow-green, red-black, whether it is mixed with blood clots and tissue fragments, whether there is mucus, whether it smells, and how much. The following diseases and improper feeding management can all be manifested as diarrhea: pathogenic microorganisms such as sheep enterotoxemia, colibacillosis, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, paratuberculosis, coccidiosis, intestinal parasites such as trichuris, tapeworm and gastrocnemius contortus; Treatment measures such as eating too much green and juicy forage, suddenly changing feed formula in captivity, poisoning, copper deficiency, cobalt deficiency, mineral imbalance and so on. In general, if it is judged that it is not a serious infectious disease, you only need to take one of norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, berberine hydrochloride, compound berberine and furans. Oral. Personally, I think ciprofloxacin has the best effect, usually once or twice. If the condition is serious, intramuscular injection of cefotaxime. (See the instructions for drug usage and dosage. The dose that people usually use refers to an adult who weighs 60 kilograms. If it is used in sheep, it can be converted according to the weight of the sheep. The appropriate dose can be larger. * * suggested buying it at a drugstore. The quality of veterinary drug stores is not guaranteed, especially the extraction of traditional Chinese medicine. Don't believe what the box says. This can be cured and that can be cured. After taking the medicine, take a proper amount of warm water, not too much at a time, but a small amount for several times. Don't take glucose, sucrose and other sugars orally at this time. At the same time, stop feeding concentrated feed. If diarrhea is serious, green feed should also be stopped. You can even use some laxatives to help empty the gastrointestinal tract. You should know that there is a kind of therapy called hunger therapy, and sometimes it works well. The treatment principle is: early detection, early treatment, and don't be lazy. If you are not sure whether it is contagious, isolate the sick sheep, spray disinfect all the sheep in time, and give preventive medicine to the healthy sheep. There are other reasons for lamb diarrhea: the intestines and stomach of lambs born by weak ewes are naturally bad; Did not eat colostrum in time, gave birth to lambs in a polluted and dirty environment, and supplemented milk when the ewe's milk was insufficient. For lamb diarrhea, if it is not caused by bacterial infection, it is recommended to take lactic acid bacteria tablets, whole intestine, pepsin and lactase. If it is bacterial, berberine hydrochloride and compound berberine are the first choice for the treatment of the same sheep, and ciprofloxacin is ineffective. Feeding oxytetracycline to newborn lambs every day for three consecutive days can enhance the gastrointestinal function, and it is not easy to have diarrhea when they grow up. Let me also talk about mutton galactorrhea. This question appeared in the bar these two days, and there was a lot of debate. I will also join in the fun and tell lies. Personally, I think there are several reasons for milk accumulation: 1, weather, and now the temperature difference between day and night in the north and some mountainous areas is getting bigger and bigger. Drink enough milk to sleep during the day, the cold air is heavy at night, and the lamb has digestive problems after catching cold; Second, lack of exercise, eating and sleeping, milk in the lower part of the real stomach, affecting the peristalsis of the stomach, you experienced people should be able to observe that if the venue is large enough, two-day-old lambs like to go crazy with other lambs after eating, also called jumping, if they just stay in a narrow lambing shed, they will not be so active; Third, lambs have no water. In fact, lambs need to drink water, especially in hot weather. After the milk goes in, it absorbs water first, and the milk becomes cheese. How to digest cheese? Fourthly, the colostrum of some ewes is particularly large and thick, which shows that protein has high fat content and low water content, and it is not easy to digest. Then why does milk accumulation lead to death? First of all, talk about the normal digestion process of milk, which is probably like this: First, in abomasum, abomasum is in an acidic environment. Under the treatment of gastric acid, pepsin, various digestive enzymes and microorganisms, protein is decomposed into amino acids, and carbohydrates are converted into glucose, which is absorbed in abomasum and then transferred to small intestine for further digestion. The small intestine is in an alkaline environment, and bile and intestinal juice are decomposed into fat components and various fatty acids by various digestive enzymes. Unabsorbed protein remains in the abomasum, and carbohydrates are further digested and absorbed in the small intestine. Please forgive me, I almost forgot all the biochemistry I learned in those years, and I can't explain it clearly. There may be some mistakes. Due to various reasons, milk entered the abomasum, but it was not digested and transferred to the small intestine in time, and was forced to accumulate in the abomasum. At first, I said that the abomasum is in an acidic environment, and there are various microorganisms in the abomasum. One kind of microorganism is called lactic acid bacteria, and the common ones are Lactobacillus and Streptococcus lactis. Like some Japanese during the Anti-Japanese War, this thing is an ordinary person when it is fine. So is lactic acid bacteria. They are acidophilic bacteria, which means they like acidic environment. If there is food (milk), they will multiply in large quantities, producing lactic acid and various gases, causing bloating. As the name implies, lactic acid is an acidic substance, which makes abomasum more acidic and more suitable for the growth of lactic acid bacteria, and so on. Too much lactic acid will have two effects on sheep's health. First, it will be directly absorbed into the blood, destroying the acid-base balance of the blood and causing acidosis. Acidosis can cause brain function damage and dehydration, and brain function damage will eventually affect the respiratory central nervous system and autonomic nervous system, so sick sheep will be depressed, which is why tumor acidosis needs fluid replacement. But because of abdominal distension, the sheep themselves are unwilling to drink water; Secondly, lactic acid exists in abomasum, which leads to the increase of abomasum osmotic pressure. In order to balance osmotic pressure, the capillaries of abomasum wall will leak a lot of water and dilute gastric juice. Therefore, although sheep don't drink water, they will feel that lambs are full of water, which will further aggravate dehydration symptoms. Finally, the blood is sticky and a series of dehydration occurs. Under normal circumstances, lactic acid bacteria are also multiplying, but milk will be transferred to the small intestine in time, which is alkaline and sometimes. Just like a traitor who fell into the hands of the Eighth Route Army, he immediately became honest. So the normal digestion process will not produce a lot of lactic acid. The above is also applicable to rumen food accumulation and tumor gastric acidosis, except that the food eaten by lactic acid bacteria is replaced by grass and concentrate, and all drugs have side effects. The most serious side effect of gentamicin is mainly hearing loss. Using it to treat diarrhea will not have any serious side effects. Gentamicin is used to treat diarrhea because it is basically not absorbed after oral administration and can maintain a high concentration in the intestine, so it must be taken orally. If it is an aqueous solution, the effect is definitely worse than that of a sustained-release agent. Say a little problem that novices don't know much about, conjunctival keratitis. Say a few nouns first. Conjunctiva refers to a thin film on the inner surface of eyelid (upper and lower eyelids) and the surface of eyeball. Cornea refers to black eyeball, while white eyeball refers to bulbar conjunctiva and anterior 1/3 sclera. So if only the eyelids are red and swollen, there are tears and gum, and the eyes are fine, this is conjunctivitis; If the eyelids are thin, the dark circles are white and thin as fog at first, thick as white clouds at the back, and finally the whole dark circles turn white, which is keratitis; If there are problems with eyelids and dark circles at the same time, this is conjunctival keratitis. If conjunctivitis is not treated, it is easy to cause keratitis, and the symptoms will become swollen eyelids, tears and gums, and the eyelids can't be opened. When you look at it, black eyes will turn white. So when you see a sheep crying, it is very important to deal with it in time. For the treatment of these minor problems, many people will give drugs, injections and eye drops at the same time. My personal suggestion is that if you can choose the right eye drops and make sure to drop them at least three times a day, preferably five times, then you don't need to take medicine and injections, especially for lambs, let alone take medicine and injections at will. If the eyelids are swollen badly, the dark circles are white and festering, you can feed some antibiotics or give an injection for a day or two. Specific treatment, first check whether there are foreign bodies in the eyes, and then choose ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin eye drops, five times a day. In terms of administration, ampicillin, Shuanghuanglian and Houttuynia cordata for injection can be used for one or two days. If the inflammation is serious, you can drop dexamethasone eye drops once or twice a day in the first day or two, and then don't use it, because dexamethasone is not good for a long time and it is not necessary. If it is a viral eye disease, use moroxydine and ribavirin eye drops, and do not use dexamethasone eye drops for viral eye diseases. If there are a lot of secretions in the eyes, rinse them with cold boiled water or normal saline first, and emphasize that it is ampicillin, not penicillin sodium, because it is difficult for penicillin to enter the eyeball, and the concentration of ampicillin in eyeball tissue and aqueous humor is very high. In addition, if the white part of the dark circles has festered, you can't use dexamethasone eye drops, which will aggravate the condition. Sheep in captivity and sheep grazing in mountain forests are more prone to eye problems, because sheep in captivity are prone to poor ventilation, and their eyes will be rubbed by the same kind when eating, which is prone to the imbalance of trace elements. In addition, the miasma in the mountain forest is heavy and the twigs and leaflets are easy to hurt the eyes, and the weather is too hot and dry and sheep are easy to appear. Many novices call me to see a doctor and prescribe a prescription after diagnosis. As a result, there was no medicine, not even penicillin. As everyone knows, sometimes, time is life. Some sheep are sick, and life and death may depend on whether you can prescribe the right medicine an hour earlier. Therefore, according to my understanding of sheep disease, I put forward a list of commonly used drugs for your reference. Oral tablets or capsules: compound berberine (or berberine hydrochloride), ciprofloxacin (or ofloxacin), oxytetracycline, Quanchangle, lactase, roxithromycin (or azithromycin), clarithromycin, cefixime, cefradine, cefalexin trimethoprim, clindamycin, compound sulfamethoxazole (also called Bai Yanjing), metronidazole (or tinidazole, cefradine). Sodium bicarbonate injection: penicillin sodium (don't buy penicillin potassium, because potassium is a painful factor, intramuscular injection will be very painful), ampicillin, cefradine, cefotaxime, cefepime, ceftriaxone sodium (generally used for intravenous injection, it will be painful without intramuscular injection), gentamicin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin (or lincomycin), ciprofloxacin (or ofloxacin). Doxycycline, metronidazole, any sulfonamides, Shuanghuanglian, Bupleurum, Qingkailing, oxytocin, various vitamin injections, various calcium preparations, 5% sodium bicarbonate, sterile water for injection, 5%- 10%-50% glucose and normal saline. I never use injections to repel insects. Of course, this is related to the kind of parasites. Topical use includes: potassium permanganate, copper sulfate, iodine glycerin, ice boron powder, complex iodine, povidone iodine, decyl methyl bromide, eppley norubicin and abamectin. Eye drops have been said before, so I won't repeat them. I'm used to all the above drugs. If someone uses it, they will definitely not buy veterinary drugs. It happens that the management of antibiotics here is relatively loose, so I seldom use veterinary drugs. Some places may not be able to buy antibiotics used by many people, but only veterinary drugs. Speaking of so many kinds of drugs, according to my actual situation, my standing stock is very simple: penicillin sodium, cefotaxime, ampicillin, cefixime, cefalexin trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, compound berberine, oxytetracycline, roxithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, complex iodine, povidone iodine and decyl ammonium bromide. Generally speaking, I don't need any gas. I usually use Chinese medicine to digest food, and I steal too much concentrate for sheep to eat. In order to prevent acidosis, take a sheep weighing 100 kg as an example. The early prescription is: take 20g of sodium bicarbonate and two ciprofloxacin orally, then use 20g of rhubarb, boil for five minutes, pour out, add 20g of mirabilite, add water to 500ml, and take orally. This prescription is also suitable for mild acidosis. For acute flatulence, my family's treatment is to put some blood in its ear with scissors and never take medicine! Last time I posted because of this, they said I misled the novice. Fortunately, Comrade Hu came out to speak! Smoking a cigarette and chewing a stick is not a big problem! The treatment of galactorrhea has never been said. Now I would like to add: The treatment of galactorrhea: generally, an appropriate amount of 20% sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution is taken orally (or an appropriate amount of water is injected after feeding rhubarb soda tablets), then one or two oxytetracycline or ciprofloxacin are taken orally, and then 50% glycerol (Kaiselu) 10-30ml is administered rectally. After defecation, hold it up and shake it, if you can feel it. In severe cases, rhubarb 5, mirabilite 5, Poria 5, Fructus Aurantii 2, Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae 5, Massa Medicata Fermentata 5 and malt 5 are decocted and taken. Farmers are no strangers to the problem of sheep parasites, but in my opinion, many of the measures taken are wrong and ineffective. Conceptually, many people think that sheep have parasites. At best, it's ugly, thinner and messy, so there won't be any big problems. In fact, some parasites can cause a large number of deaths in a short time. If it rains frequently in your place in recent months, and some of your pastures are in that low-lying and humid area, sheep drink stagnant water from small ponds and puddles, and then the following symptoms appear, you should consider parasites: feces are like piles of cow dung, even diarrhea, edema of chin, eyelids, stomach and hind legs, pale gums and bloodless hair, but normal body temperature and loss of appetite. Let me talk about some parasites that I think are the most common and have the most serious consequences. The first kind, stomach bug, its typical symptom is that after the rainy season, what sheep eat has not changed, but there are piles of cow dung-like sheep dung in the sheepfold, and some are pools of thin water samples. It can be clearly felt that some sheep's body hair is messy, erect and fat, but their food intake and body temperature are normal, and some sheep's jaws are edema, and this edema is not obvious in the morning, but it will get bigger in the afternoon and evening. If the fresh feces of this sheep are diluted and washed away with water, you can see insects the thickness of cotton thread, with two tips in the middle circle, 2-4 cm long, white body surface and red segments in the body. If you dissect a dead sheep, you can find that there are a lot of bugs in its true gastrointestinal tract, and the true gastric mucosa is a little bleeding. In addition, some sick sheep with severe acute infection will have nervous system symptoms, such as head leaning to one side, nystagmus, croaking Fasciola hepatica, messy body hair, dull feces, cow dung-like or thin, persistent edema, etc., which will not become smaller at night and larger during the day like stomach worms. Anatomy showed that the liver was swollen and discolored, and there were round blood bubbles on the surface of the liver. Small round holes can be seen on the surface of the liver. After careful incision, it can be seen that it leads to the liver like a tunnel, and the tunnel itself will be eroded, resulting in intra-abdominal bleeding, blood clots, gallbladder enlargement, lung necrosis and even adhesion to the chest wall. It takes only one or two days from the discovery to the death of acute infection cases, and collapse, purring, drooling or taenia foam will occur. Generally speaking, there are no obvious symptoms, mainly hair color difference and thinness. However, we can see that feces tend to stick together, some will be stained with yellow and white mucus, and something like rice grains will creep. Sometimes you can see noodles, flat, one centimeter wide and less than one millimeter thick, with different lengths, but you can see stripes, one by one. Pulmonary filariasis, mainly cough in the early stage, has no runny nose, antibiotics are ineffective, and cough is contagious. Sheep that cough for a long time will gradually have a runny nose, and the breathing sound is obvious, and the "whirring" sound can be heard. Cough caused by pulmonary filariasis is not divided into stages. The kind of cough caused by poor ventilation in the sheephouse is more common at night, and it will be obviously relieved when grazing during the day, with a runny nose and more eye secretions. I recommend albendazole 20-50, ivermectin 0.5- 1 and levamisole 5- 10, mix them together and take them with water on an empty stomach. This group of pregnant sheep can be used, just pay attention to be gentle when catching sheep and feeding medicine, and don't touch the position of the right uterus. If the sheep struggle to bark when feeding medicine, it can't be fed, for fear of getting into the lungs. As for the rotation of pasture after deworming, collecting feces should be done if conditions permit, but there is no way to do it if conditions permit. If it is not urgent, the pregnant sheep will be born soon, so it is not recommended to give medicine. I don't recommend ivermectin injection, whether it is a parasite in vivo or in vitro. First, ivermectin has a limited insect repellent spectrum, which is mainly effective against nematodes in vivo and arthropod parasites (mites, ticks and lice) in vitro, but ineffective against common tapeworms and trematodes. Second, because of subcutaneous injection of ivermectin, some sheep will have severe pain. For pregnant sheep, the safety is not enough and it is easy to cause abortion. Another reason is that the quality of ivermectin on the market is uneven, and some farmers who don't understand it clearly repel insects, but it has no effect. For ectoparasites, ectoparasites such as eppley Noximine (commonly referred to as "Mijing") and avermectin can be applied or sprayed in groups, including walls and sheep beds. Albendazole, levamisole, people can buy it in pharmacies. Albendazole is also called albendazole, albendazole, enterotoxin, vermiculite resistance and so on. Albendazole should not buy enterotoxin produced by Sino-American SmithKline, which is too expensive, because it is a Sino-foreign joint venture and often advertises. Other purely domestic drugs, as long as they are for human use, have basically the same effect. The best prescription of infectious pleuropneumonia is clarithromycin plus ciprofloxacin, and severe cases can be directly injected into the chest. Secondary prescription: azithromycin plus ciprofloxacin, or tylosin plus ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin is the first choice for the treatment of infectious pleuropneumonia. Take a sick sheep weighing about 50kg as an example. On the first day, the prescription: inject 0.5g of clarithromycin and 0.5g of ciprofloxacin into bilateral muscles or intravenous injection in separate bottles (clarithromycin preferably uses 250ml of normal saline), and repeat after 10 to 12 hours. From the next day, the single dose of clarithromycin was adjusted to 0.25-0.5 g according to the severity of the disease, and the number of times remained unchanged. Until you are fully recovered. If there is no injection, tablets and capsules will do, but the effect will be much worse. In severe cases, it can be directly injected into the chest. The method of chest injection should be Baidu by yourself. The secondary selection scheme is azithromycin plus ciprofloxacin, and the usage and dosage remain unchanged. The second scheme is tylosin plus ciprofloxacin (or enrofloxacin). The preventive medication of healthy sheep can be given by clarithromycin or azithromycin 0.25g/50 kg body weight once a day, divided into two ways: injection and oral administration, and it is best not to mix them to affect absorption. Ventilation is very important for this airborne disease. Isolate the sick sheep in time, clean up the mouth and nose secretions left by the sick sheep in the pen in time, and disinfect the pen. Why use 50 Jin of sheep as the dosage? Because the outbreak of this disease is very common when you bring in or fatten lambs, and most breeding or fattening sheep are about 40 kg. If you encounter it, just take the medicine directly according to the dose. Many novices are confused about the dosage. Azithromycin has a good effect, but it should not be overdosed. First, it is expensive. Second, it may cause some serious side effects.