(A) a long history of civilization has promoted cultural changes.
Judging from the history of civilization development, Greece is rich in Paleolithic culture and Neolithic culture. The earliest human fossil in Europe-Homo erectus Petralona (about 300,000 years ago) was discovered in northern Greece. This undoubtedly shows that Greece is an important cradle of western civilization. When history entered the Aegean civilization, that is, Crete and Mycenae culture period (2000 ~ 1 100 BC), Greek culture was ahead of western history.
During this period, the most important historical development in Homer's era was the use of iron. The use of iron has promoted the development of agriculture, handicrafts and industry and commerce; At the same time, on the basis of Aegean civilization, the Greeks created the geometric style culture of Homer's era. In the hundreds of years since the formation of geometric culture, epic stories have become an all-encompassing treasure house of folk oral literature creation through literary imagination, exaggeration and typical shaping, and then refined and pondered by great poets like Homer in later generations, becoming a treasure of world literature and an important source of classical art. In the 9th century BC, Greece established hundreds of city-states. The establishment of these city-states adapted to the development of productive forces and also mobilized the Greek consciousness of creating culture. Greek society in primitive times absorbed the nutrition of Aegean civilization and Homer's poetic history. At the same time, through Solon's reform, the politics, economy and culture of the society continued to develop harmoniously, thus accumulating rich cultural details and the internal driving force of cultural changes for cultural creation in classical times.
(b) Democratic politics and national spirit promote cultural awareness.
In ancient Greece, slave-owner democracy was first practiced in human history, which once played a great role in promoting the social development of Greece. Compared with the highly centralized and autocratic slavery in ancient eastern countries, the Greek city-state slavery, especially the slavery in Athens, is relatively democratic (of course, this is only the democracy of slave owners).
Greek national spirit is an important driving force to promote the prosperity of Greek culture; Without the national spirit of Greece, there can be no prosperity of Greek culture. The national spirit of the Greeks is a national spirit full of vigor and vitality.
In addition, the Greeks attached importance to education and the spread of wisdom. The Greeks believe that the purpose of education is to let the public pursue a noble life and think about the world. At that time, freedom of speech was practiced, and wise people were free to travel around the world to give lectures and spread their wisdom. It can be seen that this is an era with the concept of democracy and freedom, which has created a unique ancient democratic politics.
Chapter V Science in the Hellenistic Period
(Excerpted from Chapter 5 of Wu Guosheng's Science Curriculum)
During the Peloponnesian War, the kingdom of Macedonia in northern Greece grew and developed. King Philip II in 200 BC
After he ascended the throne in 356, he paid attention to learning advanced Greek culture, enriched Qiang Bing at the same time, expanded his army to prepare for war, and became a member of the Greek world.
A powerful military force. In 338 BC, Philip II defeated the allied forces against Macedonia, and the Pan-Greek Congress was held in Corinth the following year.
Will establish Macedonia's rule over Greece. In 336 BC, Philip II was assassinated in a palace coup.
After his death, 20-year-old Prince Alexander ascended the throne and began to wage a war of aggression against the East.
Alexander's Crusades first referred to the Persian Empire. He defeated the Persian army in 334 BC and captured Syria and Fiji the following year.
Nicky and Egypt. In 33 1 BC, Alexander set out from Egypt and fought the Persian army again, completely defeating Bo.
Empire. After Alexander designated Babylon as the new capital, he continued his eastward expedition and set foot in the Indus Valley. But because
The soldiers were not acclimatized and the army did not advance eastward.
Alexander fought in the south and north for more than ten years and established a huge empire across Europe, Asia and Africa. This empire is based on the East.
Center, but with Greek culture as the dominant culture. For Aristotle's students, Alexander, a military wizard, paid great attention to them.
The development of academic career is always accompanied by the career of a group of scholars. Geographers paint everywhere.
Making maps, naturalists collecting specimens ―― It is said that Aristotle's biological research benefited a lot from these rare specimens.
. Like Napoleon in modern times, Alexander also attached importance to the role of science and technology in the war. It is said that due to engineers
With the help of Alexander the Great, the level of siege warfare once reached the height of modern times. This is how Greek civilization followed Alex.
Alexander's expedition spread to a wider area, and since then, the culture of these areas has also been called Hellenization.
Ic) culture.
The most dazzling pearl in Greek culture is Alexander, the city that Alexander established in Egypt. This is Alexander.
This city named after the great emperor produced the most outstanding scientists and scientific achievements in the ancient world. This chapter is called Hellenistic Period.
Our science mainly refers to Alexander's science.
Alexandria 1
Alexandria is a port city located at the mouth of the Nile. Alexander the Great in 323 BC
After his death, his empire was divided into three parts: one part was Macedonia under Antioch, and the other part was Seleucus Calippe Toth.
Syria under Ptolemy is Egypt under Ptolemy. Ptolemy was a general under the Greek Alexander.
He also studied under Aristotle and attached great importance to the development of Greek academic career. He made Alex the capital of Egypt.
With the support of the government for academic career, Alexander created a brilliant scientific culture in the Alexander era.
Alexander or Alexander began to develop rapidly with the arrival of Alexander the Great. Macedonian army
Commanders brought Greek culture here. They built a large number of Greek buildings in the city, the most magnificent of which was the king.
It is said that palaces occupy a quarter or a third of the whole city. The lighthouse in Alexandria is called the seven wonders of the ancient world.
A point of view.
The greatest contribution of Ptolemy dynasty to the development of science was the establishment of the largest college in the world at that time-the museum. This is a comprehensive
Sex education and research institutions aim to spread and develop academics. It was built near the palace. Some people say it is.
Part of the palace. The Ptolemaic dynasty really regarded it as a "royal college". Museen originally meant to sacrifice to Samuel, the goddess of wisdom.
Temple, because Plato's Academie and Aristotle's Lv Keang College have Museon, therefore,
Alexander named his academic institution Museon. The word later evolved into English "museum".
So many modern people mistake Museon for a museum. In fact, among the angry muses in Alexandria, there are not only
Museums that collect cultural relics include zoos, botanical gardens, observatories and laboratories. Of course, the most noteworthy thing is that
That was its library, with 700,000 books, which was the largest library in the world at that time.
Egypt has a large amount of papyrus, which is easier to get in Alexandria than in Greece, which is also one of the advantages of book collection.
The so-called collection of books in ancient times was also copying books, because there was no printing in ancient times, and books were copied one by one. Ptolemy dynasty
A large sum of money makes Museon College employ a large number of specialized copywriters, which is another important factor that makes a large number of books possible.
Requirements. It is said that at that time, the government ordered all ships going to Alexandria to hand over their books for inspection, such as
If you find a book that the library doesn't have, make a copy immediately, leave the original and return the copy to the original owner. I can only see this.
Explain how much the Ptolemaic dynasty attached importance to cultural accumulation. Prosperous humanities and developed economy made Alexandria the world at that time.
The largest academic center in the world. Scholars from all over the world came here for further study and study, and almost all the most famous scientists at that time were there.
I stayed in Alexandria.
Musashi College lasted for 600 years, but only the first 200 years was an important period in the history of science. now
During this period, scientific talents came forth in large numbers and academic undertakings flourished. Later, as the Ptolemaic family became more and more Egyptian, they became interested in Greek studies.
Interest in surgery is becoming less and less. It is said that Ptolemy VII (BC 146-65438+ BC 0 17) even persecuted the Greeks. and
After Egypt was conquered by the Romans and became a province of Rome, the scientific heritage of Greece gradually lost.
2, Euclid's' Elements of Geometry'
In the history of science, there is no book that combines excellent academic level and extensive knowledge like Euclid's Elements of Geometry.
And sexual perfection. It combines the achievements of Greek classical mathematics and constructs the first grand deductive system in the history of world mathematics.
System, has played an inestimable role in promoting the development of mathematics in later generations; At the same time, it is an excellent textbook, so that
It has been used for more than two thousand years and has not changed. In western history, judging from the number of manuscripts and printing, perhaps only the Bible is available.
By contrast. It is estimated that since printing was introduced to Europe, The Elements of Geometry has been reprinted thousands of times and translated into various languages.
Words. 1607, Xu Guangqi, an outstanding scientist in Ming Dynasty, cooperated with Matteo Ricci, a missionary, to translate the Preface of Geometry.
6 volumes, this is the first Chinese translation ever. The word "Geometry" and the title "Geometry Originality" are both Xu Guangqi.
First created.
Euclid's life is unknown. According to Proch Luo (about 4 10-485), he was around 300 BC.
At the invitation of Ptolemy, he came to the Museen College in Alexandria to study and give lectures. Before that, he studied Plato in Athens.
Education in the garden is deeply influenced by Plato. There are only two short stories about Euclid. The first is general.
Roquero described that King Ptolemy asked Euclid to teach him geometry. He talked for a long time, but King Ptolemy didn't.
I see. He asked Euclid if there was a more convenient way to learn. Euclid replied, "In geometry, there is no major."
King's shortcut. "This sentence later became the eternal motto of research. The second story is Stobewu (about
AD 500), it is said that a young man learned geometry from Euclid and just learned a proposition. He asked
What will Euclid do after learning geometry? Euclid said discontentedly to the servant, "Give this student three coins,
Let him go. He actually wants to profit from geometry. "This story shows that Euclid emphasized the non-work of geometry.
Profitability. It also reflects that he was deeply influenced by Plato.
Geometric element *** 13. Chapter 1 talks about straight edges, including congruence theorem, parallelism theorem and pythagorean theorem.
, elementary painting, etc. The second part talks about solving algebraic problems by geometric methods, that is, adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing by geometric methods, including solving.
Area, volume, etc. ; The third chapter talks about circle and discusses some properties of chord, tangent, secant, central angle and circumferential angle; Article 4
Still talk about circles, mainly about inscribed and circumscribed figures of circles; The fifth part is the theory of proportion; Chapter six discusses the application of the established proportion theory.
On similarity; Articles 7, 8, 9, 10 continue to discuss number theory; 1 1, 12 and 13 are about solid geometry, among which 12 is the main one.
Discuss the exhaustive method, which is the early source of modern calculus thought. Almost all the articles in 13 include today's elementary geometry course.
Everything is here.
It is generally believed that the contents described in the Elements of Geometry belong to the classical Greek era, and almost all theorems belong to that era.
Proved it. Euclid's main contribution is to assemble them into a perfect system and give some theorems.
More concise proof. Today we can't know which theorems were discovered by which mathematicians and when. It is said that Asia
Among Aristotle's students, a man named Odysseus (about the second half of the 4th century BC) wrote a history of geometry.
It contains the development of Greek mathematics in his time, but this book has long been lost. But we can infer the essence of Ionia.
Philosophers such as Thales, anaximander, Anaximenis, Anaxagoras, Bida of the South Italian School.
Goras and his disciples-the most famous of which are the wisdom of Alkita, parmenides and Elijah School of Tarantula.
No, disciples of the school of the wise and Plato-the most famous of which are eudoxus and Aristotle.
Disciples and so on. , all contributed to Euclid's Elements of Geometry.
Euclid, Apollo and Archimedes are called the three great mathematicians in Greece. We will discuss Akimi in detail below.
The work in Germany, only Apolloni is mentioned here. Apolloni was born in Pakistan in the northwest of Asia Minor in about 262 BC.
Add (Perga), a century later than Euclid. It is said that he went to Alexandria to study Euclid when he was young.
Students who study mathematics can be regarded as Euclid's disciples, and have been studying mathematics in Alexandria since then. His master
The main work is to study conic curves. Its research field seems to be very specialized, unlike the measurement involved in Euclid's Elements of Geometry.
The sample range is very wide, but he can be as famous as Euclid because his research level on conic curves is extremely high and unprecedented. Disposable use
Geometric methods, people today can't do better. The so-called conic curve is a plane cut on a cone with a plane.
The form mentioned in the previous chapter was discovered by Plato school. However, they didn't know that there were two hyperbolas, but Apollo.
Tony knows this. It is quite complicated to deal with conic problems by pure geometric method, which is widely used by mathematicians today.
Analytic geometry is a simple method to transform geometric problems into algebraic problems. But anyway, Apolloni,
His works show superb geometric thinking ability, which is the peak of classical Greek mathematics. He is very interested in conic curves.
This study laid a foundation for future related research.
3. Aristak: the pioneer of Heliocentrism.
Almost all middle school students know that Copernicus discovered that the earth goes around the sun, not the sun goes around the earth. He asked people to learn from human beings.
Wake up in a dream of centralism. In fact, as early as the Greek era, astronomers put forward Heliocentrism, who is Asia.
Aristak, a famous astronomer in Alexandria.
Aristak was born in about 3 10 BC, the hometown of Pythagoras, Samos, Ionian region, and was determined in his youth.
I have been to Athens. It is said that he studied in Lv Keang Academy and received the guidance of Stratu, the third generation senior of the Academy. Later,
He went to Alexandria, where he made astronomical observations and published his theory of the universe. However, his theory at that time.
Too radical to be taken seriously. If Archimedes hadn't mentioned him, we wouldn't know him at all today.
His main proposition is that the sun, the moon and the stars do not revolve around the earth, but that the earth revolves around the sun with the stars. very important
But his thought inherited the central fire theory of Pythagoras school, only put the sun in the position of central fire.
Settings. He said that the Sunday rotation of a star is actually the result of the rotation of the earth around its axis. This idea is indeed a genius, but it is also
So radical that people at that time didn't believe it.
People object to Aristak's views for several reasons. First, it has something to do with the widely recognized Aristotle.
Dodd's physical theory is contradictory. In Aristotle's view, if the earth is moving, everything on the earth will fall.
Behind the earth, but in fact this didn't happen. This truth is very acceptable, and everyone knows it in common sense.
Yes, a bottle fell from the moving train, and the train soon left the bottle behind. This question is just
Only when the law of inertia is discovered can there be a satisfactory solution. Second, many astronomers think that if the earth is in motion.
Then its position relative to the star should change, but we have not observed this change in position. we
I don't know how Aristak answered the first question, but it is said that he answered the second question correctly. he
The star is so far away from us that the orbit of the earth is insignificant compared with it, so the change of the position of the star is nothing to me.
Children's perception.
Another important astronomical achievement of Aristak was to measure the distance and relative size between the sun and the moon and the earth. this
His work is recorded in his book "About the Size and Distance between the Sun and the Moon", which has been circulated until now. Aristak knows.
Moonlight is the reflection of the moon on the sun's light, so when the moon is only half bright and half dark from the earth, the sun and the moon
It forms a right triangle with the earth, and the moon is at the vertex of the right angle. From the earth, we can measure the distance between the sun and the moon.
Knowing the included angle, we can know the relative distance between the sun and the moon. The included angle measured by Aristak is
87, so he estimated that the distance between the sun and the earth is 20 times that between the moon and the earth. In fact, the included angle should be 89 52', the distance between the sun and the earth.
The distance is 346 times the distance between the moon and the earth. However, Aristak's method is completely correct. After getting the relative distance, he
The actual size of the sun and the moon is calculated according to the size of the sun and the moon seen on the earth. Again, because he didn't
The measurement data is accurate enough, and its estimation error is great, but at least he realizes that the sun is much bigger than the earth.
Body. Because of this, he does have reason to believe that the sun does not revolve around the earth, but the earth revolves around the sun, because, let the big
It is always unnatural for some objects to revolve around small objects. Nearly two thousand years later, Copernicus inherited Aristak's career again.
, advocate Heliocentrism. He encountered almost the same refutation difficulties, and his reasons for defending himself were almost the same.
Yes, we'll discuss the details later.
4. Archimedes, the ancient master of science
Archimedes, the greatest scientist in the ancient world, was born in Syracuse, Sicily, southern Italy, about 287 BC.
His father was an astronomer, which made Archimedes learn a lot of astronomical knowledge from an early age. Youth, and promise.
Like many young people studying, they came to Alexandria, the academic center of the ancient world. Here he studied Euclid.
One of Conon of Samos's disciples studied geometry. It is said that the Archimedes spiral was actually discovered by Conon of Samos. A few years later, Aki
Meade did not stay in Alexandria, but returned to his hometown of Syracuse. It is said that he and the ancient Syrian king Silon
II is a relative, and Shilong II invited him back to China.
Archimedes was a great scientist in the Hellenistic era. The expression of purity, ideal and freedom of classical Greeks in Hellenistic period.
Deductive science has been effectively integrated with oriental practical and applied computational science, which is actually a modern science.
-Emphasizing mathematics, deduction, operation and efficiency-Setting an example, Archimedes is an outstanding representative of Hellenistic science.
. He is not only a first-class genius in mathematical science, but also has made great achievements in engineering technology. Archimedes is also Greece.
The most legendary scientist, he has many legendary stories, each of which shows Greece from one side.
Elegance of chemical science.
As mentioned earlier, Archimedes ranks alongside Euclid and Apolloni as the three greatest mathematicians in Greece, and some people even say that he.
He is one of the three greatest mathematicians of all time (the others are Newton and Gauss). His main contribution to mathematics is to seek
Work area and workload. Before him, Greek mathematics did not pay attention to arithmetic calculation, and mathematicians paid more attention to area and volume.
Prove the ratio of two areas or volumes instead of calculating what each area or volume is. while
Even the area of the circle can't be calculated, because the more accurate π value is not known yet. From Archimedes or from Israel.
Arithmetic and algebra began to become independent mathematical disciplines, starting with mathematicians in Alexandria, represented by Jimmy.
Archimedes discovered a famous theorem: the area of any sphere is two-thirds of the surface area of the circumscribed cylinder, either one.
The volume of the ball is also two-thirds of the volume of the circumscribed cylinder. This theorem is based on the fact that the area of a sphere is equal to four times that of a great circle, which is certain.
It is said that this theorem was carved on Archimedes' tombstone according to his will.
Only the area of a straight edge and the volume of a straight edge can be simply calculated by arithmetic, and the sum of the areas of a surface is determined by the curve.
The volume of a three-dimensional body formed by surface motion cannot be directly calculated. Eudoxus invented the exhaustive method to solve the surface area problem.
Archimedes further developed the exhaustive method. Most of his theorems about sphere area and sphere volume are based on exhaustive method.
Proved it. The so-called exhaustive method, that is, using straight edges inscribed and circumscribed to approach curved edges continuously, is a modern limit concept.
Direct pioneer. Archimedes calculated the circumference of a regular hexagon from the starting point to positive 96 by exhaustive method, and got 3 < π.
< 3, take two decimal places to get π = 3. 14. In addition to calculating sphere area and sphere volume, Archimedes also studied paraboloid and rotation.
A lot of outstanding work has been done in the quadrature of parabolic objects.
Another famous work of Archimedes in mathematics was to create a set of methods to remember large numbers and record them in other streams.
The book "Ganges Sand Count" (formerly known as "Sand Calculator") has been handed down from generation to generation. At that time, the Greeks used letters to count and remember large numbers.
Especially inconvenient. Archimedes set himself a task: if the universe is full of sand, how to express this surprise?
People's numbers? He divided the numbers into several levels, from 1 to 108 as 1 level, from 108 to 10/6 as the second level, and from10/kloc-.
24 is the third level, until 10, which is expressed by P, but P is still the first in notation, P2 is the second, and P3 is the first.
3, until P 108 is 108. Archimedes speculated that the sand in the universe was a kind of cosmology.
Grade 8 digits, only 1 digit.
Archimedes' work in physics mainly includes two items. One is the research on the balance problem, and the lever principle belongs to it.
Here you are. The other is the study of buoyancy, and the law of buoyancy learned in middle school physics belongs to this category. Archimedes, these two
His work in this field is recorded in his books "On the Balance of Flat Plates" and "On Buoyancy", but fortunately, these two books are all in vain.
This is handed down. In On the Balance of Flat Plates, Archimedes put forward the principle of lever in the form of mathematical axioms, that is, lever.
If it is balanced, the product of the force (weight) at both ends of the fulcrum and the arm length is equal. Here, it is important to establish the profile of the lever.
Reading includes concepts such as fulcrum and arm of force. For ordinary flat objects, that is, flat plates, in order to apply the lever principle, Aki
Meade also established the concept of "center of gravity". With the center of gravity, the balance problem of any flat plate can be solved by lever principle.
And finding the center of gravity can be reduced to a pure geometric problem.
The lever principle explains why people can lift a big stone with a stick. In this regard, Archimedes has a famous saying:
Give me a fulcrum, and I can move the earth. It is said that King Hilong was suspicious of this statement, but Archimedes did not explain it much.
Just invited him to the port to watch the demonstration. Archimedes installed a set of pulleys there in advance, and he asked someone to put one of the ropes.
I was tied to a full-loaded boat in the harbor, sitting in a chair, and easily dragging the boat to the shore with one hand.
. The king was immediately moved.
The legend about the law of buoyancy is more widely known. King Hilong asked the goldsmith to make a crown out of pure gold. After the crown was made, this country
Wang doesn't think it is pure gold, but there is no way to prove it. He asked Archimedes to make this assessment,
And it is required not to destroy the crown itself, because it is not certain that it is mixed with other metals. If the crown is destroyed, it will
No adulteration, the price is too high. Archimedes has been thinking about this problem, but he has never found a better appraiser.
Law. One day, when he was absorbed in thinking, the servant told him to take a bath. This time the servant filled the water too full, when he sat down.
A lot of water overflowed when entering the bathtub. He looked absently at the overflowing water and suddenly became enlightened. he
Realizing that the volume of overflowing water should be exactly equal to his own volume, if he dips the crown into the water, according to the water surface.
The volume of the crown can be known from the rising situation. Take the same weight of gold as the crown and soak it in water.
Whether the volume of the crown is the same as that of the crown, if the crown is larger, it means adulteration. Archimedes thought of this.
He was so excited that he jumped out of the bathtub and ran out naked, shouting, "Yuri!" "
Card (Greek: discovered), Eureka (discovered) ". Archimedes' "Eureka" shouted out human beings.
The surprise when exploring the mysteries of nature is to commemorate this event. The most famous invention fair in the modern world is "
Eureka "named.
Perhaps in the eyes of modern people, Archimedes' discovery is not surprising and common, but we must pay attention to the fact that ancient Greece
La people have neither the concept of specific gravity nor even weight. It is remarkable to arrange such an experiment. deliberate
Unexpectedly, the famous story of Cao Chong calling an elephant in the history of our country is also about young Cao Chong calling an elephant by using the principle of buoyancy.
Archimedes further summed up the principle of buoyancy based on the experience of this bathtub: objects immersed in liquid are subjected to upward force.
Buoyancy is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the object. This principle quantitatively gives the magnitude of buoyancy, that is, flow.
One of the basic principles of bulk statics.
It is said that Archimedes made many inventions in mechanical engineering. While studying in Alexandria, he invented.
The spiral water lift is still called Archimedes spiral, which was still used in Egypt in the 20th century.
Machinery. He also said that he made a planetarium powered by water, which can simulate the movement of celestial bodies and demonstrate the solar eclipse.
And eclipses.
Archimedes' death is even more legendary. Archimedes' later years, at the end of the 3rd century BC, coincided with Rome and
Carthage went to war, and Syracuse was involved. Rome is a new country in northern Italy, which conquered the whole Italy at that time.
Italy, its power has expanded to the Mediterranean region. Carthage, located in Tunisia, North Africa, is also a powerful.
This country monopolizes all commerce in the western Mediterranean. At first, in order to deal with Greek colonial rule, Carthage cooperated with Romania.
Horse United But when the power of Greece was weakened and the two sides competed for the hegemony of Sicily, history broke out.
The famous Punic War in the world. Syracuse, located in Sicily, has been taking refuge in Rome, but in A.D.
2 16 years ago, Hannibal, the famous military commander of Carthage, defeated the Roman army and promoted the new country of Syracuse, Wang Hailong II.
Grandson Heronim longed for an alliance with Carthage. Khroni obviously didn't have foresight and didn't realize that Rome was defeated for a while.
, but it will recover soon. Sure enough, after Rome resumed its rest, it first operated on Syracuse. in this
In the second war to defend Syracuse, Archimedes showed his talents and defeated the Roman army, but he finally gave his life.
Roman troops led by General Maceiras attacked Syracuse from both sea and land. It is said that Archimedes used
The lever principle created a number of trebuchets, which effectively prevented the Roman siege; It is said that Archimedes invented the big crane.
Cars lifted Roman warships directly from the water, making it impossible for the navy to approach the ancient city of Syracuse. Maybe next time, Archimedes
Gather all the women in the city, old and young, hold the mirror in a fan shape, concentrate the sunlight on the Roman warships, and put the enemy's
All the boats were burnt down. These new weapons made the Roman army very afraid, so the ancient city of Silas was invincible for a long time. All in the army.
Speaking of Archimedes' power, Maceiras also admitted with a wry smile that this was a war between the Roman fleet and Archimedes.
Fight.
After three years of siege, Syracuse was conquered from the inside out because of the appearance of internal traitors. Before the siege, Marcella
Zeus ordered his soldiers to capture Archimedes alive and not to hurt him. But the order has not yet been issued, and the city has fallen. one
Archimedes was absorbed in studying a geometry problem in the sand when Roman soldiers broke into his room. He is too focused.
In deductive logic, there is no meaning of danger approaching. The soldier who killed the red eye shouted and got no answer, so he drew his sword.
On the other hand, Archimedes in meditation only shouted "Don't trample on my circle" and was stabbed to death by Roman soldiers. then
Maceiras was very sad because he deeply knew the value of Archimedes. Therefore, the Greek scientific elite died in barbarism.
Under the sword of Roman soldiers in the state of Wu, the symbolic significance of this event soon appeared.
Eratosthenes measured the size of the earth.
The Greeks were the first people to believe that the earth was a sphere. Since Pythagoras, the celestial sphere-the two worlds of the earth
The cosmological model has always been the basis of Greek cosmological theory, and the concept of the earth provides a basis for explaining many near-earth astronomical phenomena such as solar eclipse.
The basis of belief, and the concept of celestial sphere well meets the requirements of Plato's school to "save the phenomenon". Alexander
Two famous scholars established these two concepts based on empirical observation and rational judgment. One of them is erato.
Sene scientifically established the concept of the earth and quantitatively determined the size of the earth. The other is hipparchus, who founded
Spherical geometry is introduced, which provides a mathematical tool for quantitative description of celestial motion.
About 276 BC, Eratosthenes was born in Serigny (now Shahat), a North African city, when he was still young.
Dai studied at Plato College. He has a wide range of interests and extensive knowledge, which is the encyclopedia of the ancient world second only to Aristotle.
A learned scholar. Just because all his works have been lost, people today don't know much about him. Such an encyclopedic style
Of course, the Ptolemy dynasty, which cherished talents, favored him. They invited him to Alexandria as Alexander.
Librarian. This position was very suitable for him, so he came to Alexandria and stayed here until his death.
When I was 80.
According to historical records, Eratosthenes's scientific works include mathematics, astronomy, geography and history of science: mathematically speaking, this is true.
He invented the Eratosthenes screening method to determine prime numbers; In astronomy, he measured the intersection angle between the ecliptic and the equator; In terms of geography
Academically, he drew the most complete map of the world at that time, from Ceylon to the east, the British Isles to the west, the Caspian Sea to the north and Ethiopia to the south.
Obia may have used the convenience of the librarian, and he also wrote a chronicle of Greek science, but unfortunately it has been lost.
Eratosthenes's most famous achievement is to determine the size of the earth, and its method is totally geometric. Suppose the earth is really
Is a sphere, then, in different places on the earth at the same time, the angle between sunlight and the ground level is different.
Yes As long as the angle and the distance between the two places are measured, the circumference of the earth can be calculated. He heard people say,
In Thain, Egypt, today's Aswan, the noon sunlight from summer to morning can directly reach the bottom of the well, indicating that the sunshine is just right at this time.
Vertical to Thain's ground. He measured the distance from Thain to Alexandria and midsummer solstice.