British biologist charles robert darwin (C.R.Darwin,1809.2.12-1882.4.19) is the founder of the theory of biological evolution. As a naturalist, he took part in the voyage around the world sent by Britain and made a five-year scientific investigation. A lot of observation and collection have been made in animals, plants and geology, and after comprehensive discussion, the concept of biological evolution has been formed. 1859 published the Origin of Species, which shocked the academic circles at that time.
It is proved by a lot of data in the book that all living things are not created by God, but constantly develop and change in heredity, variation, survival competition and natural selection. From simple to complex, from low to high, the theory of biological evolution is put forward, thus destroying the idealism of "creationism" and "species invariance". Engels listed "evolution theory" as one of the three major discoveries of natural science in the19th century (the other two are cell theory, energy conservation and transformation law).
Natural selection and sexual selection put forward by him are consistent and universal theories in current life sciences. Besides biology, his theory is also important to anthropology, psychology and philosophy.
1835: Excerpt from a letter to Professor Henslow, unpublished or sold.
1836: a letter containing comments on the moral situation in Tahiti, New Zealand-written by R. fitzroy and C. Darwin, captains of HMS Beagle)
1839: Logs and notes, usually called beagles.
Zoology of HMS Beagle voyage: * * 5 volumes, published by several authors from 1839 to 1843 respectively. The two volumes were edited and supervised by Charles Darwin, namely: 1840: Part I: Mammalian fossils, and richard owen's works. 1839: Part II. Mammals, by George Robert waterhouse.
1842: Structure and distribution of coral reefs.
1844: Geological observation of volcanic island.
1846: geological observation in south America.
1849: Geology, published in John Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel Scientific Inquiry Manual; Ready for use by Her Majesty's navy; And modified for ordinary travelers. )。
185 1 year: monograph of tendrils, including all kinds of drawings. Jatrophaceae; Or, pedunculated tendrils.
185 1 year: a monograph on the fossils of the family Rabbit; Or, the footed tendrils of Great Britain.
1854: monograph of Selaginella, with all kinds of charts. Tortoise family (or sessile ring worm); Verrucae, etc.
1854: monograph on fossil tortoises of barnacles and Anthuridae? And warts? Great Britain.
1858: Discuss the trend of species formation and variation; And the persistence of variation and the natural significance of species selection (on the gentleness of category formation variation; And experiments with changes and categories through natural selection), never published works.
1958: Autobiography of Charles Darwin, a complete edition compiled by Barlow.
1859: To discuss the origin of species by natural selection, or to preserve the preferred race in the competition for survival, the full name of Discussion on the Origin of Species is based on natural selection or survival of the fittest in the competition for survival.
1862: About the various contributions of British and foreign orchids to fertilization through inserts.
1868: Variation of animals and plants under domestication.
187 1 year: human descent and sex-related choices, also known as the origin of human beings.
1872: Emotional expression of human and animals.
1875: the movement and habits of climbing plants.
1875: Insectivorous plants.
1876: the influence of hybridization and selfing in the plant kingdom.
1877: Different forms of flowers on the same species of plants.
1879: preface and preliminary notice, written by Ernst Klaus Erasmus Darwin.
1880: the power of plant movement.
188 1 year: humus soil is formed by the action of earthworms, also known as earthworms.
1887: autobiography of Charles Darwin, compiled by his son Francis Darwin.
1887: the life and letters of Charles Darwin, edited by Francis Darwin.
1903: More letters from Charles Darwin, edited by A.C. Seward and Francis Darwin.
1859165438+1On October 24th, Darwin, a British naturalist and founder of evolution, published The Origin of Species, which laid the theoretical foundation of evolution. The theory of evolution was called by Engels as one of the three great discoveries of natural science in the19th century.
An epoch-making work
It marks that the views of most learned people on the biological world and the status of human beings in the biological world have undergone profound changes in the 19 century.
Classic works that affect the historical process
One of the 10 books that shocked the world.
A masterpiece that has had a wide impact on the process of human development.
Classical translation that influenced modern China society.
1985 American Life Magazine selected the best books in human history.
1986 ideal books recommended by French reading magazines
1859165438+1October 24th, which is a very extraordinary day in London, England. On this day, many Londoners flocked to a bookstore to buy a newly published book. The first edition of this book, 1250 copies, was sold out on the day of publication.
This sensational new book is The Origin of Species, which is the first masterpiece of Darwin, the founder of evolution. The publication of this book, for the first time, established biology on a complete scientific basis, and overturned the theories of "creationism" and "species invariance" with a brand-new idea of biological evolution.
The publication of the Origin of Species caused a sensation in Europe and even the whole world. It dealt a heavy blow to the foundation of theocracy, and all reactionary churches and feudal literati were furious. They attacked Darwin's theory, calling it "blasphemy against the Holy Spirit", violating the "divine right of monarchy" and damaging human dignity. On the contrary, progressive scholars represented by Huxley actively promoted and defended Darwinism. The theory of evolution explodes people's ideological imprisonment, enlightens and educates people to liberate from the bondage of religious superstition.
Darwin's Origin of Species is of great significance, which can be used as a natural scientific basis for class struggle in history. Marx
1859 became the dividing line between the two "worlds" after the prehistory of science. The publication of the Origin of Species has brought about a revolution in biology, which is as significant and far-reaching as Marxism on the historical stage. Darwin was far away from the noise of big cities. He was preparing a revolution in his quiet manor. It is this kind of revolution that Marx himself prepared in the center of the world noise. The only difference is that the lever is applied to another point.