Darwin was the founder of 1 and1the famous evolution theory in the 9th century.
2. The ancestors of modern apes and humans are forest apes. 120000 years ago, forest apes were widely distributed in Africa, Asia and Europe, especially in the tropical jungles of Africa.
3. Due to the massive disappearance of forests, some forest apes have to live underground.
4. Ancient humans in Lucy's time could use tools, while ancient humans in East Africa's time could not only use tools, but also make simple tools. 5. Can modern apes evolve into adults? No, (1) both humans and apes evolved from forest apes, and apes have adapted to the present environment. (2) There are no external conditions for forest apes to evolve into human beings.
6. The birth of a new human individual goes through the process of combining male and female germ cells and forming a new individual through embryonic development, which is completed by the reproductive system.
7, male and female reproductive system books 9 pages
8. The organs that produce and transport germ cells in male reproductive system are testis and vas deferens respectively, while the organs that produce and transport germ cells in female reproductive system are ovary and fallopian tube respectively. 9. The uterus is the place where embryos and fetuses develop.
10. Sperm produced by testis and egg cells produced by ovary are germ cells.
1 1. Sperm and egg cells combine to form fertilized eggs, which are formed in fallopian tubes.
12. Testis is the male reproductive organ that produces sperm and secretes androgen. Ovary is the female reproductive organ that produces eggs and secretes estrogen. 13, delivery: the fetus matures in the 40th week of pregnancy. The mature fetus and placenta are discharged from the mother's vagina. This process is called delivery. Physical changes in adolescence.
(1) The height suddenly increased, and the nervous system and cardiopulmonary functions were also significantly enhanced. (2) Rapid development of sexual organs: boys have nocturnal emission, and girls will menstruate.
15. Adolescence is the golden age of physical development and intellectual development in one's life.
16, adolescent sexual consciousness: initially alienated from the opposite sex, gradually willing to approach the opposite sex, or vaguely attached to the opposite sex. In order to control the population and improve the quality of the population, China regards family planning as a basic national policy. 18, the basic requirements of family planning in China are: late marriage and late childbirth, fewer births and better births.
Late marriage-advocate marriage 2-3 years later than the legal marriage age (men should not be earlier than 22 years old and women should not be earlier than 20 years old). Late childbearing-advocate delaying childbirth for 2-3 years after marriage. Fewer births-stabilize the low fertility level.
Eugenics-Avoid giving birth to children with genetic diseases through premarital physical examination for young men and women, regular physical examination for pregnant women and scientific delivery. 19, insisting on late marriage and late childbearing is beneficial to the country to control the excessive population growth, and to individuals, it is beneficial to the health, work and study of young people. Having fewer children is the key to control the excessive population growth. Eugenics is conducive to improving the quality of our population.
20. Six nutrients needed by human body: sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.
2 1. Sugar, fat and protein are the main organic substances that make up cells, and they can provide energy for life activities. The order of consumption in human body is sugar, fat and protein, among which fat contains the most energy. 22. Fat is usually an excess energy substance.
23. The growth and development of human body and the repair and renewal of damaged cells are inseparable from protein. 24, several symptoms of inorganic salt deficiency:
Inorganic salts containing calcium: children with calcium deficiency are prone to rickets (chicken breast, X-shaped or O-shaped legs); Middle-aged and elderly people, especially women, lack calcium and are prone to osteoporosis. Inorganic salts containing phosphorus: anorexia, anemia, myasthenia, bone pain and other iron: iron deficiency anemia.
Iodine-containing inorganic salts: endemic goiter, mental and physical development disorders of children; Zinc-containing inorganic salts: poor growth and development, taste disorder 25. Main diseases caused by vitamin deficiency in human body.
Lack of vitamin A: dry skin, night blindness (unclear at night), dry eye, etc.
Vitamin B 1 deficiency: neuritis, beriberi (vitamin B 1 deficiency), indigestion, loss of appetite, etc. Lack of vitamin C: scurvy (such as bleeding gums), decreased resistance, etc. Lack of vitamin D: rickets, osteoporosis, etc. Vitamin D can promote the absorption of phosphorus and calcium and bone development. After-class exercises on pages 26 and 27 1, 2 and 3 27. The seventh nutrient-dietary fiber
28. Composition of the human digestive system. (P32 Diagram and P34 Interpretation Curve) 29. The digestive system consists of digestive tract and digestive glands.
30. The digestive tract is a long tube. Digestive glands can be divided into two categories:
Some are large digestive glands located outside the digestive tract, such as the liver, and some are small glands distributed on the wall of the digestive tract, such as intestinal glands. 3 1, food digestion and nutrient absorption process
Starch, fat and protein in food are all organic substances with large molecules and complex structures. After entering the digestive system, they are gradually decomposed into simple materials before being absorbed by the human body. This process is called digestion. Digestion is mainly carried out through the action of various digestive enzymes. Besides salivary amylase in the mouth, there are many digestive enzymes in the stomach, small intestine and other organs.
32. Starch is initially digested into maltose in the mouth and completely digested into glucose in the small intestine. Protein is partially digested into amino acids in the stomach and completely digested into amino acids in the small intestine. Fat in the small intestine is decomposed into fat particles by bile and glycerol and fatty acids in the small intestine. 33. There are three kinds of digestive juices in the small intestine: intestinal juice, pancreatic juice and bile.
34. Food is digested in the digestive tract and finally decomposed into nutrients that can be absorbed by the human body, such as glucose and amino acids. Small intestine is the main organ for human body to absorb nutrition. After various nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and other places, they are transported to the whole body with the blood of internal blood vessels. 35. The mouth is where sugar begins to digest. There is salivary amylase. The stomach is where protein began to digest. There is pepsin.
Sugar, protein and fat in the small intestine can be digested by enzymes that digest sugar, fat and protein.
36, China residents "balanced diet pagoda" (from "bottom" to "top" represents the approximate proportion of five kinds of food) on page 37, pay attention to food safety.
1, pay attention to the nutritional ingredients, whether there are additives on food packaging, production date, shelf life, manufacturer and manufacturer's address. 2. According to the production date and shelf life, it is estimated whether it will expire.
3. When you buy food, you should see whether the color of the food is fresh or not, and whether it is hard to touch with your hands. When buying fish, it depends on whether the color is shiny and whether the meat is stamped with the seal of the quarantine department.
38. Composition of the human respiratory system (Volume 43) 39. The respiratory system consists of respiratory tract and lungs.
40. The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus in the respiratory system are channels for gas to enter and leave the lungs, which are called respiratory tract.
4 1, the nose is the starting position of the respiratory tract, and the throat is the breathing channel and the vocal organ. The lung is the main organ of the respiratory system. 42. The pharynx is an organ in the digestive tract and respiratory tract.
43. The respiratory tract is not only a passage for gas, but also can treat the inhaled gas to make the gas reaching the lungs warm, moist and clean. However, the ability of the respiratory tract to process air is limited. 44. Page 49 of Volume 45 demonstrates the experiment. Gas exchange between lung and the outside world;
When the muscles between the ribs and the diaphragm contract to expand the chest volume, the lungs expand and the air pressure in the lungs decreases, so gas is inhaled. When the muscles between the ribs and the diaphragm relax to reduce the chest volume, the lungs contract, the air pressure in the lungs increases, and the gas is discharged, so exhalation and inhalation are passive rather than active.
46, alveoli and blood gas exchange:
In exhaled gas, the oxygen content decreases and the carbon dioxide content increases. How did this change happen?
The inhaled gas reaches the alveoli formed at the end of the thinnest branch of the bronchi along the branches of the bronchi in the lung. Extraalveolar bread is surrounded by abundant capillaries. Both alveolar wall and capillary wall are flat epithelial cells. When inhaling, many alveoli bulge like small balloons, and oxygen in the air enters the blood through the alveolar wall and capillary wall. At the same time, carbon dioxide in the blood also enters the alveoli through the capillary wall and alveolar wall, and then is excreted with the exhalation process.
47. Common air pollution sources generally include the following: industrial production emissions, vehicle and boat exhaust, straw burning and ground dust. 48. Controlling pollutant discharge is the fundamental measure to prevent and control air pollution and improve air quality. Afforestation is an effective measure to prevent and control air pollution. 49. Blood belongs to connective tissue and consists of plasma and blood cells.
50. Put a certain amount of human blood into a test tube filled with anticoagulant, centrifuge or let it stand for a period of time, and obvious stratification of blood can be observed. Page 59 of the book, blood stratification map.
5 1, during exercise, the human body suffers from hypoxia, satiety, erythrocytosis, anemia and erythropenia.
Leukocytosis in blood loss, severe pain, burn, inflammation and leukemia, leukopenia in drug poisoning and bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction. When anemia occurs, hemoglobin decreases.
If there are too few platelets, the body will bleed abnormally, and if there are too many platelets, it will form a thrombus.
52. Plasma: After blood stratification, the upper layer is light yellow transparent liquid. (Function): Carrying blood cells, transporting substances needed to maintain human life activities and wastes generated in the body.
53. Blood cells: including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
A. red blood cells: (morphology) after blood stratification, red blood cells are in the lower layer and are red. Mature red blood cells have no nucleus. (Characteristics) It is easy to combine with oxygen in places with high oxygen content and separate from oxygen in places with low oxygen content. (Function): It has the function of transporting oxygen.
B. White blood cells: (morphology): nucleated and spherical. Function: defense and protection, features: white blood cells can pass through the capillary wall, concentrate on the invasion site of germs, surround and devour germs.
C. Platelets: morphology: irregular shape, no nucleus. Function: It can stop bleeding and accelerate blood coagulation.
Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to all parts of the body. The tube wall is thick, the elasticity is high, and the blood flow rate in the tube is fast. Veins are blood vessels that transport blood from all parts of the body to the heart. The tube wall is thin, the elasticity is small, and the blood flow in the tube is slow. Capillary is the blood vessel that connects arteries and veins at least, and it is the place where blood and intercellular substances exchange. The tube wall is thin and consists of a layer of epithelial cells, and the blood flow velocity in the tube is the slowest. 55, the structure and function of the heart (P68 figure)
56. The heart wall is mainly composed of myocardium. The heart has four chambers: left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle. Only the ipsilateral atrium and ventricle are connected. Aorta connects left ventricle, pulmonary artery connects right ventricle, pulmonary vein connects left atrium, and superior and inferior vena cava connects right atrium. There are valves between ipsilateral atrium and ventricle, and between ventricle and artery. These valves are open in one direction and can only flow in one direction, but not in the opposite direction. 57. The left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall, and the atrial wall is thinner than the ventricular wall. Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation of human body (Figure P70)
59. Systemic circulation: Blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta, then passes through all levels of arteries and capillary network of the whole body, and finally all levels of veins converge to the superior and inferior vena cava and return to the circulation of the right atrium. After systemic circulation, bright red arterial blood becomes dark red venous blood.
60. Pulmonary circulation: Blood flows from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, then through the capillary network of the lung, and then returns from the pulmonary vein to the left atrium. After pulmonary circulation, dark red venous blood becomes bright red arterial blood. 6 1, the difference between arterial blood and venous blood
Arterial blood: rich in oxygen and bright red in color. Venous blood: low oxygen content, dark red color. 62. Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation are carried out simultaneously.
63.ABO blood types are divided into type A, type B, type AB and type O. 64. Blood transfusion takes time and should be based on the principle of blood transfusion. (Table P76) 65. Blood loss > 1200 ~ 1500ml will be life-threatening.
A blood loss > 800 ~ 1000 ml: dizziness, heartbeat, black eyes and cold sweat; Blood loss is less than 400 ml: the lost plasma components and blood cells will return to normal in a short time.
66. Since 1998, China has implemented a voluntary blood donation system to encourage healthy citizens aged18 to 55 to donate blood voluntarily. Healthy adults donate 200 ~ 300ml of blood each time, which will not affect their health.
67. The process of carbon dioxide, urea and excess water being excreted is called excretion. Feces are formed by the residue of food digestion, and the process of her excretion is called excretion.
68, the composition of the human urinary system (80 pages)
69. The urinary system consists of the kidney (which forms urine), the ureter (which transports urine), the bladder (which stores urine) and the urethra (which discharges urine). 70. The kidney is the organ that forms urine. Each kidney includes about 654.38+0 million structural and functional units, which are called nephrons. Each nephron consists of glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubule.
7 1, urine formation and excretion process. (Figure P8 1) (Figure P82)
72. Formation of urine: The kidney is the organ that forms urine. The formation of urine mainly goes through two continuous processes: filtration and reabsorption. The formation of urine is mainly related to nephron. The glomerulus in nephron and the renal capsule wall near it play a filtering role. When blood flows through the glomerular and renal capsule wall, some substances in plasma, such as water, inorganic salts, glucose, urea, etc., except protein and macromolecules of blood cells, can enter the renal capsule through glomerular filtration. The fluid in the renal capsule is called protourine. The urine produced by human body every day is about 150 liter.
When the original urine flows through the renal tubule, all glucose, most water and some inorganic salts are reabsorbed by the renal tubule, enter the capillaries around the renal tubule and return to the blood, while the remaining water, inorganic salts and urea form urine. The human body excretes about 1.5 liters of urine every day.