Biography of chongling, Copy of Qing Li, Records of the Qing Dynasty, and Notes on Examples.

The general examination of documents in the Qing Dynasty was originally named "General Examination of Documents in the Imperial Dynasty" and "General Records of the Qing Dynasty".

Collection of Siyitang, History of the Imperial Palace and Poems of Leshan Hall.

Exposing the "occupation" of imperial history

A censor is a censor. Broadly speaking, there are left and right capitals, left and right deputy capitals, and various capitals. , belonging to Douchayuan. The main task of the censor is to "inspect officials", and "inspect officials" is mainly to correct corrupt officials. In the ninth year of Shunzhi, the imperial edict said, "Duchayuan is the official of the eyes and ears of the imperial court ... like the officials in the Manchu-Han period, they are supervised, comforted and pressured to see if they are virtuous, honest and greedy ... all of them are ordered to observe separately." At the beginning of the Constitution Outline of Duchayuan, there was a saying, "Whenever there is political public opinion, and Minister Baylor is arrogant, slow, greedy and rude, Xu Duchayuan will speak out, that is, he will not plead guilty." Visible, exposing corrupt officials is Shi Yu's duty and "expertise". www.findart.com.cn

Zhang Xun, Governor of Hubei Province, is a private party of the Pearl of the University. Zhang Hao did whatever he wanted and was fearless, which led to a deficit in the national treasury during his tenure as an envoy of Fujian. In the 26th year of Kangxi, Zhang Xun publicly extorted money from lower-level officials and sent money to salt merchants on the pretext of making up for this deficit. According to the regulations at that time, the deficit was made up by politicians themselves; However, if it is really an operating loss, it can be exempted from compensation or even "deferred compensation". So Zhang Xun actually committed the crime of corruption in the name of making up the deficit. It was verified that Zhang Xun extorted and distributed more than 90,000 taels of silver and embezzled. For Zhang Hao's actions, "dare to anger but dare not speak", but he met the suggestion and Chen Zizhi. After investigation, Chen Zizhi reported to the court what Zhang Xun had done, and said, "The person who recommended me that day must have paid a bribe and told me the disadvantages, so please condemn it together." This obviously pointed to something. Zhang Hao could not escape his correction and was sentenced to detention; Pearl was not implicated, and Zhang Xun was recommended as assistant minister of the Governor's Office, Wang Zunxun, bachelor of cabinet, and Dali Temple. Zhang Xun was promoted to be the Minister of State's college students Liang Qingbiao and Xiong, and was relieved from dismissal and relegated to three levels to remain in office. Chen Zizhi was promoted to Shao Qing of Dali Temple. Chen Zizhi's "straightforward learning" is "multi-faceted", which may be particularly unacceptable to Pearl; Chen Zizhi died of illness. Before she died, she just had a cup of tea in Mingzhu. It can be seen that hinting is a dangerous way to kill people. www.findart.com.cn

In the sixth year of Qianlong, Liu Wulong, Zuodu suggestion, accused Lu Zhuo, the governor of Zhejiang, of taking bribes. There are three main problems: first, in the case of Wang's separation in Tongxiang County, Jiaxing Prefecture, Yang Jingzhen, the magistrate of Jiaxing Prefecture, accepted 52,000 pieces of silver from Wang's family (Yang also accepted 32,000 pieces); The second is to pay a bribe of 2,000 taels of silver to Yan Peinian, the magistrate of Jiaxing County, to fill the vacancy of the judge of grain transportation; The third is to accept bribes in the process of appointing state and county officials, and determine the amount of silver according to the size of the official position. After the above questions were verified, Lu Zhuo was detained. After eight years of success, Lu Zhuo is still waiting. During the "waiting" period of more than a year, Lu Zhuo recovered all the bribes; In view of this, the court decided not to twist, but to send military uniforms to serve hard labor. In the eighth year, Lu Zhuo was recalled to Beijing for the people. When Qianlong inspected the south seawall, he suddenly remembered Lu Zhuo's contribution to the seawall repair and made the decision of "recalling". In the twenty years of Qianlong, Lu Zhuo, who had been idle in Beijing for four years, was appointed as the governor of Xi 'an and Hongqiao Temple, and was appointed as the governor of Hubei one year later. After this case, Wu was promoted to be the minister of punishments. In this case, Yang Jingzhen was hanged as planned. In the same case, it was also found that Lu Shouzeng, the former Jiahu Road, who had been promoted to Shanxi Ambassador, took bribes of more than 10,000 yuan; In the process of being escorted to Zhejiang for trial, Lu hanged himself in prison for fear of sin or torture; Lu doesn't have to be hanged, but the family members should return the stolen goods to the official. In fact, Lu and Lu are both talented and successful people-after Lu was killed, "hundreds of people in Hangzhou sued for injustice" and even "destroyed the Drum Tower in front of the Deputy Commander-in-Chief". How are they distracted for personal gain? As a result, pain and suicide. The case was condemned as "improper handling" because of many omissions, such as arousing public anger, abusing heavy punishment, and criminals hanging themselves in prison. www.findart.com.cn

At the same time, the Hubei-Shaanxi case was reported by Shaanxi Road Supervisor Shi Zhong. Hubei and Shaanxi were the commander-in-chief of the cloth army. In the case of Yu Junbi (the chisel maker of the Ministry of Industry, rich and childless), his relatives allowed him to compete for money, and he received Yu Jiayin 1.2 million. This is what Zhong reported, which is relatively simple. It is this1.2000 taels of silver that destroyed the "Nine Magistrates" Eshan. Ai Shan is a very trusted member of Gan Long. Qianlong attached great importance to Zhong Yongtan's tip-off, and ordered the prince, university students and ministers to investigate and handle it impartially and report the investigation once a day. The investigation results of seven people in five or six days are: the fact that Eshan took bribes is conclusive. Gan Long found the seven men who were with him and asked him face to face. After a short silence, Ai Shan confessed. Afraid of any injustice, Qianlong ordered a review and detailed discussion. The result of the review was like an order: be decisive according to law, show mercy outside the law, commit suicide, and get away with it. On hearing "dying", Eshan suddenly retracted his confession. Originally, Qianlong wanted to minimize the impact of the case in order to commit suicide, but he didn't want to recant and deny it. Ganlong was very angry at Eshan's bullying and ordered Eshan to be dismissed and severely tried. As a result, the "grace" was gone, and it was decided. Although it was the same way to die, the situation was quite miserable: Xinzhu was sent, Eshan was taken home by 57, the family property was confiscated, and 1.2 million stolen silver was recovered. After that, Zhong Yong Tande was promoted to the imperial censor of the capital (under the imperial censor of the deputy capital, Qianlong was dismissed for thirteen years, which was equivalent to the supervision of the deputy ministerial level). www.findart.com.cn

In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong reign, Qian Feng, an imperial adviser of Jiangnan Road, illegally disintegrated Guotai, the governor of Shandong Province, and Yu Jian, the minister of the official department, who was greedy for personal gain and corrupted the official administration. Qianlong had heard about Cathay Pacific's misdeeds for a long time, but he was not convinced. Two years ago, A Gui and Fu Longan, ministers of the Ministry of War, secretly asked the emperor to transfer Cathay Pacific to Beijing, so as not to get into trouble again. Xiao Shenyang, a senior minister of the Ministry of War who is closely related to Cathay Pacific, also advocated transferring him back to Beijing, fearing that his "notoriety" would implicate him. However, in the appointment of the governor, Qianlong preferred "holy judgment". Asked whether Cathay Pacific is better than (I was strongly recommended by Cathay Pacific when I was a political envoy), I said a lot of good things. Gan Long didn't know that Yi Jian was ingratiating, cowardly and incompetent, just obedient, although he was the younger brother of college student Yu Minzhong; It is because of this relationship that I trusted him and hoped to get some truth, but I obviously didn't tell the truth. After Qianlong asked the Minister of War to ask Qian Feng for a positive reply, he sent Xiao Shenyang, Zuo Du Liu Yu Shiyong and Qian Feng to Shandong to investigate the Guotai case, and Xiao Shenyang served as the "team leader" (this is to let big corrupt officials investigate small corrupt officials); Ganlong doesn't want to make a big deal out of things, and Xiao Shenyang can best understand Ganlong's intention. This Cathay Pacific is really not a fuel-efficient lamp. His father is the governor of Sichuan, so he is arrogant and rude. He is also greedy and mean as an official, and his opponents (including his father's men) often scold him. It was verified that he received a large amount of gold, silver and articles from state and county officials on New Year's Day and official transfer, with more than 80,000 taels of silver. Cha didn't take bribes, because he was despised by political emissaries as "not presiding over everything but pandering to the rulers", so no one gave him a heavy gift. Even so, Yu couldn't get away with it. Instead of knowing it, he covered it up. He ordered me to commit suicide with Cathay Pacific: add gifts and put me in the prison of the Ministry of Punishment, and the prison officer Noki was close. Qian Feng was promoted to Counselor of the General Political Department (equivalent to Deputy Director of the General Office of the State Council). Qian Feng dares to say and do, and strives to "do many things hard"; He is a poor official and even lacks clothes to keep out the cold. Eventually, he broke down from overwork for 60 years, at the age of 56. It is said that Qian Feng was poisoned by poisoned wine in Shenyang. Shenyang, which has always been unkind to Qian Feng, heard that Qian Feng wanted to disintegrate himself, so he tried to kill him first. www.findart.com.cn

The exposure of superiors to subordinates.

There are two main aspects of the supervision of officials in Qing Dynasty. One is the "professional" supervision from the above-mentioned supervision institutions; The other is the internal supervision of administrative organs. This kind of internal supervision is mainly manifested in the supervision of superiors to subordinates and officers to subordinates; Especially between the governors, it is necessary to correct each other, otherwise once one party "has an accident", the other party will also be implicated. Of course, in practice, the governor "dares" to supervise the governor. It can be seen that the disclosure of corruption by superiors to subordinates is also the "main channel" for the discovery, exposure and participation of corruption cases of honest officials.

In the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi, Shanxi Governor Sukeji participated in the imperial edict of Zhao Feng, the magistrate of Taiyuan Prefecture: taking bribes and perverting the law, cleverly setting up tax rules, extorting businessmen and accepting more than 300,000 yuan in illicit money. This imperial edict of Zhao Feng is well-founded. His father was Zhao Shenqiao, a senior minister of the current dynasty who won the trust of the emperor and had a clean reputation (as the Qing History Draft commented, Qing Jie was a peerless generation and generous enough to serve the country). It seems that this Yuji is also very courageous. The emperor sent people to Shanxi to investigate the case, and at the same time told Zhao Shangshu about the situation. Zhao Shangshu fainted immediately with anger. After waking up, he immediately wrote to the emperor, demanding dismissal. Kangxi accused him of resigning because he was angry, not a minister, and ordered things to remain the same. Kangxi instructed in his resignation: I visited Longquan Pass in Shanxi, and Zhao Feng entered the DPRK and asked the governor if he was polite. Zhao Feng said that this ceremony was the first time in Shaanxi, and I believed it, because Zhao Feng is your son. As a result, the ceremony was defeated by greed last year. I asked Ao how to write a letter to Phoenix. Peng Ao said he was greedy, and it happened. Finally, Zhao was found to have received the stolen money 174600 taels. The case-handling personnel were deeply grateful and were given a lighter punishment and sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment. The emperor ordered Jiuqing to discuss, and Jiuqing's opinion was decided. Kangxi agreed to this idea (and immediately made it a memorial), but it was put on hold for a year (Kangxi's meaning) before it was implemented. Cheap fathers are greedy for their children. What's the problem? www.findart.com.cn

Shuose, the governor of Yunnan, is the superior of Tu Erbing, the governor (he once represented Yungui, the governor, perhaps before Shuose, which would be the predecessor of Shuose). In the fifteenth year of Qianlong, Shuo was suspended for participating in signing a piece of paper, and was later released for "stolen goods". The incident originated from the deficit of the national treasury in Yongshan County, Yunnan Province. Yang Mao, the magistrate of a county, reported to Jin Wenzong, the magistrate, that Shu Hede, an imperial envoy, and others went to participate in the local military parade and stayed in the county for a long time, resulting in a loss of 7,000 taels in the county, and asked the superior to help make up for it. Jin Wenzong also accompanied Shu Qinchai to participate in the military parade. His report was clear, so he suggested that Gong Er, the political envoy of Yunnan, report it. Gong agreed and reported it to the local soldiers. On behalf of Yongshan County, Turbin approved the request of the magistrate, magistrate and minister to make up the deficit by the provincial financial allocation. Shuoshu thought it was collusion, so he beat Tourbing to the court. Gan Long thinks so, too. Shuhed's military parade passed through many counties, and other counties did not respond. Why only Yongshan County? This is a common excuse for corrupt officials to encroach on money and grain. Political envoys and chief inspectors can't find out about corruption, but if they make up for it with the state treasury, they will all be removed from their posts and investigated. Qianlong subjectively believes that there must be corruption. After investigation and trial, the punishments found that the deficit was true and Tu was responsible for leadership, but Tu was not greedy, so he was sentenced to exile. The punishments concealed the fact that the imperial envoys stayed in counties for a long time and spent a lot of money. When the opinions of the punishments reached Ganlong, Gan Long waved his pen and "waited in prison" and severely reprimanded the punishments. Yang Mao, Jin Wenzong and Gong Ersan advised that there was no escape from punishment, and officials could not do it. In fact, including Turpin, all four of them may have been wronged, and it is very likely that Shu Qincha will be punished, which is beside the point. After the map is released, it will be used as a multi-provincial envoy or governor. www.findart.com.cn

Exposure of succession to predecessor

In October of the 22nd year of Qianlong, Ta Yongning succeeded Jiang Zhou as the governor of Shanxi, and Jiang Zhou, who had just been promoted from Shanxi to Shanxi, was transferred to the governor of Shandong. Shortly after taking office, Ta Yongning participated in Jiangzhou bribery, which caused a serious deficit in Shanxi's national treasury. Tong Zhe, also known as Yang Longwen, was a provincial judge in Shaanxi. Ta Yongning is the kind of person who "doesn't love money or sex, and can't tolerate others being unclean". Jiang Zhou, the son of Jiang Xiting, a college student, has been pampered since childhood, extravagant and extravagant, eating, drinking, whoring and gambling, and doing everything he can to promote himself step by step. In Shanxi, he was appointed as the governor by the provincial judge and soared all the way. Yang Longwen was originally a member of Jining Road. He is cunning and good at ingratiating himself, so he has been taken as a confidant by successive bosses. Jiang Zhou, who was in Beijing, learned of Ta Yongning's move and immediately arranged for Yang Longwen and Taiyuan Magistrate to organize counties to take money to fill the vacancy. Later, it was verified that Jiangzhou * * * caused a deficit of more than two 17000, which was mainly used for "pandering". In addition to helping Jiangzhou make up for the loss, Yang Longwen also committed crimes such as privately using the treasury bank and infringing on the official bank. Gan Long finally decided that Jiang Zhou and Yang Longwen would make a decision as planned; Seven times, I helped, and I was waiting. In this case, in addition to what Ta Yongning did, there is another person who can be praised, and that is Qiao Guanglie of Hedong Road. Only Zhou Pu, Shaanxi Province, where Qiao Guanglie is located, did not send money like Yang Longwen. Joe was also ordered to arrest Yang Longwen, manage Jining Road and try Yang Longwen's case. www.findart.com.cn

In the forty-six years of Qianlong, the imperial court learned the lesson of "Gansu Rice Case" (Wang Danwang Case, described later) and decided to launch a nationwide campaign of "opening warehouses to check losses". Liang Ming, commander of Urumqi, was ordered to inspect the local warehouse. As a result, he found that his predecessor, Sonomin Ling Ze, who was transferred to Shengjing General, falsely reported food prices and participated in corruption, so he reported it to the court. After more than half a year's investigation, it was verified that Sonomin Ling Ze colluded with some state and county officials, and the problem of corruption was * * *: He asked the state and county officials for more than 20,000 taels of silver and some items, and then asked these state and county officials to falsely report food prices, causing corruption, resulting in more than 33,000 taels of silver and a deficit in the official treasury. Jiuqing and the college students drew up a decision about Sonomo, ordered him to be put into prison, and then ordered him to commit suicide according to the Shandong Guotai case. In addition, two justices of the peace have been beheaded, three justices of the peace have been sentenced to jail, and six county magistrates (some of whom have retired) have been spared. This is often the case. Shangguan gets "a little", Xiaguan (including some profiteers today) may get "two points", and the state (court) will lose "10 thousand points"; The higher the official position of Shangguan, the more "lost" the country (not to mention "demotion"). www.findart.com.cn

A conspiracy of "preemptive strike"

In the twenty-second year of Qianlong, Governor Guo of Yunnan wrote to expose five sins of Governor Heng Wen of Yungui (Guo's immediate superior): 1, buying gold from subordinates and not paying silver at the market price; 2. Ask for ginseng and cocoon silk when consulting the camp; 3. When receiving family members, their family members talk nonsense and accept the "door-to-door package" of "court officials"; 4. I stayed in 180 during my investigation in various counties and cities, and searched with my family; 5. The grandnephew who served in the army borrowed money from the magistrate in Yunnan.

At first glance, this seems to be a revelation from the lower classes, but it is actually a "conspiracy" type. Guo listed the first sin in Hengwen's "five sins" as originating from Guo's idea and working together. Guo and Hengwen arrived in Yunnan together. They have always been superiors. When discussing with Guo to buy some local products for tribute, Guo said that there is no other good goods in Yunnan, only gold is still valuable. Why not make a golden hand stove for tribute and show the sample? Heng accepted Guo's idea. So Guo Heheng gave the gold to the county magistrate separately, and the county magistrate gave the gold to the businessmen. The market price is 1 two gold for 14 silver, while the constant price is only 7- 10 silver, which is full of complaints. When Guo saw something bad, Heng was so arrogant and bossy that something would happen sooner or later. It's better to start first, so as not to plant them together, and then he hurriedly wrote the paper in a crooked way (Guo's handwriting was terrible) ... After verification by Liu Tongxun, Guo's performances were basically true. While paying tribute, Heng took the opportunity to collect money, confiscating property and money. 37,466 28 yuan was 7 points and 7 cents. He ordered Shi Hengwen to be escorted to Jingmen, Hubei Province ... Although Guo was "mediocre" (in words) "not as notorious as Heng Wen", he cleverly lured fellow officials, some of whom broke the law, and he took the initiative to get away with it. He plans to "stick a hundred, flow three thousand miles" and ordered Gan Long to "send troops to Taiwan for practical results". www.findart.com.cn

To say that Guo is "vulgar" enough, Hengwen is not, but what Guo has done is too ungentlemanly. He made a "bad idea" and secretly reported it, which was a loss of official virtue. As a result, Heng's superior threw a bowl of "dead wine" into the sky, and he had the opportunity to "pay for it". After a few years of idleness, he became the envoy of Henan Province. Guo is too fond of flattery and self-preservation. Although Liu Tongxun doubted how his sixteen or seventeen concubines were raised, he failed to find out that he had other sins. When he was governor of Shandong Province, he was criticized by Gan Long for paying 1 0,000 taels of silver. Therefore, Gan Long defined it as "mediocrity". The reality is that in officialdom, "mediocre" people often have more markets. In this case, Guo got the forgiveness of Qianlong, and later allowed him to be "redeemed" and used it as a provincial judge of Sanpin (Henan); The good impression of Guo may come from his "dare to send". www.findart.com.cn

In the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong, Liang Qing, the governor of Guizhou, reported to the court that Liu Biao, a native of Weining Prefecture, had violated the law in undertaking the mining, smelting and transportation of copper and lead: the freight of 6,543.8+100,000 Jin of lead was taken out, and the lead was unaccounted for; Copper mine has been unable to put into production, and there is no cost, in which there is obvious corruption and concealment. Contrary to the above-mentioned Guo and Heng cases, it seems that this is a "revelation from superiors to subordinates". In fact, this is also a kind of "conspiracy" type. Liang Qing reported that the court ordered Liu Biao to be exempted from the trial of Yoshiko Yura Qing, and accused Liang Qing of poor supervision over copper and lead affairs. The imperial court tracked down Liu Biao for many times, asking him not to cover up Liu Biao, or hell to pay. This embarrassed Liang Qing, so he repeated the imperial court, reviewed his responsibilities and continued to expose Liu Biao. At the same time, he also exposed that Yongtai, a grain post road, was suspected of being in bending the law, as well as the magistrate Ma of Dading Prefecture, and asked the court to send ministers to the province for trial. According to Liang Qing's participation, Liu Biao, Yongtai and Ma were dismissed. They are property owners and questioners. These three people had a very good relationship with Liang Qing, but Liang Qing felt that the problem was a bit serious, so he first exposed these former associates. Knowing that Liang Qing is heartless, Yongtai and Liu Biao can only be unjust. They wrote to the court to report Liang Qing and his former governor of Guizhou, the current governor of Hunan, Fang Shijun, the provincial judge of Guizhou, and Gao E, the agent. Finally, it was found out that Liang Qing's main sin was that he deliberately concealed the deficit caused by Liu Biao and accepted some items from Liu Biao. High-quality goods are for official business, but they sell mercury, bird's nest and silks and satins in the official residence; Fang Shijun accepted Liu Biaoyin 1000, wine, jade and other articles related to copper mines. Finally, after examination and approval by Qianlong, Liang Qing will be executed on the spot in Guizhou Province, and the second son will be sent to Yili and Elut as slaves; Fang Shijun, supervisor of Gaoji; Liu Biao made a decision; Yongtai beheaded in prison; The horse was dismissed and lost money. This Liang Qing is more vulgar than Guo. As a minister and governor, he should take care of (people and things). When he can't, he will blame his subordinates and hand them over.

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