There are many famous sentences in the text: everyone just has his name and everyone has the same rights. Resentment is a piece of ice, which melts when heated. Endless work calendar, sadness is also a procedure, making a fire is fun, and even scars are dotted on a face with nothing. ...
The road of life is long and full of ups and downs. When we are young, we can get help from our parents. But one day we will face the society independently. I haven't laid a solid foundation for self-care before. What should I do in the face of sudden difficulties? Sigh at the sky, Lacrimosa? We can't complain, facing difficulties is the best solution. Alisha still has the courage and confidence to live in such a dark and dirty environment. Shouldn't we do better than him?
Brief introduction of the author
The original name of NIZHNI NOVGOROD in Gorky City
Maxim Gorky (1868- 1936), the founder of Soviet literature. Gorky, formerly known as Alexei Macsimovici Peter Skov, was born in a carpenter's house on the Volga River. When he was a child, his parents died and he lived in his grandfather's house, which opened a small dye house. Later, his grandfather went bankrupt, and ten-year-old Alexei wandered around the society, doing odd jobs. Although he has only been in primary school for two years, he has always insisted on diligent self-study and read a lot of books. In addition, he had extensive contact with social life and accumulated rich materials, which eventually made him a world-famous great writer. Gorky's first novel Markard Cudla was published in 1892. Fermat Goyle Deyev (1899) is Gorky's first novel.
Childhood is the first part of Gorky's autobiography trilogy. It describes Gorky's childhood life from three to ten years old. Childhood reflects the years when Aletha, the little hero, lived with his mother at his grandfather's house after his father died. In the meantime, he was loved and cared for by his grandmother, beaten and scolded by his grandfather, and influenced by the beautiful fairy tales told by his grandmother. At the same time, he witnessed the quarrel and struggle between two uncles over family property and their selfishness, greed and cruelty in trivial matters of life. This kind of love and hate between good and evil in real life left a deep impression on his young mind. Aletha spent his childhood in this "suffocating terrible world". Through the narrative of my painful childhood, the novel truly reflects the writer's difficult childhood life and unremitting pursuit of light and truth, and also shows the broad social picture of Russian society at the end of 19.
brief Introduction of the content
childhood
When Alesha was three years old, he lost his father, and his mother varvara gave him to his grandfather Kashlin for foster care. My grandfather lives in the town of Novogo Road, Niger. When my grandfather was young, he was a tracker. Later, he opened a dyehouse and became a small business owner. When Aletha came to his grandfather's house, his grandfather's manor had begun to decline, and his grandfather became more bossy and irritable because of the depression of the manor. Aletha's two uncles, Mikhail and Yakov, kept quarreling and fighting to separate and embezzle Aletha's mother's dowry. In this family, alessa saw the fog of hatred between people, and even the children were poisoned by this atmosphere. As soon as Alisha entered grandpa's house, she disliked him, was afraid of him and felt the hostility in his eyes. One day, out of curiosity, with the encouragement of his cousin, he threw a white tablecloth into the dye vat and dyed it blue. As a result, my grandfather knocked me out and gave birth to a serious illness. From then on, Aletha began to observe the people around him with anxiety, feeling unbearable humiliation and pain for himself and others. His mother abandoned him and left home because she couldn't stand such a life. But in this dirty environment, there is another kind of person, another kind of life. There are optimistic, simple little Zokan and upright old worker Gregory. Every holiday night, Yakov plays the guitar and plays a touching tune. Small tzigang dancing national dance, as if to restore youth. All this made Alisha happy and sad. Among these people, my grandmother has the deepest influence on Alisha. My grandmother is kind and just, loves life, and believes that good will always overcome evil. She knows many beautiful folk stories, which sympathize with the poor and the weak and praise justice and light. The god she believes in is also amiable and amiable to people. Grandpa's god, however, doesn't love others, and always finds fault with others and punishes them. Later, my grandfather moved to Kahnert Street and recruited two tenants. One is a progressive intellectual, nicknamed "good thing". He was the first outstanding person Aletha met, and he left an indelible impression on Aletha. The other is Peter, who disguised himself as a coachman after robbing the church. His cruelty and slave habits aroused Aletha's antipathy. One morning, my mother suddenly came back, and her change made Alisha feel very sad. At first, she taught alessa to read, but the torture of life gradually made her careless, and she often lost her temper and pulled a long face. Later, when his mother remarried, Aletha lost interest in everything around him and tried to avoid adults and wanted to live alone. In this way, after a summer of thinking, he finally strengthened his strength and confidence. Mother is unhappy after marriage and is often beaten by her stepfather. Poverty and disease are eroding her beauty. Because she is in a bad mood, she often shows coldness and unfairness to Alisha.
Alisha didn't feel warm at home and was discriminated against and made things difficult at school. Therefore, in Aletha's mind, the emotion of "love" is gradually replaced by hatred of everything. Due to disagreement with her stepfather, Aletha returned to her grandpa's house, and grandpa went bankrupt completely! Their lives are getting harder and harder. In order to make ends meet, Aletha and his neighbor's children teamed up to collect junk and sell it after school. At the same time, I also felt friendship and sympathy. But it also attracted criticism from the school. He finished the third grade with honors and left the classroom of the school forever. At this time, Alisha's mother died. After he buried his mother, he soon went to the "human world" to make a living.
Creation background
Childhood is the first part of Gorky's autobiographical novel trilogy. As early as 65438+1990s, Gorky had the idea of writing biographies. During the period from 1908 to 19 10, Lenin visited Gorky's apartment in Capri, Italy, and Gorky told him about his childhood and teenage life more than once. On one occasion, Lenin said to Gorky, "You should write everything out, old friend, you must write it out! All this is very educational and excellent! " Gorky said, "One day, I will write it ..." Soon, he fulfilled this promise.
works appreciation
Gorky, the author, repeatedly explained in his childhood: "Whenever I recall the oppressive, dirty and barbaric life in Russia, I often ask myself: Is it necessary to write about this ugly behavior?" I always answer myself confidently: it is necessary! Because this is the living ugly reality of life, which still exists at present. To change this reality, to remove its influence from people's memories and hearts, and from our heavy and dirty life, we must thoroughly understand this reality. ""I describe this ugly behavior in real life for a more positive reason: although these ugly behaviors are disgusting and make us feel depressed; Although they have killed countless beautiful souls, the hearts of Russians are still so healthy and young, and they are overcoming and finally being able to overcome this ugly behavior. " "Our life is wonderful. In our life, although there is fertile soil that breeds all kinds of shameless scum, this fertile soil will eventually grow into an excellent, healthy and creative force, and grow into a kind and humane thing, constantly inspiring us to build a bright and humane new life. "On the one hand, it shows Gorky's aesthetic principle: writers don't have to avoid any ugliness in life, but their purpose is to attract people's attention and completely eliminate it. They firmly believe that human society has a self-regulation mechanism of truth, goodness and beauty. On the other hand, it also shows that Gorky's purpose in writing his tragic childhood experience is not to show people how sympathetic and pitiful he is, nor to simply recall his childhood life, but to tell readers with his own personal experience, no matter how bad the environment is and how difficult life is. There are always some kind and beautiful people who can cultivate healthy and upright hearts with an upward heart in a dirty environment. So we say that the ideological content of this book is positive, not decadent.
Gorky truly described his miserable childhood in this book, reflecting some typical characteristics of social life at that time, especially vividly describing the customs of Russian petty bourgeoisie. It not only exposes those "lead scandals", but also depicts many outstanding ordinary people around the author, among which the image of grandmother is one of the most glorious and poetic images in Russian literature. It is these ordinary people who have given the young Gorky a good influence, so that he has developed a character that does not bend his knees to ugly phenomena and has become a strong and kind person through exercise.
Childhood is a novel based on the author's own childhood experience. It is a historical picture of Russian society at the end of 19, from which we can see the author's struggle for light in the dark society in his childhood and adolescence. The novel reproduces the social environment in which the Russian people lived during the Russian rule in the19th century. The novel describes the author's childhood sufferings, which is also a common phenomenon in society at that time.
Therefore, Gorky showed his love and praise for these people in his works, and eulogized them through Aletha's enthusiasm for communicating with them. Through the description of Aletha's childhood experience, the works also exposed the social reality at that time. At that time, Russian society was in the 1970s and 1990s. It was on the eve of the Russian revolution that the whole society was under the rule of the czar and the people were displaced. Stealing has become an ethos among villagers, and it is no longer a sin. For ordinary citizens who are half hungry and half full, it is almost the only way to make a living. Children have no money to go to school, and eventually they live on the streets and collect junk for a living. Broadly speaking, it is this social environment in which people live in poverty that causes the tragedy of Alesha.
Artistic feature
Childhood is a novel full of childlike interest written by Gorky. It expresses the joy of childhood and the hardships of life through thinking and feeling with the innocent eyes of children. For example, he always remembers that when his father was buried, a little toad was buried alive in the grave; He likes watching birds in the snow and building his own corner in the garden. He often meditates under the starry sky on summer nights, reads Andersen's Fairy Tales, and feels pleasantly surprised and enlightened from time to time, and so on.
"Childhood" adopts the method of alternately using children's perspective and adults' perspective to describe in art, and the works mainly observe and describe life from children's perspective, making "Childhood" rich and vivid and full of childlike interest; On the other hand, writers sometimes comment on life from the perspective of adults, which makes the meaning of words in their works clearer, deeper, more ideological and philosophical.
Childhood is based on the writer's own experience, but it is not a simple reproduction of the writer's early life. On the one hand, it truly describes Aletha's growth process and what he saw and heard, and uses a lot of detailed materials; At the same time, try to dig out the typical materials in life and refine them to reflect the essence of life. In childhood, characters are no longer simple individuals, but become representatives of a certain kind of people; Grandfather's home is no longer an ordinary family, but a microcosm of the ordinary citizen society created by the heavy labor, patriarchal handicraft production relations and boring life in the old Russian era. As the author Bai Ji said, "I'm not talking about my Bai Ji, but a suffocating narrow world full of terrible scenes." Here, ordinary Russians once lived and still live. At the same time, bright, healthy and creative things are growing successfully in the soil full of animals and other bad things-the people's good qualities, their wisdom and creative spirit, which can "arouse our indestructible hope that a bright and humane life will be revived." "
The influence of the work
Gorky's childhood books and pictures
This is a unique autobiography. Different from most autobiographies, it doesn't take heroes as images to create portraits. It is more like a long and colorful oil painting, which restores a period of life of an era and a family. In this life, there have been many protagonists. Both beauty and ugliness stand in front of readers at the same time, impacting their hearts. Childhood, with its unique artistic form, profound ideological content and unique artistic characteristics, occupies an important position in the history of Russian and Soviet literature and even the world literature, and has unparalleled artistic value.