Wang Wei (70 1-76 1) was a famous poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. His official position is Shangshu Youcheng, originally from Qi (now Qixian County, Shanxi Province), and later moved to Yongji, Shanxi Province. He believed in Buddhism and was called Shi Fo. In his later years, he lived in Lantian, Wangchuan Villa, Han nationality. His achievements in poetry and painting are very high. Su Shi praised him as "there is beauty in poetry and painting in painting; Look at the picture. There are poems in it. Especially his landscape poems are the most successful. Together with Meng Haoran, they are called "Wang Meng". In his later years, he was careless about his official career and devoted himself to being a Buddha. Later, he was called "Shi Fo". He is the author of Wang Youcheng's poetry anthology, with 400 poems. He is good at drawing figures, bamboos and landscapes. There are two kinds of landscapes recorded by the Tang people: one is similar to Li's father and son, the other is painted by breaking ink, and the latter is his masterpiece. Unfortunately, no original works have been handed down from generation to generation. The Snow Stream Map and Jinan Mansion handed down to him are not original works. Obviously, Wang Wei has made higher achievements in the field of Tang poetry. He is a representative of the pastoral school in Tang Dynasty. Kaiyuan is the first scholar (that is, the champion). He has served as an official such as Da Lecheng and Yousgler. When An Lushan rebelled, he was forced to assume a false post. Later, it was taken back by the two capitals and demoted to Prince Zhongyun. After being tired, he moved his heart of dedication and finally became a minister.

Wang Wei was very literary when he was a teenager. In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (72 1), he was the first scholar, and he was very happy. I joined the army in Jeju for some reason. After returning to Chang 'an. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Jiuling was appointed as the secretariat. Wang Wei was demoted to the right. At that time, he wrote a poem "Dedicating the Beginning to Prosper the People", praising Zhang Jiuling's political views against planting party member for personal gain and abusing his title, which reflected his mood of demanding at that time. Twenty-four years (736), Zhang Jiuling went on strike. The following year, Jingzhou was relegated to a long history. Li's appointment as the secretariat was a turning point in Xuanzong period, and politics changed from relatively clear to increasingly dark. Wang Wei was depressed about Zhang Jiuling's demotion, but he didn't quit the officialdom. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan, he was ordered to visit Cui, our envoy from Hexi. Later, he learned from the temple history that Wang Wei's official position was gradually promoted. Before the Anshi Rebellion, on the one hand, officials were tired and worried about the officialdom at that time, on the other hand, they were attached to the stack and could not leave decisively. So when in Rome, do as the Romans do, and live a semi-official and semi-secluded life for a long time. ......

He used to believe in Buddhism. At this time, with the increasing negative thoughts, his Buddhist beliefs are also developing day by day. When he was young, he used to live in a mountain forest. After middle age, he lived in Zhong Nanshan, and later he got Wangchuan Villa and Song Wenzhi in Lantian. So he travels among them with his good friend Pei Di and likes to write poems. In the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756), the Anshi rebels captured Chang 'an, Xuanzong entered Shu, and Wang Wei was captured by the rebels. Pretending to be ill after taking medicine, he was sent to Luoyang as a fake official. After the recovery of the two capitals, those who suffered from false jobs were convicted at different levels. He was praised by Su Zong for a poem "Ningbichi" that missed the Tang Dynasty, and his brother Wang Jin had a high official position, so he was only demoted to Prince Zhongyun, and later he moved something and finally became a senior official.

Wang Wei's Life Experience

Precocious, and my younger brother Kim are very smart since childhood. At the age of fifteen, he went to Beijing to take an exam. Because he can write good poems, be good at calligraphy and painting, and have a talent for music, Wang Wei, a teenager, immediately became the darling of princes and nobles in Beijing. There is a story about his talent in music: once, a man got a photo of playing music, but I don't know why it was named. Wang Wei looked at it and replied, "This is the first shot of the third colorful feather." Musicians are invited to play, which is exactly the same.

In the poem, there are written materials written by him at the age of fifteen, seventeen and eighteen. It can be seen that he was already a famous poet when he was a teenager. This is rare among poets. In the aristocratic hereditary society at that time, a versatile person would naturally be appreciated by Wei. So, at the age of twenty-one, he was admitted to Jinshi.

After becoming an official, Wang Wei used his leisure time in officialdom to build a villa at the foot of the South Blue Sky Mountain in Beijing to cultivate his self-cultivation. The owner of this villa is Song Wenzhi, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. This is a very vast place, with mountains and lakes, Woods and valleys, and some houses scattered among them. At this time, Wang Wei and his intimate friends lived a leisurely life. This is his semi-official and semi-secluded life.

Wang Wei, who has been living a comfortable life, was involved in unexpected waves in his later years. An Shi Rebellion broke out in the 14th year of Tianbao in Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (755). In the war, he was captured by the thief army and forced to be a fake official. However, this became a serious problem after the war subsided, so he was handed over to the company for trial. Fortunately, in troubled times, he once wrote a poem yearning for the son of heaven. Under the mediation of his younger brother, then assistant minister of punishments, he was only saved from difficulties and was only demoted. Later, he was promoted to Shangshu Youcheng.

Wang Wei had positive political ambitions in his early years, hoping to make a great career. Later, the political situation changed, and he gradually became depressed, fasting and chanting Buddha. In his forties, he deliberately built a villa in Wangchuan, Lantian County, southeast of Chang 'an, and lived a semi-official and semi-secluded life. This poem is a chapter in his seclusion life, the main content of which is "expressing ambition" and the poet's desire to stay away from the secular and continue to live in seclusion. The scenery in the poem is not deliberately laid out, natural and fresh, as if it is handy, and the distant place is self-evident and has profound connotations.

[Edit this paragraph] Biography of Old Tang Dynasty

Wang Wei was very literary when he was a teenager. In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (72 1), he was the first scholar, and he was very happy. I joined the army in Jeju for some reason. After returning to Chang 'an. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Jiuling was appointed as the secretariat, and Wang Wei retired to the right. At that time, he wrote a poem "Dedicating the Beginning to Prosper the People", praising Zhang Jiuling's political views against planting party member for personal gain and abusing his title, which reflected his mood of demanding at that time. In the twenty-four years (736), Zhang Jiuling stopped fighting, and the following year, Jingzhou was reduced to a long history, and Li was appointed as the secretariat, which was the turning point of Xuanzong's politics from bright to dark. Wang Wei was depressed about Zhang Jiuling's demotion, but he didn't quit the officialdom. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan, he was ordered to visit Cui, our envoy from Hexi. Later, he learned from the temple history that Wang Wei's official position was gradually promoted. Before the Anshi Rebellion, the government helped this matter. On the one hand, he was tired and worried about the officialdom at that time, but on the other hand, he was attached to the stack and could not leave decisively. So when in Rome, do as the Romans do, and live a semi-official and semi-secluded life for a long time.

He used to believe in Buddhism. At this time, with the increasing negative thoughts, his Buddhist beliefs are also developing day by day. When he was young, he used to live in a mountain forest. After middle age, he once lived in Zhong Nanshan. Later, he found jobs in Wangchuan, Lantian and Song. So he travels among them with his good friend Pei Di and likes to write poems. In the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756), the Anshi rebels captured Chang 'an, Xuanzong entered Shu, and Wang Wei was captured by the rebels. Pretending to be ill after taking medicine, he was sent to Luoyang as a fake official. After the recovery of the two capitals, those who suffered from false jobs were convicted at different levels. He was praised by Su Zong for a poem "Ningbichi" that missed the Tang Dynasty, and his brother Wang Jin had a high official position, so he was only demoted to Prince Zhongyun, and later he moved something and finally became a senior official.

Landscape pastoral poetry school is one of the two major poetry schools in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. This school of poetry is the successor of Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao. The poets of this school are famous for their good description of landscapes and pastoral scenery, and their artistic styles are relatively close. They reflect their peaceful mind or secluded thoughts by depicting quiet scenery, so they are called "the school of landscape pastoral poetry". The main writers are Meng Haoran, Wang Wei, Chang Jian, Zuyong, Pei Di and others. Among them, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran have the highest achievements and the greatest influence, and they have also become "Wang Meng".

[Edit this paragraph] The attainments of poetry

There are less than 400 poems by Wang Wei. Among them, the most representative of his creative characteristics is the description of natural scenery such as mountains, rivers and pastoral areas, and poems that recite seclusion. Wang Wei's high achievements in describing natural scenery made him unique in the poetry circle in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and became the representative of the pastoral poetry school. He inherited and developed the tradition of writing landscape poems initiated by Xie Lingyun, and absorbed the freshness and naturalness of Tao Yuanming's landscape pastoral poems, which made the achievements of landscape pastoral poems reach a peak, thus occupying an important position in the history of China's poetry. Together with Meng Haoran, he is a representative figure of the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. Wang Jin collected more than 400 poems of Wang Wei in Biography of Wang Wei in Old Tang Dynasty. In addition, Wang Jin's "Entering Wang Youcheng Collection Table" was compiled as 10 volume. Shu Gu Tang originally contained the Collected Works of Wang Youcheng by Masha in the Southern Song Dynasty 10, and then it was returned to Lu Xinyuan □ Song Lou. Beijing Library has 10 volume of Wang Mosong Shu Engraving Collection, which was photocopied and published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House on 1982. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were six volumes of The Collection of Wang Youcheng, which were reviewed by Liu, and four copies were copied by You Qian, Lv Xiang and Cui Xingzong. In the Ming Dynasty, there were 10 volumes of Wang Youcheng's poems in the Tang Dynasty, among which 4 volumes of Selected Poems were the earliest extant annotations of Wang Wei's poems. Zhao Diancheng's Notes on Wang Youcheng in Qing Dynasty is a good one so far. In addition to explaining all the poems, there are also notes to explain the author's suspicious poems, and occasionally textual research; Wang Wei's life information and poetry and painting comments were also collected as appendices. 196 1 year, Zhao Zhu was revised by Shanghai Editorial Institute of Zhonghua Book Company and printed and published. In addition, Zheng Zhenduo collated the four series with Zhao Diancheng's notes and other four versions, and included them in the World Library. For the deeds, see Biography of Old and New Books of Tang Dynasty. Both Gu's annotation and Zhao Diancheng's annotation are accompanied by Wang Wei's chronicle written by the annotator. There is a paper on Wang Wei's life story in Chen Yi today, and a chronology of Wang Wei is attached (on Tang poetry).

[Edit this paragraph] Catalogue of Poems and Famous Books

Most of Wang Wei's poems are idyllic, depicting natural beauty and revealing leisure interest in his leisure life. Wang Wei's landscape poems, usually in the form of five laws and five sentences, are short in length, delicate in language and soothing in syllables, which are especially suitable for expressing the tranquility of landscapes and the poet's leisurely mood. After middle age, Wang Wei became increasingly depressed and sought sustenance in Buddhism and landscapes. He claimed that "silence is joy, and there is much leisure in this life" ("Fanbu Busan Monk"). This state of mind has been fully reflected in his poetry creation. In the past, many people admired Wang Wei's poems, on the one hand, because of his high artistic skills, on the other hand, because of his leisure and negative thoughts. In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Yinglin called Wang Wei's five-line poem "Zen", and said that two poems, Bird-singing Creek and Wu Xinyi, "I forgot my life experience after reading them, and my thoughts were all silent" (poems), which is proof. Legend of Snow Scene is a work about Wang Wei's parting and travel, and there are often some beautiful sentences describing the scenery, such as "Far trees lead, the sunset is red in the distant city" ("Sending money home") and "Half a mountain and half a rain, thousands of valleys come to the Silk Waterfall" ("To Li Shi in Zizhou"). The tides rise and fall on the earth (Farewell to Guizhou) and Lonely Smoke in the Desert.

Join the Army, Travel in Longxi, Yan Fenke, Hunting Observation, Frontier Conquest and Frontier Conquest are all magnificent works. "The Song of the Dragon's Head" and "The Journey of the Old General" express the sadness that the generals are not rewarded for their meritorious service, and reflect one aspect of the internal contradictions of the feudal ruling class. "Hunting" vividly describes the hunting scene. Yimen sang the chivalrous spirit of historical figures. The four poems in A Boy's Journey show chivalry, boldness, vivid images and smooth brushwork. These works are generally believed to have been written by Wang Wei in his early years. There are also some poems, such as Fu on Four Sages, Fu on Allegory, Fu on Unfortunate Encounter, etc., which were written when eunuchs relegated to Jeju. The fifth of Six Chances, Zhao Nv Yan Ya, expressed indignation at the unreasonable phenomenon that the rich nobles dominated the official career and the talented people were frustrated, and reflected some dark sides of feudal politics in Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods. Luoyang Galand and Xi Shi Yong express their feelings and satire for the strong in a contrasting way. Women's sufferings are described in Mrs Xi and Ban Jieyu. They are sad and have certain social significance. Lyric poems such as Farewell to the Old Friend, I watched you go down the mountain, Send Li to Lingaotai to receive the legacy, Send Two Envoys to Anxi, Send Shen Zifu to Jiangdong, Miss My Shandong Brothers in the Mountain, Acacia, Miscellaneous Poems, and You from My Old Country have been told for thousands of years. "Send Yuan 20 An Xi" and "Acacia" were broadcast as music at that time and were widely sung. These poems are all five-character quatrains or seven-character quatrains, with sincere feelings, beautiful and natural language and simple and profound beauty, which can be compared with Li Bai and Wang Changling and represent the highest achievement of quatrains in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

One autumn night in the mountains, I was selected into the sixth grade 15 class of Shanghai new textbook.

Bird Watching Creek was selected as the weekly poem in Unit 4, Grade 6, a new textbook in Shanghai.

[Edit this paragraph] Poetic style

Wang Wei's creative talents are manifold. His five laws and five or seven words are the highest attainments, and he is also good at other subjects, which is quite prominent in the whole Tang Dynasty poetry circle. His seven laws are either rich and gorgeous, or beautiful and elegant, which were learned by the seven sons of the Ming Dynasty. Seven ancient poems, Peach Blossom, Old General and Answering My Brother with Cui Fu, are among the best among the seven ancient poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, with their scattered forms and erratic momentum. Prose also has excellent works. The Book of Mountains Pei Xiucai's Cuisine is beautiful, meaningful and poetic, which is similar to its landscape poetry style.

What Wang Wei lacks in concentration is those eulogizing and eulogizing poems, flattering chorus poems and works that directly promote Buddhism. Their content is not enough, and their language is full of cliches or boredom. However, there are also some famous sayings, such as "the leaves covered by the spring rain are in the double wind of the imperial city in the clouds" ("looking down in the spring rain during the process of adding pavilions from Xianshan Palace to Hehuang Poetry"), which are also praised for their high weather and meticulous objects. The illustrations of Wang Weishi's "Youth Journey" are selected from the Yazhai block-printed edition of the Ming Wanli Collection "Seven Words of Tang Poetry".

[Edit this paragraph] Painting evaluation

Su Shi once said: "There are paintings in poetry, which are fascinating; Look at the picture, there are poems in the picture. " Wang Wei is not only outstanding in literary talent, but also an excellent painter who is good at music. His profound artistic accomplishment, love for nature and long-term experience of living in the mountains make him have a keen, unique and nuanced feeling for the beauty of nature. Therefore, the landscape scenery in his works is particularly full of charm, often slightly exaggerated, showing a deep and long artistic conception, which is intriguing. His poems are very picturesque, with bright colors and a combination of motion and static, especially good at showing the changes of light color and sound in nature in detail. For example, the torrent buzzes on the piled rocks, but the light becomes dim among the dense pine trees (Qingxi), the brook sings on the winding rocks, the sun is reconciled by pines (through Ji Xiang Temple), bird watching creek, Chai Lu, Mulan Village, etc. , all have exquisite works. The illustration of Wang Wei's "Mountain Holiday Thinking of Shandong Brothers" is selected from the famous prints of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty. He has theoretical works on painting, On Landscape and Landscape Tactics.

[Edit this paragraph] The evaluation of future generations

There is a saying that "Li Bai is a genius, Du Fu is a native talent and Wang Wei is a talent". Wang Wei is not only recognized as Shi Fo, but also a master of Nanshan literati painting (Qian Zhongshu called him "the first painter in the prosperous Tang Dynasty"), and he is proficient in temperament. Is a rare all-rounder

Wang Weishi was famous both before and after his death. History says that "fame is in Kaiyuan and Tianbao, and the nobles and heroes are vain to welcome it, and the kings of Ning and Xue treat it as teachers and friends" (New Tang Book). Tang Daizong once praised him as "the literate sect in the world" (Answer to Wang Weiji, a letter to Wang Jin). Du Fu also called him "the most beautiful sentence in a full picture book" (the eighth of the twelve poems in Jieboredom). Yin Kun said: "Uygur poetry is elegant and refined, with new ideas and ideas. It's a pearl in spring and a picture on the wall. Every word is different. " At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Si Kongtu praised him as "interesting and clear, clear and penetrating" (Comment on Poetry with Wang Jia). In the past, people once praised Wang Wei as "Shi Fo" and compared him with poet Du Fu and poet Li Bai. As far as ideological content is concerned, Wang Wei's poems are far from comparable to those of Li and Du Fu. In terms of art, Wang Wei did have his unique achievements and contributions. In the Tang Dynasty, the poems of Liu Changqing, Ten Talents in Dali, Yao He and Jia Dao were all influenced by Wang Wei to varying degrees. Until the Qing Dynasty, Wang Shi's charm still existed. In fact, his poems were regarded as poems. However, this school of poetry is often sentimental and lacks social content.