In order to safeguard the special interests of a handful of people in the Eight Banners of Manchu Dynasty, Kangxi's method was to implement the policy of ignorance of the people, without which the society could not advance. In addition to the most severe literary inquisition in history, Dai Li, who invented Julian (the prototype of the machine gun), was exiled by Kangxi because of his invention in order to ensure the advantage of riding the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty. Kangxi and his Manchu aristocrats (not a nation, similar to the political dd Party) deliberately blocked the progress of China in this way.

The earliest ancestors of Manchu came from Tunguska and were taken in Changbai Mountain by the Ming Dynasty. Later, it gradually merged into Mongolian tribes and developed, and accepted Mongolian characters that were more developed than them. For example, Yehebu was a Mongolian tribe. Once in the name of Jurchen, it was later banned by Huang Taiji. In the later period, Manchu members were complicated, and many meritorious Mongolians and Hans were carried into the flag, which was later called Manchu. Actually, it's more appropriate to call it a flag bearer. Joining the national flag is just like joining the D Party today, only it is more difficult. All ethnic groups in the banner can marry freely, but not with foreigners, that is to say, the banner people do not marry. For example, the Han people who entered the flag could not marry the Han people who were not in the flag, but they could marry the Manchu and Mongolian people in the flag at that time (for example, Kangxi's mother was the Han people in the flag). The punishment for violating the rules of intermarriage is expulsion.

In fact, many Manchus in Northeast China were Han Chinese plundered from Liaoning and Shanhaiguan in the late Ming Dynasty. So at that time, Manchu people had many China surnames, the most famous of which was Cao Xueqin.

A politically integrated nation-Manchu

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), in order to learn from the Soviet Union and be politically correct, imperial scholars established 56 nationalities in China. Fifty-six ethnic groups have been brilliant, and all ethnic groups have created splendid China. With established political goals, they read ancient books and made a new interpretation of history. On the basis of the Eight Banners of the Mongolian-Manchu-Han Primitive Corps in Qing Dynasty, in order to add luster to this political nation, we should paint it with gold powder. From China's ancient books, we should be able to find some Donghu people who have appeared in the northeast of China from ancient times to modern times, that is, the so-called Tungusic people exported to the domestic market, including Su Shenren, Bi People, Buji People, Jurchen People, Bohai People and Jin People. These are the ancestors of Manchu, a political nation. This Manchu can be described as "long history" and "brilliant". Some people who identify with "Manchu" on the Internet and call themselves Manchuria once claimed that Manchuria has a history of 6,000 years, far longer than that of China's 5,000 years, and even has a history of 8,000 years overseas. Whether it is full of domestic background or overseas, they are full of independence. On the basis of translating ethnic policies, it started the development of their "Mu Rongfu" cause-arousing national pride. "Manchu" has a great and glorious national cultural history, and the "Manchu" nation has been independent since ancient times.

What is the actual situation of this so-called Manchu who has been a dragon for thousands of years? Ancient tribes such as Sushen, Cuoyou and Buji. Because it took too long, these people didn't create their own words and record themselves, so they had to rely on their neighbors and Chinese people to write when they saw it, but they didn't remember when they couldn't see it. Therefore, the primitive Donghu people in different periods in ancient times were not coherent at all. Those hunters and herders migrated, drifted, were educated and assimilated, and they got there. No one can say for sure. As for the modern Bohai Kingdom, it is easier to trace back, but at the same time there are more people arguing. Some Koreans believe that the Bohai Kingdom was founded by their ancestors. In overseas forums, some Turks believe that the Bohai Kingdom was founded by their ancestors.

I think Bohai was a native at that time. With the help of the original Chinese in China, * * * was established together. Where did their descendants go? The answer is melting in China. The same is true of the state of Jin. Jurchen was born in the primitive Donghu people who lived by fishing in the north of Heilongjiang Province. They were not backward in the Tang Dynasty, and there was a power vacuum in the northeast. They took advantage of the opportunity and location to cross the river south with Jurchen. Later, with the help of China people with higher knowledge, they organized a complicated political structure to establish the State of Jin. Later, the Mongols joined forces with the Southern Song Dynasty to destroy the State of Jin, but some nuzhen were lucky not to be destroyed. Become a northern Han Chinese, that is to say, a few surviving Jin Jurchen disappeared in China. The same is true in the late Ming Dynasty and the late Jin Dynasty in Northeast China. Nuerhachi's born Jurchen people lived in deerskin tents and fur coats 500 years ago. In the Ming Dynasty, they came into contact with the Mongols in the southwest and learned the tadpole letters copied by the Mongols. Spell their language. Nuerhachi people don't know the Jin Nuzhen who originally copied Chinese characters to create Nuzhen characters. Therefore, the Nuerhachi people, the ancestors of Manchu people, can not be associated with their claimed inheritance relationship with Jin Nvzhen.

Under the political consciousness of Marxism–Leninism in the 1950s, "Manchu" artificially synthesized Nuerhachi's Jurchen, some Mongols who cooperated with Nuerhachi, some Han people who surrendered to Nuerhachi, and some Han people who were taken away by Nuerhachi as slaves. It can really be called "Manchu". In fact, only the descendants of the Nuerhachi tribe. This tribe lived in the primitive tribal group state 500 years ago and in the slave society state 300 years ago. After Li Zicheng rebelled in the Ming Dynasty and forced him to death, the Nuerhachi tribe occupied the whole of China under the historical opportunity, and learned and applied the political technology of Chinese civilization, joined their concept of Jurchen primitive slave society passed down from generation to generation, effectively ruled China and enslaved the people of China for 267 years. During this period, Manchu people were really full.

This is the real history of manchu.

Debate on whether Nuzhen is the ancestor of Manchu.

1, whether it is Su Shen, Loulou, Buji or Honghong, they are not a nation or a nation * * *, but the names of ancient China people, more precisely, the ancient Han people (including the ancestors of the Chinese nation) are not the names of landlords at all for the vast areas east of the Wusuli River today, including Hokkaido and kanto region in Japan today. As we all know, ancient China people were not very enthusiastic about the foreigners around them, let alone interested in whether they were a nation or a large number of nations. There is only a general geographical name, such as the nomadic people on the grassland, both ethnic and racial, are called Hu; All countries in Europe are called Franco machines. The so-called "Jie", "Lou", "Bu" and "Hong" in ancient books are all nouns of this kind, which are not the same name of any nation at all. For example, the so-called Humo is a farming people with the same hair as Han and Korean, and even the clothes are almost identical, while Humo in Heishui is a fishing and hunting people with shaved rings and braided hair, and the writing language of his hair clothes is very different from that of chestnuts. As for other primitive people who are still in the cave age, it is even worse. According to the word "nation", this cymbal can't be a nation at all. The same is true of Su Shen, Toulou and Buji.

2. On the issue of Timur Mungo, the sixth ancestor of Nurhachi. The first thing to clarify is that the Nuerhachi clan is not nuzhen at all. If you have friends who are interested in history, you can clearly find that Manchu and Jin Nuzhen have nothing to do with their costumes, hairstyles or words, and they have no inheritance at all. In particular, it is needless to say how any nation feels about its national character. Jurchen script belongs to hieroglyphics, which was quite popular even in the Ming Dynasty. The monument of Yongning Temple in Ming Dynasty (located in Telin, the capital of Ming Nuer, at the mouth of Heilongjiang) is juxtaposed with Chinese and Mongolian, which shows its popularity, while Manchu is a Uighur letter. The two are not a system at all, so it can be seen that nuzhen and Manchu are related. Moreover, the Manchu themselves never thought that they were not Jurchen, and regarded Jurchen as an inferior race (women were really fashionable at that time). The most taboo of Manchu to Han nationality is that besides being called Hu by Han nationality, it is also confused with female truth. Throughout the Qing Dynasty, the word nuzhen was not found in books, even in books compiled by Manchu officials such as Sikuquanshu, Shuowen Jiezi and Kangxi Dictionary. Huang Taiji, the chief of the Qing Dynasty, even publicly called Jurchen Morgan, called his nation Shen Zhu, and finally changed his surname to Manchuria. Therefore, it is incredible that the landlord insisted on classifying Nuzhen as Manchu ancestors. If the landlord was born in the Qing Dynasty, he would be robbed of his property and there was no room for bargaining.

The so-called "Nuzhen people scattered in Songhua River Basin and Heilongjiang River Basin have moved southward since the Ming Dynasty, especially the sixth ancestor of Nuerhachi, Monge Timur, led a group of people to leave Woduolun (now Yilan Matun) and go south to eastern and northern Jilin, and even Liaoning." It is completely inconsistent with historical facts. According to Chinese and Korean historical records such as Manchu archives, official archives of the Ming Dynasty, and historical records of the Li Dynasty in North Korea, Timur Mungo, the sixth ancestor of Nurhachi, did not "leave Woduolun (now Ilan Matun) and go south to Jilin and even eastern and northern Liaoning." According to historical documents and expert research, his native place is in Huining, Hamhung, Jingcheng and other places in the Democratic People's Republic of China, and Mengge Timur is not from. Originally a household conferred by the Li Dynasty in Korea, he fled to Nurgandus, China, and was taken in by the Ming Emperor because of the fresh king. In the Ming Dynasty, the so-called Jianzhou Zuowei was added, thus revealing the sixth ancestor Meng Ge of Nurhachi. Yilan Matun was only the first stop after Timur Meng fled from North Korea to China, and China did not belong to him, but to China, the Ming government at that time.

3. The so-called relationship between barbarian female straightness in Ming Dynasty, female straightness in Jianzhou and female straightness in Haixi: In fact, the three are not a nation. Women in Haixi are actually Mongolians. For example, Yehe Department is a branch of Tumote Department in Mongolia. Where is Manchu? There is a direct relationship between savage female ambition and golden female reality, and there is not much difference in language, writing, clothing and hairstyle. She should be a jurchen, but she is by no means Zhu Shen, and later she did not integrate into the Manchu Dynasty. As for the female branch of Jianzhou, it is really long gone. The real ambition of building a state is related to the royal family of the Ming Dynasty. I don't know which generation was usurped by the Nuerhachi clan who immigrated from abroad. As for which clan the Nuerhachi clan comes from, see the above picture.

The total population of the Eight Banners Manchu-Mongolian-Han Army in the early Qing Dynasty

In the five years of Shunzhi, there were 55,330 people in Eight Banners Manchuria, 28,785 people in Eight Banners Mongolia and 45,849 people in Eight Banners Han Army. According to the proportion of butyl five, the population of Manchu in the Eight Banners is * * * 300,000, that of Mongolian in the Eight Banners is * * *140,000, and that of Han Army in the Eight Banners is * * * 250,000. There are also people in coats.

Compilation of Eight Banners in Sixty Years of Kangxi

Manchu 154, 1 17 Ding, Mongolian 6 1 560 Ding, Han Army, Fuxi, Baitang, Tai 239, 5 10 Ding, Tu 24 1 40 Ding.

According to the proportion of butyl five, there are 800,000 people in Manchuria, 300,000 people in Eight Banners Mongolia, 20,000 people in Eight Banners Han Army1.2000 people in Peiping1.2000 people.

Huang Qingzhao Taiji said

Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, Volume 25, Man Wen Lao Dang, Tian Cong, 2009 10/3: "The original names of Manchuria, Hada, Wula and Huifa in China. Ignorant people are often called Zhu Shen. The name applied by the husband is the descendant of Siebel Zhao Morgan and has nothing to do with China. China has a long history of building Manchuria, which is said to be a game. From now on, everybody wait. , will no longer call me Manchuria's original name, and will not pretend to be before. "

In the early Qing Dynasty, through large-scale wars and enclosure, almost all the nobles (Eight Banners) in Bagua Mountain and the ordinary class with gills (armored people) had their own slaves, and there were four ways for them to obtain slaves:

1, prisoner of war. "At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the people of Liaoshen were plundered and called slaves of Manchu ministers"; "The population gained from bloody battles has always been used for farming and herding horses"; "Capturing the population and rewarding the injured in the city as usual", a large number of innocent people of all ethnic groups were forced to become slaves, and with a large number of enclosures, China under the rule of the Manchu Dynasty almost became a huge slave farm.

2. buying and selling people. Before entering the customs, there was human trafficking, and after entering the customs, human trafficking remained a slave. There is a "people's market" in Beijing. "There are people's markets such as mule market, bull market and sheep market along the main streets of the city, and women who want to sell are not interested." Under the rule of Manchu, Han people were free to buy and sell all kinds of livestock, and buying and selling people was allowed by the laws of Qing government. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi, it was stipulated: "Except for military and political officials, generals and deputy generals stationed in Zhili provinces, all officers and men under their command must use slaves.

3. Criminals and their families become slaves. Such slaves also accounted for a considerable number. The property of criminals who commit serious crimes is often confiscated, and their families hand it over to the "cheek-bashing people" (Wu: Ning Gu Ta Lue) as slaves. According to the laws of the Qing Dynasty, the family members who "conspire against the rebellion" are "men under 15 years old, wives and concubines of mother and daughter, ... and pay the hero's house as slaves". The so-called slave, in fact, is that women are soldiers, who are used to criticize people's lewdness day and night, and turn over and over again (some people call it integration), and men become coolies. In addition to the necessary living security, all the output is free to occupy their fun.

4. Accused slaves. After Manchu entered the customs, anyone who claimed that "the poor had no clothes to wear and no food to eat" was allowed to be a slave in Manchuria. In fact, Jurchen relied on power to force a large number of Han people into slavery. "Three hundred miles from Beijing, Manchus cultivated fields, strong heads and slaves. , Zhuangtun, counties, counties of the people out, forcing them to charge. If they don't want to, threaten them with words and power. All kinds of craftsmen, do their best to search, be sure to charge. " After the Han people surrendered, their status became slaves and their living conditions became more difficult.

In this way, in order to get the maximum benefit in China, the Manchu Dynasty did not hesitate to reverse the history. How can such cruel and dark oppression not arouse the people's resistance? Many Han people who became slaves of the Manchu dynasty could not stand such shameless and bloody oppression, and the phenomenon of suicide and escape continued to occur. The schemer Kangxi also had to confess: "I have seen his servants and maids, and often commit suicide and throw themselves into the river, because the master is too strict to live, and the situation is extremely reluctant." "At first, Manchuria often killed my family lightly, but I made a poor punishment. Today, slave owners only need to be punished by "inferiority" when they kill their slaves, and the so-called inferiority is actually just adding some taxes. Most of them are just going through the motions, or the Han people pay for them, and finally the Han people will bear the crimes they committed. Even this punishment is not a discovery of Manchieftain's conscience, but only to consolidate his rule.

Because a large number of Han slaves fled, Manchu rulers felt the crisis. They thought that escaping slaves would first harm the interests of people who criticized cheeks, which was the basis of building the country and maintaining evil governance in the Qing Dynasty, so they formulated the law of escaping slaves, which was extremely cunning and cruel. Its specific content is: one hundred whips are given to those who escape, and the property is returned to the original owner. Hermit is Buddhism, but there is no family record. Adjacent to Jiujia Township, per whip 100, with remote migration. "In the vernacular, that is to say, the escaped slaves are only given a lighter punishment, and those who harbor them will be uprooted, resolutely, and even bring trouble to their neighbors. It is important to severely punish the escape law of "Wozhu", not to hesitate to implicate many people and cause public outrage, but also to protect the interests of its Bagushan ruling group.

References:

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[repost] "Nuzhen" and "Manchuria" are two completely different ethnic groups. 2008-07-27 10:25 The origin and ethnic composition of one or two ethnic groups.

The organizational structure of "Jurchen" and "Manchuria" is far from that of Huaxia nationality!

The ethnic origin of Jurchen is extremely complicated. When it was first called "Jurchen", it was just a general term for a complex nation, similar to the Turkic language family, with many branches. Their way of life is similar to that of the Slavic people in the West, and they all originated in the forest. Although it includes nomadic tribes, it is not entirely nomadic as a whole. Jurchen basically formed a national form in the Northern Song Dynasty.

According to the records in Encyclopedia of China, Manchuria (Tunguska) people belong to the Arctic subspecies of Mongolian race and are related to Eskimos. Ye Hena Lagenzheng (grandson of Cixi's younger brother) Hao Xiaohui also said in < < Empress Dowager Cixi I know > > "The earliest Manchu came from Tunguska, which is now Siberia." Tunguska people were probably excluded by the Russian Cossacks in Siberia, so they moved to the northeast of China in the Ming Dynasty and were taken in by the China Ming government at that time. The formation of "Manchuria" was much later than that of Nuzhen, and it was established on 1635 Lunar Calendar/kloc-0 Lunar Calendar 13. & lt& lt Empress Dowager Cixi I know >> It reads: "Speaking of the Qing court, or the legend of Manchu is very complicated, because all the materials are traced back from the Nurhachi era, only six generations. After the seventh generation, there was basically no record. The same is true in our genealogy. " In terms of composition, "Manchuria" also includes Han, Korean and Mongolian nationalities. To be exact, Manchu was just a political group at that time.

Encyclopedia Britannica also said that Manchu claimed to be a descendant of Jurchen. So why did Manchu claim to be a descendant of Jurchen? It may be that Manchu ancestors were ruled by Jurchen, so they called themselves descendants of Jurchen. He played the guise of homology with the early Jurchen to rebel against the Ming Dynasty and establish political power. Just like Liu Yuan, a Hun in those days, in order to occupy China, he even used the banner of "Han" to cheat the world and achieve political goals. In fact, Manchu once claimed to be the descendants of Japanese, which happened in the period of China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and also for the political purpose of establishing Manchukuo. In the Founding of the People's Republic Letters issued by Puyi specially for offering sacrifices to the Japanese god Zhao Tian, Manchu people identified their ancestors as Genji Qinghe, regarded Zhao Tian as the state religion, regarded Japanese ancestors as Manchu ancestors, and built a national temple.

Second, the historical development of "Nuzhen" and "Manchuria"

1, Nuzhen entered the feudal society in the late Jin Dynasty. The Mongols massacred the state of Jin on a large scale after its demise. According to the population statistics published in the state of Jin 1 183 (the 23rd year of Jin Dading), there were only over 4 million jurchen. After the war and slaughter, the remaining descendants of Nuzhen continued to be sinicized, so that during the occupation of China by Mengyuan, it was clearly stipulated that "Nuzhen grew up in the Han Dynasty and shared the Han nationality". At this time, historical data also recorded that "although my father is a descendant, my mother is from China ... not the former Jurchen." It shows that Jurchen has gradually lost its own national characteristics and become a part of the Mongolian and Yuan Han nationality. From another point of view, even if the descendants of Jurchen were not sinicized at that time, they had been integrated with other ethnic groups around them for more than 800 years, and it was impossible to breed a huge Manchu after hundreds of years.

2. Manchu people, who appeared hundreds of years after the demise of the State of Jin, were still wandering between clan commune and slavery-when the State of Jin was in a feudal society, how could their descendants degenerate into a slave society without evolution for hundreds of years? In the history of mankind, this situation has never happened to the same nation. Therefore, if "Nuzhen" and "Manchuria" belong to the same nation, world history must re-study this special phenomenon, and the history of all mankind may be rewritten.

Third, the great differences between the two national languages.

Writing is the most important carrier to inherit a nation. Let's take a look at the development route of some figures in East Asia:

Kanji-> Kanji-> Kana

Chinese characters-> nuzhen characters

Chinese characters-> nuzhen fine print

Sanskrit-> Tibetan-> Mongolian New Characters

Uighur-> Mongolia-> Manchu

It can be seen that Jurchen and Manchu have different sources of writing, and from the perspective of writing development, they should not be a nation.

Let's compare the scripts of these two nationalities in detail: Jurchen script is a script used to record Jurchen language in Jin Dynasty, which belongs to ideographic script, much like Chinese characters. The strokes are horizontal, straight, dot, left and right. Writing is top-down, with line breaks from right to left.

Jurchen script

Let's look at Manchu. Manchu was founded with reference to Mongolian in the initial stage of Pinyin, and was later improved. But Manchu and Jurchen belong to different languages. And the words themselves have no similarities. Manchu only restores tadpoles. If it's really a descendant of Jurchen, why not restore Jin Guo characters similar to Chinese characters?

Manchu

In fact, even if the characters have many similarities, they can't prove to be the same nation. For example, Japanese characters, Xixia characters and Qidan characters are all based on Chinese characters, but the people who use them are several different nationalities. What's more, the huge difference between Jurchen and Manchu is even more difficult to prove that the two sides are the same nation.

Clothing differences between four ethnic groups

1 nuzhen clothing

The costumes of Jurchen are deeply influenced by the Han nationality, and obviously they are also hand-in-hand costumes. "Three Dynasties North Alliance Jurchen Biography" said that Jurchen's dress is "short and left-handed". In the Song Dynasty's Biography of Deer Pavilion, Nuzhen said, "I made it since ancient times."

After the invasion of the Yellow River valley, Nuzhen's headdresses were all wrapped in Xiaoyao towels, that is, tied in a black gauze cage with five cymbals on it, and most of them were elderly people. Wear a sheepskin hat in winter. According to the History of Jin Dynasty, Jurchen women like to wear a black and purple six-fold skirt embroidered with flowers, which is the skirt with iron bars as the lining mentioned in Daikin Guozhi, which makes the skirt swell. I like to wear black-purple, soap-colored, black-and-white shirts with straight collar and left shirt. The front is long and the back is long, and the waist is tied with red and green ribbons. Married women wear chiffon (called chiffon), double-breasted colored collar, long brush on the front, five-inch mop on the back, made of red, brown and gold brocade. There are many braids and a bun on my head. From these descriptions, we can know that after Jurchen entered the Central Plains, influenced by the Huaxia people, her costumes gradually became gorgeous, and her hair styles and accessories were also valued.

The picture below shows: six skirts \ black gauze cage bun.

In fact, with the sinicization of Jin Guo, Jurchen gradually put on Hanfu directly. In December of the 27th year of Dading in the State of Jin (1 187), the court issued the following ban: "It is forbidden for straight women to change their surnames to Han, and learn from the clothes of southerners, and offenders will make amends." But also stipulated strict punishment measures. Volume 43 (the second part) of History of Jin Dynasty says: "Straight girls can't change their Han surname at the beginning, and they can't change their southern clothes. The offenders will be 80 long-term workers." This is probably the content of the 27-year ban. Zhang Zong has issued similar bans many times. Kuk thae Kim said in September, 7th year (1207) that "straight girls are not allowed to change their Han surname and dress as southerners". As can be seen from these government bans, Nuzhen people have changed into China clothes, and they have been banned repeatedly.

On the other hand, Manchu costumes, big wings and high-heeled flag shoes. Clothing has not evolved, but it is rougher than Jurchen, especially the neckline is right, and the headdress of women is more different from Jurchen. The most important point: If they are descendants of Jurchen, they will definitely wear Hanfu if they appear in the history of China in the late Ming Dynasty.

Differences in surnames of five ethnic groups

The jurchen surnames recorded in The Golden History are: Gu Wulun, Ge Shilie, Tu Dan, Nuwa, Pu Cha, Wen Dihan, Shi Mo, Ao Tun, Lu, Ira, Wole, Nala, Oracle bones, Pei Man, Ni Manggu and so on.

On the other hand, with the invasion of the Central Plains, Jurchen gradually adopted the Han surname. The above-mentioned prohibitions on clothing all include prohibiting Nuzhen from using the Han surname. During the reign of Jin Shizong and Zhang Zong, it was repeatedly forbidden by imperial edict. In May of the 13th year of Dading (1 173), it was forbidden for straight women to change their Chinese surnames, indicating that it was quite common for jurchen to change their Chinese surnames at this time. In December of the 27th year of Dading (1 187), the imperial court issued the following ban again: "It is forbidden for straight girls to change their surname to Han, and learn from the clothes of southerners, and offenders will make amends." As mentioned above, the ban also stipulates strict punishment measures-"offenders will be punished with 80 sticks and will be made permanent." Zhang Zong has issued similar bans many times. In November of the second year of Ming Chang (1 19 1), "it is forbidden for straight women to translate their surnames into Chinese characters"; In the seventh year of Taihe (1207), in September, "it is not appropriate for straight women to change their Han surnames and southern clothes". These bans also show that the adoption of Han surnames is the ethos of the whole Jurchen society. By the late Jin Dynasty, almost all Jurchen surnames had corresponding Han surnames. According to Mr. Statement's statistics, there are 59 Han surnames translated by Nuzhen in Jin Dynasty.