From about 2550 BC to 2070 BC, Emperor Yao was Frant Gwo.
From 2070 BC to 65438 BC+0600 BC, summer is the land of ancient three seedlings.
BC 1600-BC 1046, Shang Dynasty was Hubei.
From 770 BC to 476 BC, it was the capital of Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period.
From 475 BC to 22 BC1year, it was Hubei City in the Warring States Period.
In 323 BC (the sixth year), Chu Huaiwang made his brother Qi king of Hubei.
In 278 BC (the 21st year of King Xiang of Chu Qing), Qu Yuan was exiled to the south of the Yangtze River and sang in Hubei and Zhuhai.
In 22 1 year BC (the 26th year of Qin Shihuang), Hubei County was established in Qin Dynasty, belonging to the southern county.
This is my Baidu. You should check it in the university library or the history professor. )
The following is the detailed information of prehistoric civilization in Hubei that I found from the website of Douding. I hope it helps you.
Prehistoric civilization in Hubei
1. The Paleolithic Jianshi Homo erectus site is located in Mazaping Village, Gaoping Town, Jianshi County. Formerly known as Great Ape Cave, commonly known as Keel Cave. During the period from 1968 to 2000, nine excavations were carried out here, and five early homo erectus tooth fossils, stone tools and bone implements were found, and at the same time, more than 80 species and genera of mammal fossils including Buchner Great Ape were found, which is one of the earliest ancient human sites found in China. The site is an east-west cave with an altitude of 750m, a length of120m, a height of 6-7m and a width of 2-15m. The cave was deposited in the early Pleistocene, and the profile of Dongdong excavation area can be divided into 13 layers from top to bottom. The teeth fossils of Homo erectus came from the eighth floor of the East Cave, the eighth floor of the West Cave and the fifth floor of the West Branch Cave. About1.20-2.5 million years ago, it is the first fossil site of Homo erectus and Great Ape in China, which provides valuable information for studying the survival, migration and extinction of Great Ape and the pedigree of the development of Great Ape and human beings. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Yunxi ape-man site is located on the east slope of SHEN WOO Ridge, Anjia Township, more than 0/0 km east of Yunxi County. Commonly known as Bailongdong. About 500,000 to 6,543.8+0,000 years ago, it is one of the eight sites of ape-man in China. 1976 and 1977, 8 fossils including ape-man teeth, teeth, horns, bones and feces of more than 20 kinds of animals, such as scarlet, rhinoceros, bear, badger, deer, cow, porcupine, rat and dog, giant panda, saber-toothed elephant and saber-toothed tiger, were found here. Later, a number of signs of artificial chisels and fires were discovered, which was called "Yunxi ape-man culture". The scenery in Bailong Cave is spectacular, with domed, pointed and algae-like scenes connected with each other, and all kinds of "stone bells", "stone milk", "stone curtains" and "stone buddhas" are hung on it, and all kinds of scenes are lifelike.
Tang Xueliangzi Site is located in Mituosi Village, Qingqu Town, Yunxian County, and it is a Paleolithic site. Two early human skull fossils were found in the site, and more than 300 stone products were found, mainly large stone tools made of local gravel, including stone cores, stone chips, sharps and scrapers, and double-sided devices similar to hand axes were unearthed. More than 20 kinds of early Pleistocene mammalian fossils, such as giant panda and oriental saber-toothed elephant, were also found. Named "Yunxian Zhiliren", referred to as Yunxian people. 654.38+0 million years ago. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Meipu ape-man site is located in Meipu Gulong Cave, Yunxian County. 1975, three hominid tooth fossils and more than 20 kinds of animal fossils were found here. It was identified as an early ape-man and named "Yunxian subspecies". 654.38 million years ago-600,000 years ago.
Changyang People Site is located in Dayan Township, 45 kilometers southwest of Changyang County. This is a cave with an altitude of about 1300 meters. The hole is about 2 meters high and 6 meters wide, and the plane is irregular. Since 1956, fossils of human maxilla, teeth and vertebrates have been discovered one after another. It has been identified that human maxilla and teeth are significantly progressive compared with Beijingers, but they are also primitive. It was named "Changyang people" in the early or late Late Pleistocene about 654.38+10,000 years ago. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Huanglongdong site is located in Xiangkou Township, Yunxi County. In 2004, four tooth fossils were found in Huanglong Cave, Xiangkou Township, and were identified as late-stage apes, dating from 654.38 million years ago to 40,000 years ago.
Jigongshan site is located in Jigongshan, Yingbei Village, 4 kilometers outside Xiaobeimen, Jingzhou City. It was the paleolithic residence and paleolithic processing site 50 thousand years ago. The cultural layer thickness in the site is greater than 1 m. Because the site is surrounded by pure clay layers and there are no rocks, it can be seen that the processed stones come from far away. The total site area is about 65,438+0,000 square meters. There are residential relics, such as a circular stone circle and five gravel-surrounded footwells. The stone circle is about 2 meters in diameter, and a small number of sharp tools and chopping tools are placed inside. It is speculated that the stone circle should be the remains of the circular shack where people lived at that time. Tens of thousands of stone products have also been unearthed in the site, and the stone tools are mainly small scrapers. In addition, a stone tool production site was found in the south of the site. Jigongshan site is the first residential site in the late Paleolithic period in the plain area discovered in China. At present, the site museum has been established in its original site, covering an area of 1200 square meters. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Xiaoqiu Mugou Site is located in Xiaoqiu Mugou Village, Hejia Town, Yunxi County. This is a paleolithic site. Four stone tools were found here, including 1 cone stone cleaver with a height of about 10 cm and a weight of about 700 kg, and three timely scrapers with a weight of about 100 kg.
The ancient rhinoceros cave site is located in Hongping, Shennongjia. This is a paleolithic site. The ancient rhinoceros cave is more than 2000 meters above sea level. Excavated in 1996, it is a Paleolithic site. * * * More than 1000 pieces of animal fossils and paleolithic tools have been unearthed. Among the unearthed animal fossils and skeletal remains are rhinoceros, giant panda, bison, sika deer, water deer, saber-toothed elephant, macaque, leopard, wolf, roe deer, muntjac, porcupine, bamboo rat, sheep and bear. Among them, rhinoceros has spelled out 8 individuals, and saber-toothed elephant has spelled out 6 individuals. In addition, more than 20 paleolithic tools have been unearthed, such as kitchen knives, scrapers, stone hammers, stone leaves and stone chips. Most of these paleolithic tools are made of black flint, and some are made of quartz stone. Most of them are typed. The discovery of this cave is of great significance to the study of ancient human activities in northwest Hubei.
Zhangshu Cave Site is located in Zaoyang Village, Baiwo Township, Fangxian County. This is the site of the late Paleolithic period. More than 2,000 stone products were unearthed in this site, mainly small and medium-sized ones, including scrapers, pointers, choppers, drills, etc., among which the number of edge scrapers was the largest. In addition, on both sides of the Qingjiang River, the site of Silver Carp Mountain dating from 9-120,000 years ago and the site of the small hole in the companion gorge dating from about130,000 years ago have also been discovered. In these two places, human fire remains and precious paleolithic tools were discovered, and the late paleolithic cultural site in Zhadong, 27,000 years ago, was also discovered, and more than 30,000 cultural relics were excavated.
2. The Neolithic Qujialing Cultural Site is located in Qujialing Village, 30 kilometers southwest of Jingshan County. This is the ruins of a Neolithic village. Found in 1954. The area is about 400,000 square meters. It has a history of more than 4,800 years and is one of the earliest ancient city sites in China. Many houses, caves, tombs and other relics were found in the ruins. Painted pottery spinning wheel, painted black pottery and eggshell painted pottery are the most distinctive relics. Pots, beans, bowls and other utensils made of pottery are all double-arc folded walls, which have a unique style. In addition, a large number of production tools and japonica rice shells were found on site. The appearance of ceramic bird models and jade articles reflected people's spiritual and cultural life at that time. The progress of agriculture and the appearance of "Taozu" symbolizing the worship of patriarchy marked that the development of society at that time had entered the patriarchal society stage. The cultural remains found in Qujialing site are named "Qujialing culture" because of their strong local color. Qujialing site is the naming place of Qujialing culture, and its discovery is of great significance for understanding the prehistoric culture in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Jianghan Plain.
Located in Wuzhuang Village, Reuters Town, Zaoyang City, the site of Diaolongbei is a settlement site of clan commune in the middle and late Neolithic Age. The age is about 6000 years ago. Found in 1957 and excavated in 1990 ~ 1992. There are houses, caves, tombs and other relics found in the site, and thousands of production tools, household appliances and animal bones have been unearthed. Many of these artifacts are not found in other sites at the same time, especially the base address of the house with sliding door, which is similar to the modern unit house. This is the first discovery in China, and it is also rare in the world ancient sites. Its discovery is of great significance to the study of cultural exchanges between North and South in the Neolithic Age.
Shijiahe site, located in shihe town, Tianmen City, is a group of late Neolithic cultural sites. The age is 4000 ~ 5000 years ago. Shijiahe site was discovered in 1957, with a total area of about 8 square kilometers. It consists of dozens of sites such as Sanfangwan and Tan Jialing. The cultural remains of this site group started from the stage equivalent to Daxi culture, and passed through Qujialing culture to Shijiahe culture, forming a basically continuous development sequence. At the center of the site group is an ancient city composed of city walls, moats and peripheral terraces. Among the unearthed artifacts, a large number of pottery, pottery crafts and small jade articles are the most distinctive. In addition, copper blocks have been found in the site, which proves that Shijiahe culture has entered the bronze age. Shijiahe site group is the naming place of Shijiahe culture, and its discovery has found an important breakthrough for exploring the origin of civilization in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.
Yinxiangcheng site is located about 4 kilometers north of Mashan Town, Jingzhou City, and it is the site of the Neolithic ancient city. The plane of the city site is a rounded rectangle, and a longitudinal gully in the middle divides the city site into two parts. The city site is about 580 meters long from east to west and 350 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of about 200,000 square meters. The walls on the east, south and west are basically well preserved. The width of the existing city wall is generally 10 ~ 25m, and there is a city wall outside the city wall. Found 13 houses, 4 pottery kilns, 8 urn coffins, ash pits, paddy fields and other relics, and found a large number of animal and plant remains and cultural relics in Cheng Hao. Among them, the unearthed lacquer wood handle is the only well-preserved Neolithic lacquer wood in China, and its color is as bright as new, which has advanced the lacquer making technology in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River for more than 2000 years. In addition, a large partitioned house was found, which provided important physical data for studying the living form and architectural structure in the city at that time.
Menmenwan site is located about 3 kilometers southwest of Yingcheng. It is a Neolithic site with the city site as the center and several semi-subordinate settlements outside the city. There is a city site in the middle of the site, with a slightly square plane and an area of about 200,000 square meters. The western wall is the best preserved, and it is 3 ~ 4 meters above the ground so far. There is a large plateau in the northeast and northwest of the city, and there are trenches outside the city wall. A large building with an area of 1 15.5 square meters was found at the city site. The house is divided into four rooms, with a corridor outside and well-preserved doors and windows. There is a big yard of 450 square meters around the house. The wall, city hall and large buildings of Menmenwan site are well preserved, which is rare in Neolithic archaeological discoveries so far.
Zoumaling site is located at the junction of Zoumaling Village in Jiaoshanhe Town, Shishou City and Tunzishan Village in Huajiadang Town, and is a Neolithic site. The core of the site is the ancient city site, which is an irregular rectangle, with the longest from east to west of 370 meters and the widest from north to south of 300 meters. The city walls are tamped with yellow, brown and gray clay from top to bottom. The city gates were built in the middle of the east wall and at the north and south ends of the west wall. There are large houses with an area of 65,438+000 square meters, medium-sized houses with multiple partitions with an area of 30-50 square meters, and small houses with an area of about 8 square meters found in cities. Most of the earthen walls are pottery fragments in the early Qujialing culture, which overlap with ash pits and tombs in the late Qujialing culture, so it is inferred that the city was built in the early Qujialing culture. Zoumaling Qujialing cultural ancient city is one of the earliest and largest sites in the late primitive society in the Yangtze River basin. The discovery of Zoumaling site provides material data for the study of the early city site and tomb system in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.
The site of Guanmiao Mountain is located in Guanmiao Village, Wen 'an Town, zhijiang city. It is the largest, best preserved, richest, most typical and representative Neolithic site in the same period of the Yangtze River Basin. The existing area of the site is about 40,000 square meters. Found 10 houses, urns, coffins and other remains. Most of the architectural sites are rectangular or square buildings, and there are ruins such as slopes, bamboo mud walls and partition walls in the architectural sites. The basic area of small houses is 35 square meters, and the basic area of medium houses is 52 square meters. There are many kinds of grinded stone tools, most of which are axes and hammers. There are pottery pots with a diameter of 76 cm, painted pottery with eggshell tires, and ceramic musical instruments such as pottery drums and pottery bells have been found. The appearance of large pottery pots, painted pottery with eggshells, and the firing technology of black inside and red outside all show the leading position of Guanmiaoshan pottery-making technology. The rich remains of Daxi culture in the site basically cover the main stages of Daxi culture, which is of great significance for studying the connotation, characteristics and stages of Daxi culture.
Majiahuan site is located in Wuli Town, Shayang County. This is a Neolithic site. The city wall is well preserved and the plane is trapezoidal. The east-west wall is 640, the south wall is 400 and the north wall is 00 meters. The west wall is adjacent to Donggang River, which is surrounded by the city site as a moat. There is a gap between the north and south city walls, but it is not certain that it was the city gate at that time. There is an ancient river from the middle section of the western wall to the southeast corner of the city, which is similar to the Shijiahe city site introduced below. The city has a collection of Daxi, Qujialing and a small number of Shijiahe cultural relics, so the age of the city site has always been within this range.
Taojiahu site is located in the middle reaches of Si Long, about 18km west of Yingcheng. This is a Neolithic site. The city is oval, with a maximum distance of about 5000 meters from north to south and a width of 850 meters from east to west, with a total area of about 670,000 square meters. The city wall is made of earth, and the remaining city wall is1~ 4m above the ground. There is a moat around the city wall and a large platform in the south of the city. A large number of Neolithic cultural relics were found on this land, which was identified as Qujialing cultural period.
Located in Shizikou Town, Gongan County, Jiming City is a Neolithic site. 1996 excavation. It is 400 meters from east to west and 500 meters from north to south, covering an area of about 200,000 square meters. There is a moat outside, but the middle part of the east wall is broken somehow, and the plane of the wall is approximately C-shaped. In the center of the city, there is a platform with an area of about 40,000 square meters, which is 1 meter higher than the surrounding area. There is a lot of braised soil on the platform, which is the main residential area of the site. The above are national key cultural relics protection units.
Jinjiling Site is located in Jinjiling Village, Luoyang Town, Zengdu District, Suizhou City. This is a Neolithic cultural site, about 4 100 years ago. The total area of the site is over 654.38 million square meters. Tomb 12, urn coffin 15 (children's or babies' tombs), house 10, 6 kilns, 25 ditches and 52 ash pits. * * * More than 700 cultural relics have been unearthed, including knives, axes, chisels and arrow clusters. Stone tools, pots, cans, plates, cups, bowls, bowls, lids, jade articles, such as Yuhuan. Among them, red glazed pottery ding, eggshell pottery bowl and perforated stone knife can be called fine works of the same period. The settlement consists of living quarters and pottery workshops. It is found in the residential area that the foundation of 1 building is all stones, and the foundation structure is a regular rectangle with an area of nearly 150 square meters. This large stone building foundation was first discovered in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River at the same time. Chengbei Creek Site is located in Honghuatao Town, Yidu City. This is a cultural site in the early Neolithic period. 6900 years ago. 1984- 1985 excavation. 1630 pieces of pottery and stone tools were unearthed. Stone tools are made, cut and polished, with scraper making the most, in addition to chopping tools, making stone axes, and polishing stone tools are axes and hoes. Pottery is made by sticking plastic on clay. The pottery system is mainly reddish brown pottery with sand and charcoal, a few taupe pottery and argillaceous pottery, some of which are painted red and black. Most pottery has decorative patterns, mainly shallow and messy rope patterns, with few thin rope patterns, reliefs and carved patterns. The modeling of utensils mainly includes pots, bowls, bowls and brackets. In addition, the unearthed rice husk is the earliest evidence of rice maturity in Hubei.
Hougang Site is located in Hecheng Village, Hougang Town, Shayang County. Found in 1983, excavated in 2007. Covering an area of 6,543,800 square meters, it is a large city site, and the moat, moat and city wall are well preserved. The Shijiahe city site, second only to Tianmen City, belongs to Shijiahe culture.
Dianzitou Site is located in Xiaojiaping Village, Guandukou Town, Badong County. This is a cultural site in the early Neolithic period. This site covers an area of 7000 square meters. Found in 1994 and excavated in 1998. Divided into 9 horizons. Pot-shaped pottery includes pots, pots, holders, bowls, chisels, choppers, perforated stone ornaments, stone chips and so on. Some animal bones have been unearthed. The recognizable animals include pigs (teeth), sheep (teeth), deer (teeth, horns), fish (gills, fins), broken bones of large animals, rhinoceros bones (teeth) and so on. Two early Neolithic tombs were cleared out.
Guanzhuangping Site is located in Guanzhuangping, Xiangxi Town, Zigui County. This is a cultural site in the early Neolithic period. From 1994 to 2000, six excavations were carried out. It covers an area of 6000 square meters. * * * Found 27 ash pits, 3 ash ditches, 6 tombs and 4 building foundations. Among them, there are 5 ash pits belonging to the Neolithic Qujialing culture period, with a building foundation of 1; There are 4 tombs in Erlitou period, with ash ditch 1 piece; In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there were 19 ash pits, 1 building foundations, 1 ash ditches and 2 tombs. There are two ash pits, 1 ash ditch and two building foundations, belonging to Song and Ming Dynasties. The ash pits in the Qujialing Cultural Site in Neolithic Age are all irregular round shallow bottoms, and the relics are mainly clay bowls, plates, beans, sand-filled black pottery pots and ding. Only column holes and cushion soil are found in the building foundation. Among them, Tomb 77 (4000 years ago) is the only tomb in the world that has been found so far with giant pandas as sacrifices.
Nanmuyuan Site is located in Nanmuyuan Village, Guandukou Town, Badong County. Altitude110 ~140m, covering an area of 100000 square meters. Stratigraphic remains are rich in broken bones, mainly fish gill covers, and animal bones also account for a considerable proportion. These relics mainly include stone tools and pottery. Stone tools mainly include axes and knives, and stone cores and pieces are slightly less. Pottery is decorated with rope sand and dark brown Tao Wei blocks. The utensils include a bottom pot, a holder, a flat bowl, a round bowl and a pot. The kettle and scaffold in this kind of remains are similar to the western culture in the north of the city, and the age is slightly later or contemporary with the late western culture in the north of the city.
Shennong Cave is located in Lishan Mountain, 60 kilometers northeast of Suizhou City. According to legend, Shennong was born here, hence its name. In the past, Shennong Temple was built in the mouth of the cave, where statues were molded and worshipped all the year round. After repeated repairs and destruction, only Shennong Cave remains. The entrance of the cave is "one step ahead", and there can be "several people standing" in the cave. The walls are green and antique.
Related links 1. The Paleolithic Age (about 2.5 million years ago to about 1 10,000 years ago) was a stage of human material and cultural development marked by the use of forged stone tools (see stone tools). The geological age belongs to the late Pliocene Pleistocene, which started about 2.5 million years ago and lasted about 6.5438+0 million years ago. Generally, its period is divided into three parts, namely, the early, middle and late paleolithic period, which are roughly equivalent to homo habilis and homo erectus, early homo sapiens and late homo sapiens respectively. Paleolithic culture is widely distributed in the world. Due to the different regions and times, as well as the unbalanced development, there are considerable differences in the cultural outlook of different regions. 2. Neolithic Age is the last stage of the Stone Age in archaeology. The development stage of human material culture is marked by the use of grinding stone tools (see stone tools). This name was first put forward by British archaeologist lubbock in 1865. This era has entered the Holocene in geological age and developed after the Paleolithic Age or the transition of the Mesolithic Age, belonging to the late Stone Age. The s began about 6.5438+0 million years ago, and the ending time ranged from more than 5,000 years ago to more than 2,000 years ago. 1956, an ancient human fossil named "Changyang Man" was found in Shamao Mountain, Changyang. 1970, six hominid tooth fossils were found in the Gulong Cave in Jianshi, which were identified as "Buji Giant Ape" from 2.5 million to 2 million years ago. 1975, three fossils of ape-man teeth were found in Meipu Gulong Cave, Yun County, which were identified as early apes and named as "Yun County subspecies". 654.38 million years ago-600,000 years ago. 1976, 8 fossils of ape-man teeth were found in SHEN WOO ridge (commonly known as Bailongdong) in Yunxi county, from 1 10,000 to 500,000 years ago. 1989. 1990, two complete skull fossils were unearthed at the mouth of Quyuan River in Yun County, which were named "Yunxian people", 654.38+0 million years ago. In 2004, four tooth fossils were found in Huanglong Cave, Yunxi County, which were identified as advanced apes, dating from 654.38+ 10,000 years ago to 40,000 years ago. According to the above archaeological achievements, this paper combs the development level of ape-man in western Hubei, that is, from Jianshi people-Yunxian people-Yunxian subspecies people-Yunxi people-Changyang people-Yunxi homo sapiens, and then infers that western Hubei is a Chinese civilization.