The method and importance of cultivating the reading ability of geography charts in senior high school
To improve students' ability to interpret charts is to enable students to carry out graphic transformation, Tu Tu transformation, synthesis, analysis and induction, obtain all kinds of information, find out useful information, judge, reason and explain, and finally solve geographical problems. What kind of ways and means teachers should use to guide students is worth exploring by geography teachers.
Geographical map is the skeleton of geographical facts. It is the starting point and destination of geographical knowledge. A picture is worth a thousand words. There are various types of geographical maps, such as regional distribution map, contour map, statistical map, topographic profile map, geological map and landscape map. In the process of geography teaching, various charts are often used alternately and cooperate with each other, which not only enriches the content of geography teaching, but also greatly improves students' interest in learning geography. The reading ability of charts directly affects students' learning and application of geographical knowledge. In order to enable students to realize the transformation, Tu Tu transformation, synthesis and analysis of graphics and characters, obtain all kinds of useful information, make judgments and reasoning, and finally solve geographical problems, it is necessary to cultivate students' reading ability of charts in geography teaching. What ways and means teachers use to improve students' ability to interpret charts is worth thinking about by geography teachers. Based on years of teaching experience, the author mainly explores from four aspects: the ability of image-text conversion, the ability of regional spatial positioning, the ability of mining hidden conditions, and the ability of chart induction and integration.
First, the importance of improving students' ability to read pictures
1. Map is the carrier of geographical knowledge and is called the second language of geography. Compared with other disciplines, the most prominent feature of geography is that a large number of charts are used to express the spatial distribution of geographical things, the relationship between geographical elements and the process of their development and change. Maps show a lot of space-time information in the form of images and symbols, which are easily accepted by people in an intuitive form. It has become an important tool to connect geographical things with people's cognitive process and an indispensable teaching material to cultivate students' all-round development. Maps can help students learn geography knowledge and establish thinking in images. Teaching students to analyze, judge, reason, summarize and refine information by reading geographical charts is also the cultivation of students' ability. Therefore, cultivating students' ability to read and analyze maps is the most basic and important content in geography teaching, and it is the process of implementing the new curriculum standard of "mastering the skills of reading, analyzing and using geography charts and data".
2. General application of charts in geography textbooks and exercises. The most prominent feature of geography textbooks is that there are many charts. In the current middle school geography textbooks, various charts abound; Geography college entrance examination questions, usual examination questions and exercises, involving maps account for a large proportion. Therefore, the correct use of charts to solve geographical problems has become the basic geographical skills of high school students, especially liberal arts students, and map teaching has also become one of the important tasks of geography teaching in middle schools.
Second, the status quo of geography teaching and students' ability to read pictures
Although geography courses such as "World Geography" and "China Geography" were offered in junior high school, geography knowledge was not tested in the senior high school entrance examination, which led to the lack of full-time geography teachers in weak schools, and geography teaching was mostly held by teachers from other disciplines. School leaders, teachers and students did not attach importance to the study of geography courses.
In senior high school, geography is one of the compulsory courses, and all schools have full-time geography teachers. Senior one, two geography classes a week, no tutoring and monthly exams after class; In addition, there are many courses for students, and the liberal arts and sciences in the second year of high school should be divided into subjects, and the students who study science do not pay attention to them. Geography teaching in schools is still very difficult. After the second year of high school, the science class has a geography class every week, just to cope with the academic level exam; Only liberal arts students really begin to learn geography, that is to say, geography teaching in middle school is emphasized from the liberal arts class in senior two.
According to teaching, tutoring, students' exercises and test paper analysis, the students who just entered the second year of senior high school have poor ability to read maps, and some students can't even understand the most basic and simple topographic maps and administrative maps, let alone analyze geographical problems with maps. Therefore, it is an important and urgent teaching task to cultivate students' ability to read pictures in geography teaching of liberal arts classes in senior two.
Third, methods and measures to cultivate students' ability to read pictures
(a), a clear picture reading program.
1. Be familiar with the map type and make clear the geographical elements to be searched. Different maps reflect different contents, so when looking for geographical elements, we should look for them on the map of the corresponding theme, so that the content of the theme map is clearer and easier to find. If you want to find a city and see the location and outline shape of an administrative district, it is best to find it on the "administrative district map"; To see the topography and geomorphological features of a certain area, we should look at the "color topographic map" or "contour topographic map".
2. Know the directions and legends on the map. The direction and legend on the map are the key to reading the map. Having a clear direction and understanding the legend will make you ready to read the picture. Especially in polar maps and large-scale regional maps, we should be careful in judging the direction. In addition, only by knowing the legends and notes can we read and understand the pictures correctly.
3. Use the map accurately. After clearly finding the elements, finding the appropriate map type, and recognizing the direction and legend, carefully look at the map, think and analyze.
(2) Master the skills of looking at pictures.
1, linking the characteristics of geographical things with familiar things. For example, remember the outline shape, main stream and water system shape of some countries and provinces, and remember billions with familiar things.
2. Understand memory according to the law of development and change of things. (1) Read the map according to the time sequence of the development and change of geographical things. Such as reading temperature map, precipitation histogram, earth movement map, flow process map, population growth statistics map, energy consumption composition change map, etc. (2) The spatial order's understanding of the distribution of geographical things is worth remembering. For example, the wind zone map, climate distribution map and natural zone distribution map of the pressure zone all have distribution rules to follow.
3. Pay attention to spatial positioning. Reading the geographical position of things is the basic requirement of reading maps, and its geographical position includes latitude and longitude, land and sea position, economic geographical position and relative position between things.
4, graphic combination, strengthen contact. Combining the geographical things mentioned in the article with the specific positions in the figure makes people feel very clear. On the one hand, graphics can concretize and visualize words, on the other hand, words can make the contents on the screen regular and systematic, which can enhance understanding and memory.
5. Use maps to find, think and solve problems. Guide students to think about the relationship between various information in pictures, so as to improve their ability to solve comprehensive problems. For example, observe the world population distribution map, find out the densely populated areas, and analyze the reasons for these densely populated areas? What are the factors that affect people's life and work? Then let the students observe the topography, city, industrial and agricultural distribution in this area, understand and analyze the relationship between various geographical elements, and find out the answer. That is, all kinds of maps of an area are "superimposed" to read, so as to understand the geographical characteristics and causes of the area.
(3) Cultivate interest in reading pictures.
Interest is the best teacher for students and the driving force to develop thinking and stimulate learning initiative. The teacher puts forward some questions that can stimulate students' interest in reading maps in time, which will become an important part of cultivating students' habit of reading and using maps.
1. Make clear the importance of maps. Let students realize the importance of maps in geography study, and make them interested in maps and have a desire to learn.
2. Determine learning objectives and stimulate interest in looking at pictures. Set appropriate reading goals for students, let them think about pictures, so as to stimulate their curiosity and arouse their enthusiasm.
3. Use multimedia teaching. When making multimedia courseware, we put different geographical elements on different maps, so that each map displayed has a single content and can be viewed clearly; Multimedia will show the learning content in order to avoid a large number of contents appearing at the same time, and students will be deeply impressed after reading it. Multimedia display screen is large, colorful, and can be accompanied by music, commentary, etc., and the viewing effect is good.
4. Connect map knowledge with daily life. The teaching standard of new geography curriculum requires "to enable students to apply what they have learned in their daily life". Let students know that in real life, many problems need rich map knowledge as a guide to correctly understand things and understand problems. For example, watch the weather forecast on TV, know the climate of the area you want to visit before traveling (high school geography www.gaozhong.cc), prepare articles, find tourist routes, find the place where news events happen, and so on. The source of interest lies in the application of knowledge, and you can feel a sense of success in the process of applying knowledge.
5, field observation, deepen the understanding of the map. Instruct students to go out for an outing during holidays, observe the topography, rocks, soil, vegetation and orientation of the local and passing places, form perceptual knowledge and deepen their understanding of the corresponding map content.
6. Look at the pictures and give lectures. In order to stimulate students' interest in reading and using pictures, teachers should look at the map in class and talk about it or draw it on the blackboard. Such as celestial movement and regional geography.
(4) Multi-purpose diagram of lectures
Teachers often use pictures and sketches in class, which can subtly teach students to read pictures, cultivate students' drawing ability and make students form the habit of drawing with pictures.
(5) Practice more after class.
After class, let students do appropriate training in reading, filling and drawing pictures, so as to promote the consolidation and improvement of students' ability to read pictures and the development of their skills.
The above are some understandings and practices of cultivating students' ability to look at pictures in geography teaching. The formation of students' ability to read pictures needs the attention of geography teachers and long-term conscious guidance and training to get good results.
Senior high school geography knowledge memory strategy: make good use of maps and integrate theory with practice.
Geography, as an important subject of liberal arts in senior high school, has many similarities with other subjects in learning methods. Such as: scientific learning attitude; Use your head, hands and mouth frequently; Ears, eyes, mouth, hands, heart, etc. At the same time, it also has its own unique learning methods. In fact, what we have been emphasizing is the thinking method of scientific learning method. If we don't have a good learning method, it will be difficult to learn. The following is a high school geography knowledge memory strategy compiled by High School Learning Network, hoping to help you learn and remember high school geography knowledge!
First, the use of mind maps for geography learning
1. The classification maps of the Institute include sunshine map, statistical map, topographic profile map, geological map, geographical landscape map, geographical schematic map, geographical cartoon map, geographical data map, geographical structure map and geographical contour map.
2, learn to look at the picture ① Look at the theme ② Look at the legend ③ Pay attention to the details ④ Connect with reality.
3. Learn to change drawings ① Tu Tu transformation (section to plan) ② graphic transformation.
4. Learn to use charts ① to summarize geographical laws or characteristics ② to remember.
Review the geography of China: You can look at the 10 map, namely: China administrative map, China topographic map, China climate map (temperature, precipitation), China water system map, China resource map (forest, minerals, hydropower, tourism resources, etc. ), China's crop distribution map, China's industrial distribution map, China's population, nationality, city, business center map, and China's traffic map. Look at the pictures, remember them, or even draw them one by one, and you will have the basic knowledge of China's geography.
Learning world geography:
1. Work hard on ten lines (five meridians and five latitudes).
2. Find out the natural landscape and human landscape in the area where the Tenth Line passes.
3. Draw an outline map within the latitude and longitude span of no more than ten degrees, tell the location, natural geographical features and human geographical features, and ask why. In this way, you will find that you begin to have a "picture" in your mind and a "truth" in your heart, and geography is no longer a monotonous text.
Second, the understanding of the pillar textbooks of geography learning
1, according to the outline, master the geographical principles and laws.
First, read the book thick: make reading notes on the book to supplement your understanding or find out your doubts.
Second, thin reading: organize and summarize knowledge to form a backbone and build your own "mind map." Mind mapping refers to expressing the concepts, thoughts and theories in people's minds by means of diagrams, making tacit knowledge explicit and visual, and facilitating thinking, communication and expression. It is a knowledge network diagram composed of nodes and lines, in which nodes represent concepts, lines represent the relationship between concepts, and a topic and its hierarchy are represented by a network knowledge structure composed of nodes and lines.
2. Use textbooks and learn to draw inferences.
By analogy, look for the general characteristics and laws of similar geographical things. In the review, we should jump out of the limitations of the textbook, appropriately broaden our knowledge, and have a certain foundation for thinking, so that we can draw inferences from others and think flexibly.
3. Use textbooks to summarize and master the rules of geography learning. For example:
Regional geography (continent or country): location, scope, population, topography, climate, rivers and lakes, resources, industry and agriculture, transportation and cities.
Geography of Senior High School: Distribution (Location Choice), Causes, Characteristics, Problems and Solutions
4. Clever memory of geographical knowledge
(1) homophonic memory method. For example: the most abundant natural elements in the earth's crust: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium (adopted daughter, for which beauty? )
(2) Formula memory method. For example: the names of provincial administrative regions in China: two rivers, two lakes and two provinces, two mountains and five rivers, Yunnan, Guizhou and Fujian; Sichuan Xining is green, Gansu and Shaanxi are heavy, and the Taiwan Province Strait is connected to the sky in the north. In Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions, one country, two systems has been realized.
Geography is one of the oldest subjects of mankind. Since the beginning of the world, nature has tirelessly shaped the vicissitudes of the earth and brought endless curiosity and imagination to ancient humans. For decades, human beings have been feeling the magic created by nature. Through the communication between man and nature, geography has been constantly expanded with new meanings and connotations. Today, geographical things and phenomena have become more and more concerned topics, which are not limited to the content of natural geography in the classical sense, such as mountains and rivers, the movement of stars, etc., but also more integrated into the imprint of human aspects such as population, resources, environment and development, tourism and so on. This extension, in turn, reflects the real projection of social characteristics. Up to space, down to the interior of the earth, and the human society in which we live are all important components of the geographical environment and belong to the research category of geography. Geography is also very practical. Geography is closely related to people's lives. We can observe many interesting geographical phenomena in our life and learn a lot of useful geographical knowledge. Moreover, geography needs to occupy an important position in modern science and play an important role in solving the problems of population, resources, environment and development facing the world today.
Since geography is so important, how can we learn it well? First of all, let's be clear. Why should we study geography? How does learning geography help our daily life? Secondly, it should be clear that geography learning has three levels: what to learn, where to learn and why to learn. Many students entering senior one will find geography difficult to learn, because the content of geography in senior high school is very different from that in junior high school. Junior high school is mostly "what, where" and senior high school is "why", especially the physical geography in the first volume of senior one requires students to have strong scientific thinking, which is difficult to understand. Students who have just entered high school have limited life experience, such as seasonal changes, and rural students in remote areas lack perceptual knowledge of industrial layout. In fact, geography is very simple, and it's no big deal to learn geography. You can try to do it from the following aspects:
(1) Learn to read and understand geography textbooks.
The pillar of geography learning is reading comprehension of textbooks. The difference between geography and the other two liberal arts lies in understanding and memorizing the knowledge points of textbooks, rather than rote learning. To achieve a deeper understanding, we need to read carefully and think actively under the guidance of teachers.
With the guidance of teachers in class time, you can avoid detours, especially after entering high school, the proportion of geographical common sense is smaller than that of junior high school, but the knowledge is deeper, more systematic and more complicated, and it is more difficult to understand; Now the scope of geography is getting wider and wider, and learning geography needs more extracurricular knowledge. Therefore, we must pay close attention to the main classroom of learning.
Geography and physical geography in senior high schools (mainly the first volume) should adopt the learning method of emphasizing science, understanding and ignoring memory, aiming at practical application, paying attention to the understanding and application of geographical principles and laws, and combining practical analysis to solve problems. Usually do more exercises, pay attention to solving problems, especially draw more pictures, deepen understanding and consolidate knowledge.
First, pay attention to "concept" and "digestion". When learning geography, we should pay attention to the study of concepts, digest, understand and absorb all geographical concepts one by one, leaving no room for food. Only when the concept is clear can the problem of judgment and reasoning be correct. It is necessary to list those concepts that are particularly confusing and compare their differences one by one, such as celestial bodies and celestial spheres; Sidereal day, Sun Day; Time zone, time zone, etc. Of course, concept learning is not isolated, but should be carried out in the process of analyzing and solving problems.
Second, talk about "reason" and "reason". Start with the basic knowledge and go through the "geographical principles" step by step. Such as: the relationship between air temperature and air pressure; Monsoon and monsoon climate formed by sea-land temperature difference; Conditions of ecological balance, etc. By mastering these principles, laws and rules, we can be persuasive when analyzing things, and we can draw inferences from others and find the general characteristics and laws of similar geographical things.
Third, summarize and master the law of geography learning. Organize and summarize knowledge, form a backbone, and build your own "mind map". Mind mapping refers to expressing concepts, ideas and theories in people's minds through contact, making tacit knowledge explicit and visual, and facilitating thinking, communication and expression. It is a knowledge network diagram composed of nodes and lines, in which nodes represent concepts, lines represent the relationship between concepts, and a topic and its hierarchy are represented by a network knowledge structure composed of nodes and lines.
The human geography in senior high school geography (mainly Volume II, Elective Textbook I and Elective Textbook II) mainly belongs to liberal arts, so it is suitable to adopt the learning method of emphasizing liberal arts. It is important to strengthen memory on the basis of understanding. Read more books when studying, and be familiar with and master the main points of knowledge; Can read books, grasp the context and main ideas of teaching materials; Think more, be good at summing up and form your own opinions. The study of human geography pays attention to the application of viewpoints and methods, and evaluates and reflects on reality.
(2) Learn to read and use maps.
The soul of geography learning is the reading and use of maps, and maps are an indispensable tool for learning geography. "Without maps, there is no geography", and maps are an important tool for us to acquire geographical knowledge. Geography learning is inseparable from maps.
First, "the combination of pictures and texts is easy to learn and remember". When studying, we should combine reading with looking at pictures, and find, implement and remember geographical knowledge one by one on the map; Usually, you should read more maps (or fill in maps), so as to "never leave", print the maps in your mind and reproduce your knowledge on them. In this way, when we answer geographical questions, we can come up with an image and clear map in our mind, so that we can extract the information we need accurately and effectively and answer calmly, that is, form a "brain map". There are a lot of questions in geography papers in previous college entrance examinations, so we should attach great importance to the training of constructing "brain map" in our usual study.
Second, grasp "reading pictures" and "understanding space". Maps have vivid and intuitive functions, which can cultivate observation, imagination, develop thinking ability and memory ability, and further understand the spatial distribution, spatial connection and spatial combination of geographical things. It can be seen from the geography test questions in the college entrance examination over the years that many test questions directly or indirectly investigate the spatial distribution knowledge of geographical things. Attention should be paid to the use of maps in regional geography learning.
Third, map learning should learn to classify, recognize, change and use maps.
Learn to classify, including sunshine map, statistical map, topographic profile map, geological map, landscape map, schematic map, cartoon map, data map, structural map, isoline map and so on.
Learn to look at pictures and pay attention to the order of looking at them. ① Look at the theme of the picture first, that is, the name of the picture; ② See the legend, scale and direction clearly; ③ Pay attention to the details, know the main content and scope of the diagram, and then observe the specific content of the diagram carefully and comprehensively, and don't miss every piece of information; ④ Connecting with practice. Learn to change drawings, such as drawing conversion (section to plan) and drawing conversion.
Learn to use maps, such as summarizing geographical laws or characteristics and memorizing them. When memorizing with pictures is memorizing, you should put the words directly on the pictures. Speaking of this knowledge point, your mind reflects pictures, not words, so you can answer all kinds of questions like pictures, whether it's words or pictures.
Learning geography should learn to use maps, form a good habit of reading, using and collecting maps, and acquire knowledge and information from maps, discover knowledge and improve skills. Maps are tools and the best teachers. When students learn the methods and habits of using maps, they will learn geography easily and interestingly, thus learning geography well. As long as you master the correct method of reading maps, cultivate good habits of using maps and form basic geographical skills, you will master the most important tool for learning geography.
Third, several links that should be paid attention to in learning
Learning geography, like learning other subjects, should pay attention to several links of learning: preview, class, practice and review, especially preview and review, which are easily overlooked. According to the law of memory, it is also necessary to preview before class and review after class. Through preview, you can know the general situation of the textbook and what you don't understand in advance, which is convenient for you to distribute your attention in class, because it is impossible to concentrate every minute in class, and there is a clear sense of rhythm in class. You must focus on the cutting edge and put the most energetic time on the important and difficult points. Don't wait until geography is finished, so you will never understand the knowledge in the textbook, and you will find geography difficult to learn. But if you understand and digest the content of geography on the same day, it is another matter. Every time you understand a little knowledge, your mind will be clearer, and over time it will be cultivated into your geographical thinking, so learning geography will be a piece of cake. Although the college entrance examination focuses on ability, it pays attention to foundation. Basic knowledge of geography includes basic concepts, basic facts, basic principles and spatial distribution of geographical things. Therefore, read more books when reviewing. Practice has proved that consciously previewing before class and consciously reviewing after class can greatly improve learning efficiency.
Fourth, integrate theory with practice to collect information.
Modern society is an information society, and information is everywhere in life, such as TV news, newspapers and magazines, media networks, tourism technology, variety sports and so on. It often provides people with a lot of knowledge and information. Much of this information is lively and vivid geographical knowledge and sensitive and specific geographical issues that people are generally concerned about. We should be good at collecting and processing and constantly supplement our geographical knowledge. Extracurricular students should also pay attention to extensive reading and cultivate good information literacy, such as entering the library, surfing the Internet, and participating in social practice surveys. , and timely access, collection, retrieval and processing of geographic information. This is not only an important extension of geography classroom teaching, but also an effective way for students to collect information, enrich knowledge and experience. Information is a resource and information is knowledge. Let yourself be the master of life and study, constantly improve your ability to collect and process information, be brave in practice, learn and innovate.
Geographical knowledge is rich in content, practical and widely used. When studying, we should closely combine the surrounding things and phenomena, local and national economic development, current affairs at home and abroad, etc. Make learning closer to the reality of life and more lively and interesting. We should also go into nature and society as much as possible, feel the geographical knowledge and phenomena in life personally, use the knowledge and ability learned in books and classes in field observation and social activities, and cultivate the ability of observing and analyzing, flexibly learning and applying, integrating theory with practice to solve specific problems, and the ability of communication and cooperation, practice and innovation.