According to the definition of UNESCO's Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, intangible cultural heritage refers to various customs, performances, forms of expression, knowledge systems and skills and related tools, articles, handicrafts and cultural sites that are regarded as their cultural heritage by various groups, groups and sometimes individuals. With the change of their environment and the relationship with natural and historical conditions, various groups and groups constantly innovate this intangible cultural heritage handed down from generation to generation, and at the same time give them a sense of identity and history, thus promoting cultural diversity and stimulating human creativity.
According to the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Intangible Cultural Heritage, intangible cultural heritage refers to various traditional cultural expressions handed down from generation to generation by people of all ethnic groups and regarded as part of their cultural heritage, as well as articles and places related to traditional cultural expressions. Including:
(1) traditional oral literature and the language as its carrier;
(2) Traditional arts, calligraphy, music, dance, drama, folk art and acrobatics;
(3) Traditional skills, medicine and calendars;
(4) Traditional etiquette, festivals and other folk customs;
(5) Traditional sports and entertainment;
(6) Other intangible cultural heritage. Objects and places that are part of intangible cultural heritage are all cultural relics, and the relevant provisions of the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Cultural Relics shall apply.
2. Common sense of world heritage
There are four kinds of world heritage: world cultural heritage, world natural heritage, world oral and intangible heritage of mankind and world geopark.
Europe
There are 47 States parties in Europe. Among them, there are 287 world heritage projects in 39 countries, including 259 cultural heritage projects, 20 natural heritage projects and 8 double heritage projects. The top three countries with the largest number of world heritage projects are Spain, Italy and France, of which Spain and Italy each have 3 1 and France has 26.
United States of America
The United States * * * has 3 1 contracting States. Among them, there are 1 17 World Heritage Sites in 24 countries, including 74 cultural heritage sites, 40 natural heritage sites and 3 double heritage sites. The four countries with the largest number of World Heritage projects are Mexico, the United States, Canada and Brazil. Mexico 2 1 World Heritage, USA 18, Canada 1 1, Brazil 1 1.
Africa and * * * regions
There are 50 countries in Africa, among which 34 countries have 99 world heritage projects, including 65 cultural heritage projects, 3/kloc-0 natural heritage projects and 3 double heritage projects. There are eight in Tunisia, seven in Algeria and Ethiopia, and six in Morocco.
Asia and Pan-Pacific region
By 5 June to138 October 2000, there were 32 Parties in Asia and the Pan-Pacific region. Among them, there are 24 world heritage projects/kloc-0, distributed in 20 countries, including 82 cultural heritage projects, 33 natural heritage projects and 9 double heritage projects. The top three countries with the largest number of World Heritage projects are China, India and Australia, including 23 in China, 23 in India and Australia 13.
The Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was formally adopted by UNESCO at the 1972+065438+ 10/6 in June 2006. 1976, the World Heritage Committee was established and the World Heritage List was established. China joined the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage on 1985 12, and became a contracting state. 199101On October 29th, China was elected as a member of the World Heritage Committee. China declared the World Heritage Project to UNESCO from 1986. From 1987 to July 2005, a total of 3 1 World Heritage Sites in China were approved for inclusion in the World Heritage List. Places listed on the World Heritage List by the World Heritage Committee will become world-class scenic spots, which can receive assistance from the World Heritage Fund, and relevant units can also attract and organize international tourists for sightseeing activities.
3. Knowledge of cultural heritage
Cultural heritage is conceptually divided into tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage. Cultural heritage includes material cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage. Material and cultural heritage is a cultural relic with historical, artistic and scientific value; Intangible cultural heritage refers to various forms of traditional cultural expressions that exist in intangible forms and are closely related to people's lives and passed down from generation to generation. Since 2006, the second Saturday in June has been China Heritage Day.
Tangible cultural heritage refers to "cultural heritage" in the traditional sense. According to the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as the World Heritage Convention), it includes historical sites, historical buildings and human cultural sites.
Intangible cultural heritage. According to the definition of UNESCO's Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, it refers to "various customs, performances, forms of expression, knowledge and skills and related tools, articles, handicrafts and cultural sites that are regarded as their cultural heritage by various groups, groups and sometimes individuals.
Material and cultural heritage includes immovable cultural relics such as ancient ruins, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, murals, important historical sites, representative buildings, and movable cultural relics such as important physical objects, works of art, documents, manuscripts, books and materials in various periods in history; And famous historical and cultural cities (blocks, villages and towns) with outstanding universal value in architectural style, uniform distribution or combination with environmental scenery.
Intangible cultural heritage includes oral tradition, traditional performing arts, folk activities, rituals and festivals, folk traditional knowledge and practice about nature and the universe, traditional handicraft skills and cultural space related to the above-mentioned traditional cultural expressions.
4. What is non-cultural heritage?
"Intangible cultural heritage" includes: oral legends and expressions, including language as a medium of intangible cultural heritage; Performing arts; Social customs, etiquette and festivals; Knowledge and practice about nature and the universe; Traditional handicraft skills.
Intangible cultural heritage refers to various forms of traditional cultural expression (such as folk literature, folk activities, performing arts, traditional knowledge and skills, as well as related utensils and crafts, etc. ) and cultural space (that is, places where traditional cultural activities are held regularly or concentrated on traditional culture, such as song concerts, temple fairs, traditional festivals and celebrations, etc. ). Intangible cultural heritage, also known as intangible cultural heritage, mainly refers to folk cultural heritage with national historical accumulation and extensive and outstanding representation. It was once known as the "living fossil" of history and culture and "the back of national memory".
It includes folklore, customs, language, music, dance, etiquette, celebration, cooking and traditional medicine. The biggest feature of intangible cultural heritage is that it is not divorced from the special way of life and production of the nation, and it is a vivid embodiment of national personality and aesthetic habits.
It exists on the basis of human beings, with sound, images and skills as the means of expression and word-of-mouth as the cultural chain. It is the most fragile part of "living" culture and its tradition. Therefore, for the inheritance process of intangible cultural heritage, people are particularly important.
UNESCO believes that intangible cultural heritage is an important factor in determining cultural identity, stimulating creativity and protecting cultural diversity, and plays a vital role in mutual tolerance and coordination between different cultures. Therefore, a resolution was passed in 1998 to establish an intangible cultural heritage selection. There are three basic conditions for applying for this project, one is artistic value, the other is endangered, and the third is a complete protection plan.
Only one country is allowed to declare once every two years. Since 200 1, two evaluations have been conducted, and 47 oral and intangible cultural heritages have been approved, including China Kunqu Opera and Guqin, Xinjiang Muqam, and Mongolian Long Tune jointly bid with Mongolia.
5. What is intangible cultural heritage?
Is it intangible cultural heritage?
According to the definition of UNESCO's Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, intangible cultural heritage refers to various customs, performances, forms of expression, knowledge systems and skills and related tools, articles, handicrafts and cultural sites that are regarded as their cultural heritage by various groups, groups and sometimes individuals. With the change of their environment and the relationship with natural and historical conditions, various groups and groups constantly innovate this intangible cultural heritage handed down from generation to generation, and at the same time give them a sense of identity and history, thus promoting cultural diversity and stimulating human creativity.
Intangible cultural heritage refers to various forms of traditional cultural expressions that exist in intangible forms and are closely related to people's lives and passed down from generation to generation. Intangible cultural heritage is a people-oriented living cultural heritage, which emphasizes people-centered skills, experience and spirit and is characterized by living changes.
In the practical work of intangible cultural heritage, the criteria for identifying intangible cultural heritage are father and son (family), master and apprentice, or school inheritance for more than three generations, and the inheritance time is more than 100 years, which requires a clear pedigree.
6. Knowledge and understanding of intangible cultural heritage
"The two words that we who are engaged in the protection of cultural heritage are most afraid to hear are construction and development ..." This is Mr. Wu Bingan, deputy director of the National Committee of Experts for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, who spoke frankly at the opening ceremony of the postgraduate class for the protection of intangible cultural heritage in China Academy of Fine Arts.
As Mr. Wu said, China's profound intangible cultural heritage is facing a great threat of improper development. Such concerns not only come from Mr. Wu Bing 'an, but also from Mr. Ching Tien, deputy director of China Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center, and Mr. Su Donghai, a famous museum expert, expressed similar concerns on different occasions.
Teacher Ching Tien said in the academic lecture "Tradition and Modernization": "China's modernization began with extreme hatred of tradition, so China's modernization process also began on the basis of serious destruction of tradition." Mr. Su Donghai clearly pointed out at the seminar on urban culture that "the rapid construction of cities will lead to the rapid disappearance of cultural heritage".
Facing the worries and sighs of our predecessors, as cultural heritage workers, we have to seriously re-examine the relationship between various forms of "creation" and "development" and the protection of cultural heritage, especially intangible cultural heritage. We can't help asking, has the protection and development of intangible cultural heritage really formed an irreconcilable contradiction? 1. Intangible cultural heritage from different perspectives is a cultural substance with knowledge, skills and skills that has been created and passed down by human beings in history and has important historical, artistic, scientific and cultural values. For example, folk literature, performing arts, traditional festivals, traditional ceremonies and knowledge of production and life are all important components of intangible cultural heritage.
The long history has left us a rich legacy. Faced with this huge cultural wealth, people often have different understandings from different angles. From the perspective of heritage workers, intangible cultural heritage is the inheritance and continuation of ancestors' culture. Proper protection of intangible cultural heritage is of great significance to objectively understand history, carry out cultural innovation, protect cultural diversity and rebuild social order.
Because intangible cultural heritage has no physical form, it is more difficult to identify and protect than tangible cultural relics (movable and immovable cultural relics). At the same time, due to the characteristics of live transmission, an intangible cultural heritage, it is more fragile than tangible cultural relics in historical changes and times shocks, and it is easier to disappear than tangible cultural relics. It is precisely because of this difficulty and its own fragility that the protection of intangible cultural heritage is more urgent and urgent.
From the perspective of tourism and economic workers, intangible cultural heritage is a precious wealth left by ancestors to contemporary and future generations, which contains rich cultural and economic values. In the process of protecting intangible cultural heritage, we should encourage all parties to make flexible use of intangible cultural heritage, from folk performances to tourism development, from handicraft sales to cultural creativity development, and comprehensively develop the cultural and economic value of intangible cultural heritage in various ways, so that intangible cultural heritage can play its due role in developing humanistic tourism landscape and local economic development while promoting traditional culture and revitalizing national art.
Second, the two views of development, destruction and protection seem to be very different, but when you think about it carefully, each has its own rationality. The author believes that from an objective point of view, the above two views are correct, and the protection and development of heritage can also promote the inheritance and development of heritage.
But in practice, different understandings often lead to different actions, which will have different results for heritage, society and country. Whether we are heritage workers or economic workers, as long as we have a normal mentality and proper methods, whether we are protecting or developing, it will be beneficial to the heritage. However, if we can't correct our mentality or use abnormal methods, it will often have some adverse effects on precious cultural heritage, some of which are even indelible.
1. It is understandable to develop and utilize intangible heritage, but recently we have always heard examples of adverse effects on heritage due to improper development and utilization. From the improvement of folk music, the participation of symphony conductor, and the wearing of opera costumes by Bangzi actors, it is not difficult to find that the cultural heritage that has been "developed" has lost its due charm because the developers are too enthusiastic and do not understand the cultural connotation of the heritage.
Folk operas are like Beijing opera dramas, and national music is like western symphonies. Intangible cultural heritage with local and national characteristics is rapidly converging to mainstream culture and western culture, and the process of cultural convergence is often the process of cultural heritage disappearance.
From the daily "March 3rd" in Yunnan Shilin to the casual "Langlongpei" in the folk village, we found that some developers only saw the economic value in the heritage, but lacked due attention to the cultural value behind the cultural heritage, which led to the separation of the form and connotation of the developed cultural heritage, and the customs and beliefs contained in the cultural heritage disappeared rapidly in the tide of cultural heritage protection, and the economic development became economic abuse. 2. It may not be difficult to understand that excessive protection and socio-economic development may cause developmental damage to the heritage.
But is it completely beneficial to the development of heritage to protect it only according to the working norms of heritage protection? I think the answer to this question is not completely correct. Cultural heritage is a living heritage, which needs to be handed down from generation to generation. With the changes of the times, the society in which the inheritors live is also developing, and the inheritance will also change.
If heritage workers only protect the heritage dogmatically and mechanically, do not pay attention to changing the means of protection with the development of society, and always hope that the heritage is at a historical point in time and everything related to the heritage remains unchanged, then this protection becomes transitional protection. Transitional protection is unrealistic. For example, we can't prevent local girls from going to school in order to protect the national customs of a minority area. For example, we can't stop using mechanical power and resume fiber traction in order to protect the boatman's corner.
Transitional protection like this is often bound.