Yelubi (899-937 65438+ 101), also known as Yelu Du Yu, whose real name is Li Zanhua, Yelu Baoji's eldest son, Yelu Deguang's eldest brother, Liao Taizong, the father of Yeluduan, and Liao Shizong.
Smart and studious since childhood, he won the love and esteem of Yeluboji, and was made the Crown Prince in 9 16. In 926, he was named King Dongdan, known as "King Huang Renwang". After Mao died of illness in 926, Ye Luduang succeeded to the throne as emperor. In the third year of Tianxian (928), Dongdan moved south and Dongping was promoted to Nanjing. At the same time, Yeludeguang controls and monitors Yelubei. In 930, Yelubi abandoned the country and went to the later Tang Dynasty. After 936, there was a coup in the Tang Dynasty, and Yelubi was killed and buried in Yu Ling.
In 947, Ye Luduang died. Ruan, the eldest son of Yelubi, finally ascended the throne again, and posthumously named Yelubi as the monarch and temple name.
Chinese names: Ye Lubei and Li Zanhua
Alias: Lu Ye's sudden desire
Nationality: Liao Dynasty (China)
Ethnic group: Qidan nationality
Date of birth: 899
Date of death: 65438+1October 1 1937.
Occupation: painter, poet
Faith: Confucianism
Representative works: sea poems, riding and shooting.
Temple number: Liao
Posthumous title: Emperor of Jin, King of Ren Huang.
Tansuke
Yelubi (born and died in 899-937, 65438+1 month,1year, reigned in 926-930) was born in Qin Yi Wenzong, Emperor of Liao, and Xialai Yelubi of Khitan Diera Department (now east of Arukerqin Banner, Inner Mongolia, China).
The life of the character
Early experience
In 899 AD (the second year of Tang Zhaozong Guanghua), Yelutu, the eldest son of Yelubaoji, wanted to be born. Yelubi was smart and studious since she was a child. She was tolerant on the surface and fierce at heart.
On the first day of the tenth year of Khan's reign (965438+March 7, 2006), Baoji became the emperor, founded the Great Khitan State (later renamed Liao State), and changed it to Yuan Shenshu, that is, Liao Taizu. In the same year (965438+April 6, 2006), on the second day of March, Yelubi, who was only eighteen years old, was appointed as the Crown Prince and became the heir to the throne of the Great Khitan Kingdom.
On 9th119th year17th October, while following Paul's machine to conquer the ancient armament department, the pioneer commander-in-chief Yelubi took the lead, first attacking and smashing the Gu Wu department, and seizing over 200,000 cattle14,200 heads, vehicles, tents and utensils. On October 9th, 65438 and 922, Yelubi led Wang Yu and others to Yan State, and once hit Dingzhou (now Hebei Province), which greatly expanded the territory of Qidan.
In the spring of 924 A.D., Bohai State killed Zhang, the secretariat of Liao State in the Great Khitan, and plundered the citizens of states and counties. After the incident, Baoji summoned his ministers and issued an imperial edict, claiming to use the Western Expedition. Everyone was surprised and didn't know what this meant, because the Bohai Sea was in the east of Qidan, and Baoji was not in a hurry to take revenge but attacked the west. Among them, only Yelubi was the first to understand his father's real intention of exploring the east and the west, and took the opportunity to offer his father a plan to seize the Bohai Kingdom.
On February 17, 926, after the Khitan conquered Fuyu City (now Nong 'an County, Jilin Province), Bao Ji wanted to count the household registration and population in the city first, but Yelubi remonstrated: "Now Fuyu City has just been acquired, and the people will definitely not be at peace. If our army takes advantage of the situation and breaks through the bamboo, it will surely conquer Huhan City (now Ning 'an City, Heilongjiang Province). "Baoji listened to his eldest son's advice and let him and Yeludeguang serve as strikers. On the night of February 23rd, Bao Zheng began to besiege Huhan City. Three days later, the last king of the Bohai Sea saw that the tide was gone and had to surrender.
After Bao Zheng conquered Bohai State, it was renamed Dongdan State, with "Ganlu" as the title, and adopted the allusions of "Heaven and Earth" to canonize Crown Prince Yelubi as "Huang Renwang" and give him the crown of the son of heaven. Because Baoji's own honorific title is "Heaven Emperor" and Shu Fei is "Earth Queen", Ye Lubei's lofty position of "below two people and above ten thousand people" has been established.
Reluctantly let the country go
However, the Khitans, who had just made great achievements on the grassland, had not had time to fully enjoy the joy of victory, and soon fell into an embarrassing situation full of danger: in July of the first year of the fairy (926), Bao Zheng died suddenly on his way back to Khitan, without telling his own affairs. After receiving the bad news of his father's death, Yelubei, who was far away from home, immediately set off for Liao, while his mother Shu had returned to the west of Zigong, and his younger brother Yeludeguang had already "walked in" first. The rapid loss of the two brothers means that there will be a struggle for the throne within the ruling group of the Liao Dynasty.
Crown Prince Ye Lubei, the legal heir to the throne, has a deep degree of sinicization, respects Confucius and Confucianism, and advocates the complete sinicization of Qidan and Confucianism as the art of governing the country; On the other hand, facing the ruling of the dynasty, Shu Lvping promoted grassland departmentalism and advocated the maintenance of Khitan slavery. She pays attention to the traditional grassland economy and cares more about the traditional interests of the Qidan nobles. She will borrow the agricultural economy and culture of Han ministers and Han people, but she doesn't want to see their influence too great to affect the Qidan nation itself.
Although according to the order of heaven, earth and Ren Huang, Crown Prince Yelubi, who is both civil and military, has a good reason to inherit the throne. However, in terms of military exploits, it is slightly inferior to his younger brother Yeludeguang. Moreover, considering the cultural tradition, Yeludeguang is more in line with his mother's wishes. Therefore, at this time, Shu Lvping, who was in charge of the military power of the Liao Dynasty and played a decisive role in the succession to the throne, resolutely stepped onto the front desk and appointed his favorite successor with a broken wrist.
Therefore, Shu personally directed a unique trick to win the support of Ye Luduang: she came to the minister's account and said to the civil and military officials, "My two sons are both excellent and suitable for being emperors. I can't decide who will be the emperor. Now I will give you the right to choose the emperor. Whoever you think is suitable to be an emperor will be a saddle. " Knowing Shu's intention, all the civil and military officials scrambled to hold Deguang's saddle and cheered "I would like to work for Emperor Deguang".
Prince Jerubi has a deep insight into his mother's mind. In desperation, he had to "ask the ministers to make way for the Queen Mother". Leading the ministers to plead with Shu: "The Grand Commander (Deguang) is a friend of China and foreign countries and should be the master of the country." He offered to give the Khitan throne to his mother's favorite brother.
At the end of the second year of Tianxian (927), Yelvdeguang became Emperor and Emperor Taizong of Liao Dynasty.
Tang dynasty floating on the sea
Although Yeludeguang acceded to the throne as he wished, he was not at ease with his younger brother Yelubei. Not only did he spy on Yelubi, but he also constantly tried to weaken his own strength in Dongdan. For this reason, brotherly relations have deteriorated and contradictions have deepened.
Yelubi's situation was known by the post-Tang Ming Emperor Li Siyuan. For political purposes, he sent a secret letter to Yelubi. In 930 (the fifth year of Fairy Fairy), Yelubi took his beloved concubine room and books across the ocean from Liaodong to the later Tang Dynasty, comparing himself to "Wu Taibo". When he was about to board the ship in Jinzhou (now Jinzhou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province), he was sad and angry when he faced his old country. He set up a small wooden sign at the seaside and carved "sea poems": "The hills overwhelm the hills, and the hills are powerless. I am ashamed to meet my hometown people and have since invested overseas. " He compared the "mountain" to himself and the "hill" to his second brother. It only took a few strokes to outline the sharpness of the internal contradictions of the Khitan royal family.
Yelubi was warmly received after arriving in the later Tang Dynasty. Li Siyuan, the emperor of the later Tang Dynasty, was greeted by Yi Wei, and was named Dongdan and Hua Mu. It changed Ruizhou (now Gao 'an, Jiangxi) to Huaihua Army, and made Shen Rui and other national scholars as a memorial to Huaihua Army. After giving the surname Li, the name Li Zanhua. Moved to Huazhou Town (now hua county, Henan Province) and took our time to Ganzhou (now Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province).
Different bodies and death _
Although she is in a foreign country, Yelubi often misses her hometown and relatives. In 933, Li Siyuan, Emperor of the Tang Dynasty, died of illness, and his son Li Conghou was killed by Li Congke, the adopted son of Li Siyuan, less than half a year after he succeeded to the throne. Yelubi thought it was an excellent opportunity to attack the later Tang Dynasty, and secretly reported to Emperor Taizong of Liao Dynasty, hoping to take advantage of the civil strife in the later Tang Dynasty to attack the later Tang Dynasty. Yelvdeguang is going south, but it is not invited by Yelvdeguang, but Shi Jingtang.
In 936 (the eleventh year of the fairy), Li Congke wanted to set himself on fire and asked Yelubi to burn it together. Yelubi refused. Li Congke sent Li, a strong man, to kill Yelubi at the age of 38. A monk in Luoyang collected Yelubi's body and temporarily buried it on a barren hill and slope. Later, Emperor Taizong of Liao Dynasty reburied Yelubi in his favorite Mount Yiwulu, the "Wu Wenyuan Emperor" in posthumous title.
In the first year of Datong (947), Ruan, the second son, proclaimed himself emperor. posthumous title's father was the "Emperor of the country" and the mausoleum was named Xianling. During the reign of Emperor Shengzong of Liao Dynasty, posthumous title was changed to "document". In A.D. 105 1 year (20 years of blessing), the literature of Liao Xingzong was given the title of Zong Yi, and the two queens were named Duan Shun and Rouzhen.
Literacy
Historically, Ye Lubei was smart and studious since childhood. He is an all-rounder in civil and military affairs. He is not only good at riding and shooting, but also has a high cultural accomplishment, especially the Confucian culture of the Han nationality in the Central Plains. He once bought thousands of books from the Central Plains and collected them in Wanghai Hall at the top of Yiwulu Mountain, where he lived in seclusion. He is proficient in yin and yang, temperament, medicine and writing art. He has worked on articles in Qidan and Chinese, and translated Yinfu Jing. He was also good at drawing local figures, such as Shooting Ride, Snow Ride and Thousand Deer Map, and was later included in the Secret House of the Song Dynasty. So he is a well-read Confucian, a bibliophile, a yin and yang scholar, a physician, a musician, a writer, a translator, a sinologist and a painter.
As a painter of northern grassland people, he is good at painting scenes of grazing or hunting beside water plants, especially at painting pommel horses. His paintings were evaluated by Huang Fuxiu in Song Dynasty as "quick bones, ill feelings and self-sufficiency". According to the book Xuan He Hua Pu, there were 15 paintings by Yelubi in the secret room of the Imperial Palace in the Song Dynasty. Other masterpieces handed down from ancient times include Shooting Deer at the Metropolitan Museum of New York, Riding at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and Riding and Shooting at the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
Poems on the Sea, written by Yelubi before he entered the later Tang Dynasty, is the earliest extant poem in Liao Dynasty, and Yelubi is also good at writing Qidan poems. Yuan Haowen of the Jin Dynasty once read his fine-print poem of Qidan, and wrote a poem called "Dongdan Riding and Shooting": "I used to read fine-print poems in my heart, but now I draw them magnificently." According to the statistics of Complete Poems of Liao and Jin Dynasties edited by Yan, Ye Lubei once wrote poems such as Happy Pastoral Poems, all of which have been lost. There is only one poem left at sea.
Influenced by his father, Yelubi admired China culture, especially Confucianism, and was a member of the Qidan royal family with the highest degree of sinicization at that time. According to historical records, on one occasion, Baoji and ministers discussed what kind of ideas the Khitan State should respect. He asked the minister, "An appointed king should serve heaven and worship the gods. I want to sacrifice to those who have made great contributions and have lofty morality. Who should come first? " Everyone said that Buddha should come first. At this time, Ye Lubei, who was on the side, said, "Confucius is a great saint admired by the whole world and should be ranked first." When Baoji heard that he was overjoyed, he immediately wrote to build a Confucius temple and asked Ye Lubei to lead hundreds of officials to pay homage to Confucius every spring and autumn.
Young, intelligent, eager to learn, loving the advanced feudal culture of the Central Plains, and reading a lot of China classics. He is good at writing in Khitan and Chinese, and he is also good at writing poetry and painting, "integrating the original ecological culture".
Yelubi loves the advanced feudal culture in the Central Plains. He once ordered people to buy thousands of books and build the Wanghai Hall on the top of the famous mountains in Northeast China. Therefore, it was called "Wanjuan Library", which was the earliest and largest private library in Northeast China at that time. According to people's records at that time, some medical books of Wanghaitang were hard to find in the Central Plains. Therefore, Yelubi has made great contributions to the preservation of the cultural heritage of ancient nationalities in China.
Anecdotal allusions
Young wage collection
One winter, it was very cold, and Baoji deliberately ordered his three sons to receive salaries to test their intelligence. As a result, the second son, Ye Luduang, pulled a bundle of firewood regardless of wet or dry, and the first one returned to the account of the insurance machine; The eldest son, Yelubi, chose dry wood and tied it neatly. The second one came back. The third son, Lu Ye Li Hu, only picked up a little firewood, and the last one came back.
Human blood
Although Yelubi was an official in the late Tang Dynasty, he did not "pre-treat". He spent most of his time painting and had frequent contacts with intellectuals and courtiers in the late Tang Dynasty.
Although Ye Lubei is good at writing and painting, he is "murderous" in character, addicted to drinking human blood, and often pokes holes in the arms of concubines to suck blood. When handmaids and concubines made a little mistake, he set them on fire and even gouged out their eyes. His wife Xia, who got married after he went to the Central Plains, was afraid of his evil deeds and asked for a haircut. This strange personality is probably related to his unfortunate experience in his hometown.
The origin of China's name
"Liao History Volume 116" records that all Liao countries take Yelv's surname. However, "those who write in Chinese characters call it Xiao, and those who write in Qidan characters call it moving thorn rubbings", which is "untestable" and there is no evidence. Liao History Volume 116: Yelv's and Xiao's. The first volume of Historical Records is called Yelv's, and after Xiao's, it is the second surname of the country. There is a place called the world, and the translator takes the world as the law, so the nation takes the law as its surname. One person said that the name of the Queen's younger brother and son is the messenger of our Xuanwu Army, and his sister is the Queen, so all future generations take Xiao as their surname. His statement was inconsistent with the discipline, so adult Chen didn't accept it. It has also been said that there is nothing to be tested in the words written in Chinese characters and Xiao, and in the words written in Qidan.
Both the History of the New Five Dynasties and Zi Jian record the sudden desire to give the surname Li and the name Li Zanhua.
The first appendix of the New History of the Five Dynasties (Volume 724): "When Ji Bao died at the beginning, the eldest son Dongdan Wang suddenly wanted to be an heir. His mother said that her youngest son, Anduan Shao Jun, would be the heir. However, the law especially likes light. Deguang has wisdom and courage, and he has served his Ministry, and Ann has gone, while the Ministry hopes to interpret the law, while Li Deguang * * *. Sudden desires cannot be established. In the first year of Changxing, he rushed to the Tang Dynasty from Fuyu. Mingzong gave his surname Dongdan, but he even named him Hua Mu. It came from Liaodong, and it took Ruizhou as Huaihua Army, benefiting from the observation and disposal of Huaihua Army in Hua Mu and Shen Rui. The five people in his trilogy all have names. Han is called Han Youtong, Muge Yuemu Shunyi, Salo is called Robin de, Yimi is called Yi, and the guest is called, thinking that the general who is naturalized and returned to Germany will be. He also gave He Miao a name, which he got before. It is called Di Huaihui, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, column, and the rest are all ". Within two years, I was even given the surname Li and was given the name Zanhua. "
"Zi Tongzhi Jian" Volume 277 Liu Ji in the later Tang Dynasty
In the second year of Changxing, Xinmao, AD 93 1 year.
I have given the Qidan Dongdan king a sudden desire to seal Dongdan, thinking that Huaihua is my ambassador and that Ruizhou and Shenyang are observers; His trilogy and the first captured Khitan general all have names. Yin Re's surname is De, and her name is Huai Hui.
In autumn and September, Ji Hai even gave Dongdan Hua Mu a name called Li Zanhua. "
family member
parents
Father: Lu Ye Abaoji, Liao Taizu.
Mother: Queen Qin Chun Shu Lu Ping.
brothers
Second brother: Ye Ludeguang of Liao Taizong
Third Brother: Emperor Zhang Su, Lu Ye and Li Hu
Fourth brother: Lu Ye Yaguo
Wife and concubine
Yelubi has many wives and concubines, five of whom are famous and gave birth to five sons for him.
Duan Shun's empress Xiao: Khitan, Yelubi's mother Shu, Crown Princess. After Yelubi fled to the later Tang Dynasty, he became the Regent of Dongdan State and died of illness.
Xiao Ruan, the Queen of Rouzhen: a Khitan, the mother of Jerubish, the concubine of Jerubish, and her son Yelu Ruan was honored as the Empress Dowager.
Xia: Han nationality, sent concubines in the late Tang Dynasty and given by Ming Zong in the late Tang Dynasty. Later, because of his bad temper, he asked for a divorce and became a nun.
Dashi: Su Mi is a _ _ person, a member of the royal family of Bohai Kingdom. I don't know where to go.
G: Han people, Feng and Ye Lubei love concubines. I fled to the later Tang Dynasty with Yelubi, and I didn't know where to go.
son
The eldest son: Ruan Shizong of Liao Dynasty, and the mother was gentle and filial.
The second son, Shu Ren Lu Ye Louguo, stayed in Nanjing and was in charge of the Dongdan National Government, and was executed in the Liao Rebellion.
The third son: Ye Lvshao, King of Wu.
The fourth son: Ping Wang, from Longxian County, Lu Ye, his mother.
The fifth son: Jin Wang Daoyin, the mother of Gao.
grave
After Yelubi died, a monk hastily collected his body. After Shi Jingtang led the army into Luoyang, in order to please the Khitan, he personally mourned Yelubi, wept in front of Yelubi's coffin, and buried it in the suburbs of Luoyang as a royal gift.
Because Yelubi loved the beautiful scenery of Yiwulu Mountain, Yelvdeguang, mindful of brotherhood, sent his nephew Yelubi to transport Yelubi's coffin back and bury it in Yiwulu Mountain and Emmy, posthumous title.
Personality assessment
As a Khitan, Yelubi could not avoid the generosity and frankness of the northern nationalities. However, due to the long-term influence of China culture, he became generous in appearance and looked like a loyal elder. He lost his status as a prince, but he didn't go to war. Finally, he went abroad, obviously influenced by "Wu Taibo ceded territory". After he abdicated, he was suppressed and monitored by his younger brother for a long time, but he seldom complained, which was related to his familiarity with Yin and Yang and the influence of Taoist metaphysics. It can be said that the infection of the Central Plains culture made him resist the temptation of supreme power, showed rare forbearance and concession, and finally made the choice of "separatist country".
During her exile in the late Tang Dynasty, Yelubi suddenly became "eager to kill". According to historical records, Yelubi in the late Tang Dynasty was addicted to drinking human blood, and even pricked his concubines' arms to suck blood when she was crazy. Handmaiden and concubine made a little mistake, and Yelubi set them on fire and even gouged out their eyes. His bad temper scared the daylights out of Shi Xia, his Chinese wife, so much so that she asked for a haircut and became a nun. Commenting on Ye Rubi's polarized personality, historians believe that this is probably closely related to his unfortunate experience in his own country.
Baoji's evaluation of his three sons is: "You have good skills, a successful career, and you are willing but unable." This shows the dexterity of Yerbie and Paul's love for Yerbie.
On Yue, the last article in Liao Shi Zong Yi's Biography of Monuments, highly summarizes and evaluates Ye Lvbei's life;
"Since ancient times, a new country, the prince gave way, is it easy to get zai? The orthodox religion in Liao country is flourishing! However, if I see doubt, wouldn't it be a sign of the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty? At that time, the company knew nothing about etiquette. Bundles of books that have crossed the ocean have traveled to other countries, missing their loved ones and seeking peace, and their hearts are full of forgiveness. Seeing that he worshipped the sage of Taibo at first, he made a far-reaching plan, but Hsuan-Chih Chen was evil in the end, so he asked for it. His interest is outstanding, and Gai has seen the words of Baikong since he was a child. There is no end to goodness, and it is difficult to judge heaven, which is caused by non-sexual killing! Although, in the end, the Liao Dynasty, sages and successors were all their descendants. The report of virtue is clearly here. "
This argument first strongly praised Yelubi's behavior of "releasing the country", as well as his filial piety and patriotic enthusiasm, and said that he had such a righteous act because he was well versed in Confucius and Mencius, understood the supreme virtue of "releasing the country" and the loyalty and filial piety of Confucianism; Then he expressed regret for his tragic death and thought it was retribution for his "bloodthirsty"; Finally, despite his shortcomings, his righteous act of "letting the country go" touched the sky, enabling his descendants to enjoy the throne of Liao. Although this statement has the idea of "karma", it is a fair evaluation for Yelubi.