1624, French king Louis XIII bought the forest, wasteland and swamp with an area of 117 mu near the original site of Versailles at the price of1Wan Li Foer, and built a two-story red brick building as a hunting palace. At that time, there were only 26 rooms in the Palace of Versailles. The first floor was the furniture storage room and armory, and the second floor was the king's office, bedroom, interview room, clothes storage room, staff bedroom and other rooms.
1643 Louis XIV was only five years old when Louis XIII died. At that time, the palace was located in the Louvre and Saint-Germain-Angles Palace. 1664 After the marriage of Louis XIV, he decided to move the palace to Versailles, that is, to build the palace on the basis of the hunting hut built by his father.
During the 50 years of Louis XIV's rule, Versailles absorbed the design essence of many French artists and architects and became the largest and most magnificent palace in Europe.
Louis XV and Louis XVI successively added new contents to the palace, redecorated and integrated all architectural styles, from French classicism to rococo to neoclassicism. The final layout of this building is simply enormous, with more than 700 rooms and an area of 565,438+0,000 square meters.
The Palace of Versailles is a classical style building, and the facade is treated in a standard classical three-stage way, that is, the facade is divided into two sections, the building is symmetrical left and right, and the outline is neat and solemn, which is called the representative of rational beauty. Its interior decoration is mainly baroque style, and a few halls are rococo style.
In front of the main palace is a unique "French" garden. The flowers and trees in the garden are ingenious and make people feel beautiful after seeing them. The gardens around the buildings are also world-famous. It has a completely different style from the classical royal gardens in China. Completely hand-carved, paying great attention to symmetry and geometry.
If the appearance of Versailles gives people a magnificent feeling, then its interior furnishings and decorations are more artistic charm, and extremely luxurious interior decoration is a major feature of Versailles. More than 500 halls and small halls are resplendent and luxurious everywhere: the interior walls are mainly carved, huge oil paintings and tapestries, equipped with 17 and 18 century furniture with superb modeling and exquisite craftsmanship. The marble courtyard and the mirror hall are the two most prominent places. Besides the interior decoration mentioned above, the sun is also a common topic, because the sun is the symbol of Louis XIV. Sometimes it appears on the wall with weapons and armor. In addition to being decorated with human figures, the interior is also decorated with animal images such as lions, eagles and unicorns. Some also use metal to cast stair railings, and some metal fittings are also gold-plated, with various colors of marble, which is very brilliant. In addition to the semi-circular arch like a mirror hall, there are flat and semi-spherical domes on the ceiling, on which there are reliefs besides paintings. There are precious works of art from all over the world everywhere in the palace, including fine ancient porcelain in China. There are more than 1400 fountains in Versailles, which is more than the water consumption in Paris. At that time, Parisians often got sick because of lack of water. Many people could have saved their lives if they had given one or two more drops of water. The king's 30,000 soldiers built a large machine consisting of 14 giant water theory and more than 200 pumps, which can transport the water from the Seine to the fountain, but this machine often breaks down.
The architectural style of Versailles attracted the envy and imitation of monarchs in Russia, Austria and other countries. The Summer Palace built by Peter I on the outskirts of St. Petersburg, the Sch? nbrunn Palace built by Maria Tracy in Vienna, the Unintentional Palace built by Frederick II and Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅱ in Potsdam, and the Shemsey Castle in Heron built by King Ludwig II of Bavaria are all modeled after the palaces and gardens of Versailles.
At first, in order to eliminate the separatist regime and rebellion danger of powerful French local nobles (such as Prince Conte's family), Louis XIV immediately concentrated the main nobles in Versailles after the completion of Versailles. From 1682 to 1789, French political and diplomatic decisions were made at the Palace of Versailles, which became the de facto capital of France. In order to show the majesty of kingship, Louis XIV and Louis XV often held spectacular ceremonies, parties, dances, hunting and other entertainment activities in the palace. 175 1 year, the fireworks party held by Louis XV to celebrate the birth of his eldest grandson, duke of burgundy, consumed 660,000 livres of fireworks. 1770 Louis XV's wedding for the prince cost 9 million livres. In its heyday-late Louis XV and early Louis XVI, the cost of maintaining Versailles accounted for a quarter of France's fiscal revenue. However, these activities have achieved certain results: before Louis XIV ascended the throne, the powerful, dissatisfied and rebellious French big noble was corrupted by extravagant court life, and even took pride in being invited to live in the palace, competing to imitate the manners and costumes of the king and the palace for fear of losing the king's favor.
Marble Courtyard: The main entrance of Versailles is surrounded by Little Square on three sides. The central building used to be the hunting palace in Louis XIII, but it was rebuilt in the period of Louis XIV, retaining the original red brick walls and adding marble sculptures and gilded decorations. The courtyard floor is decorated with red marble. The first floor of the courtyard is Marie Antoinette's private room and salon, and the second floor is the king's bedroom.
King Suite: Located in the east of the main building, in the old hunting palace in Louis XIII. In the middle is the king's bedroom, which has a golden red brocade queen bed and an embroidered canopy, surrounded by a gold-plated guardrail, and a huge relief on the ceiling entitled "France guards the king to sleep". This is the political activity center of Versailles Palace, where wake-up ceremony, early pilgrimage, late pilgrimage and welcoming ceremony are held. There is a small conference room in the north and a bull's-eye hall in the south of the bedroom, which is named after the bull's-eye skylight above the door leading to the king's bedroom. It is a place where princes, nobles and ministers wait to meet. To the east of the Bull's Eye Hall are the waiting room and the guard room. Queen's Suite: Located on the south side of the main building, it includes seven rooms, including the queen's bedroom, the queen's private room, the queen's waiting room, the ladies' retirement room and the queen's guard room. Downstairs of the Queen's Suite is Dove Apartment.
The Louvre is one of the oldest, largest and most famous museums in the world. Located in the north bank (right bank) of the Seine River in the center of Paris, France, it was built in 1204. After more than 800 years of expansion and reconstruction, it has reached today's scale. The Louvre covers an area of about 45 hectares (including lawns) with a building area of 4.8 hectares. The total length is 680 meters. Its overall building is U-shaped and divided into two parts: the old one was built in the period of Louis XIV and the new one was built in the period of Napoleon. The pyramid-shaped glass entrance in front of the palace was designed by China architect I.M. Pei. At the same time, the Louvre is also the oldest palace in French history.
After the' Good King Charlie' built an important library and became famous, Francois I in the16th century began to collect various works of art on a large scale. By the time of Louis XIII and Louis XIV, the Louvre had a very rich collection. By the eve of Louis XIV's death, the Louvre had become a place where paintings and sculptures were often exhibited.
On August 1793 and 10, the Louvre Art Museum officially opened to the public and became a museum. Since then, the collection here has been increasing, not to mention the artistic tribute that Napoleon requisitioned from those conquered countries. In short, there are 400,000 artworks recorded in the collection catalogue of the museum, which are divided into many categories, from the artworks of ancient Egypt, Greece, Etruscan and Rome to the artworks of eastern countries; There are sculptures from the Middle Ages to modern times; There are also an amazing number of royal treasures and paintings. So far, the Louvre has become a world-famous art hall.
Bourbon Palace, also known as the National Assembly, is located on the south bank of the Seine. It covers a considerable area. In addition to the Parliament Hall, there are a series of annex buildings with a total of 100 rooms. Its front faces University Street, and its back faces Concorde Bridge and Concorde Square. This is a classical building with a history of more than 260 years. This semi-circular building is magnificent in scale. The wide colonnade at the north gate, composed of 12 large circular columns, supports a triangular lintel, which is decorated with full-body relief. There are six statues on each side of the 30 steps under the colonnade. It was built in 1722 for the Duchess of Bourbon, the daughter of Louis XIV, hence its name.