Yuanming Three Gardens covers an area of more than 5,200 mu, with more than 50 scenic spots/kloc-0. Among them, the most famous ones are Guangming Hall in Zheng Da, Anyou Palace for ancestor worship, high-rise buildings with high water in feast mountains, Pengdao Yaotai simulating pavilions on Fairy Mountain, and Wuling Spring Scenery in Peach Blossom Garden. Some famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, such as the Lion Forest in Suzhou and the Ten Scenes of the West Lake in Hangzhou, are also imitations. Changchun Garden also has a group of European-style buildings, commonly known as the West Building. Yuanmingyuan is also a large royal museum with many treasures, books and artistic masterpieces.
In August of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. On October 6th, 65438/kloc-0, Yuanmingyuan was occupied. From the next day, the officers and men began to rob and destroy crazily. In order to force the Qing government to accept the conditions of peace as soon as possible, British Minister Erkin and British Commander Grant ordered Lieutenant General Mitchell to lead more than 3,500 invading troops to Yuanmingyuan on June+65,4381October+10/October 8, 5438 on the pretext that the Qing government had imprisoned British and French prisoners in Yuanmingyuan. The fire lasted two days and two nights.
During the Tongzhi period (1862 ~ 1874), the Tongzhi emperor prepared to restore the Yuanmingyuan for the Empress Dowager Cixi to live in. Later, due to financial difficulties, it was forced to stop work and rebuild other buildings. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and the Yuanmingyuan was destroyed again. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, some warlords, politicians and bureaucrats stole the building materials of Yuanmingyuan, and the site of Yuanmingyuan was further destroyed.
Yuanmingyuan construction
Manchu people have lived in Heilongjiang Valley in northeast China for generations. /kloc-In the middle of the 7th century, it invaded North China on a large scale, completely overthrew the Ming Dynasty, entered Beijing from the northeast as the capital, seized the national political power, and established the last feudal ruling dynasty in history-the Qing Dynasty. Because the Qing rulers lived a nomadic life in the northeast before entering the customs, with snow-covered forests in winter and cool climate in summer. After entering the customs, they didn't adapt to the dry and hot climate in Beijing in midsummer. Although the Forbidden City is resplendent and magnificent, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty found it dull and dreary. Especially in the early years of Kangxi, after the fire broke out in the Forbidden City, a high palace wall was built to prevent fire and court riots. The courtyards in the palace set each other off and became interesting. The water in the stream was so gentle that it almost became stagnant water. At that time, the imperial city was once known as the "red wall, green tile and black sewer". This made the emperors a little tired of the palace life surrounded by high walls, so they began to build gardens in the early years of Kangxi, which lasted for more than 200 years. In the western suburbs of Beijing, the endless Xishan Xiufeng: Yuquan Mountain, Wanshou Mountain, Wanquanzhuang, Beihai and other landforms, artesian springs can be seen everywhere, and they converge into large and small lakes and ponds in low-lying places. Yuquan landscape flows into Kunming Lake from west to east, becoming the largest water surface in the western suburbs. Ancient working people lived and worked hard here, and cultivated a large area of paddy fields, forming a natural scenic spot. As early as Liao Dynasty, the feudal emperors chose this place to build Yuquan Mountain Palace. In the Ming dynasty, the natural scenery here attracted more tourists, so some dignitaries occupied the countryside to build villas, and large areas of land were occupied by pieces. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Hou Liwei, the closest relative of the Ming Dynasty, built a lot of buildings here, first of all, the Tsinghua campus, which is known as the "first garden in Beijing" (so it is located outside the western wall of Peking University). Later, Mi led the lake to garden outside the east wall of Tsinghua campus, and managed the elegant and beautiful "spoon garden", which means "Haidian spoon". In the open countryside, pavilions and lakes and mountains complement each other and become a famous garden gathering place in the suburbs of Beijing. In the Qing dynasty, the emperor also took a fancy to the western suburbs, an excellent gardening place. This is how the large-scale construction of gardens began.
Yuanmingyuan is located in the north of Guajiatun, about one mile away from Changchun Garden, that is, in the north of today's Peking University and west of Tsinghua University. The Yuanmingyuan in the Kangxi era has water surfaces such as Qianhu and Houhu, and gardens such as "Peony Pavilion" and "Natural Picture Scroll". When Yuanmingyuan was still a princes' garden, the rules could not exceed the emperor's Changchun Garden, so there were not many scenes built and the reputation was not great, which was far less than Changchun Garden. But later, with the master's accession to the throne, the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty came. After more than 60 years of continuous expansion, the most magnificent royal garden in China's history was finally built.
The chief designer of Yuanmingyuan is an architect named Lei Jinyu, who was attracted by Kangxi when he was building the Forbidden City. However, in actual construction, most of them are still the views of the emperor, and Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong all personally guided them.
Architectural characteristics of Yuanmingyuan
The landscape of Yuanmingyuan is mostly based on water, which makes it interesting, and many of them directly absorb the interest of famous waterscapes in the south of the Yangtze River. Surrounded by nine small islands, the Houhu Scenic Area of Yuanmingyuan is a symbol of Gong Yu and Jiuzhou. The small gardens or scenic spots built on each island have their own characteristics and learn from each other. There is a good chance of climbing Yueyang Tower to see Dongting Lake. "The rainbow is near the lake, spanning hundreds of feet, trimming fences and cutting wings, and it is a wide pavilion. The reflection of the tattoo, between the lintels and overlooking the sky, is a blue sky. " The west coast looks like watching fish in Yuquan, Hangzhou. Commonly known as goldfish pond. "Chiseling pool is a country where fish are happy, and there are more than a thousand scales beside the pool." Wanfang in the west of Yuanmingyuan is peaceful. The house is built by the lake, shaped like a Chinese character, warm in winter and cool in summer, with exotic flowers and grasses embroidered on the other side in the distance. Yong Zhengdi likes living here. Shui Mu Minser, north of Yuanmingyuan, introduced water into the room by Taixi (Xize) water method and turned the fan. "The forest is rustling, the water is cold, the stream is rustling and the birds are singing." Emperor Qianlong likes to spend the summer here. Serene of the West Lake in Changchun Garden has a three-story temple on the circular platform in Bai Yushi, which looks like a mirage from a distance.
Another notable feature of Yuanmingyuan is that it imitates many famous gardens all over the country, especially in the south of the Yangtze River. Li Hongceng, emperor of Qianlong, visited Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces six times in the south, visited Wutai stations in the west and visited Daiyue, Jehol, Shengjing (Shenyang) and Panshan Mountain in the east. Wherever he goes, he likes famous mountains, rivers and gardens. After returning to Beijing, he will let the accompanying painters draw and copy in the garden. According to incomplete statistics, there are no fewer than forty or fifty places that directly copy the landscape of Yuanmingyuan. The ten scenic spots of West Lake in Hangzhou are all copied from the park, and the names will not be changed. As the saying goes: whoever says the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River is beautiful will shrink in your arms.
After Emperor Qianlong's southern tour, Yuanmingyuan has four famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. An Lan Garden in the northwest of Fuhai is one of them. In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong's southern tour, Chen Jiao Garden in Haining was named "An Lan Garden". Emperor Qianlong liked the wonderful structure of this garden very much. After returning to Beijing, he rebuilt and built around the Four Overflows Bookstore in Yuanmingyuan, imitating its location. After the garden was completed, it was named "An Lan Garden". At that time, Changchun Garden also built three other famous gardens. One is the Xiaoleyuan Garden, which was built in the East Courtyard of Siyongzhai in the 23rd year of Qianlong's reign, modeled after the Wangyuan Garden of West Lake in Hangzhou. One was built in the thirty-second year of Qianlong, modeled after Jiangning (Nanjing). One is the lion forest built in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, modeled after the famous gardens in Suzhou. For example, the Garden and Lion Forest have 16 scenic spots respectively. The west peak of Yuanmingyuan is beautiful, and it is the place where yongzheng emperor and Emperor Qianlong held a wonderful Tanabata feast on the seventh day of July. Here, you can borrow the scenery of the western hills. On the west bank of the river, there are a group of overlapping mountains, majestic and steep, and waterfalls in the mountain stream rush down. Looking closely, it looks like the majestic momentum of Lushan Mountain, hence the name "Little Kuanglu". Sitting on a stone by a stream, imitating the Yinshan Lanting in Shaoxing. Built in Yongzheng period, commonly known as Liu Beiting. Scholars such as Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty once lived in Yonghe on March 3, 1999 (the last day). They would gather in Lanting to meet, meander water, compose poems and repair wedges (sacrificial activities), which became a much-told story. The Lanting in the Yuanmingyuan, in the ravine, is rugged with rocks and continuous shock waves, and there are three-bay double-eaves pavilions. In the forty-four years of Qianlong, six "Preface to Lanting" posts by famous calligraphers of past dynasties were collected, which, together with the handwriting of great scholar Yu Min and Emperor Qianlong himself, became the "Eight Columns of Lanting". Emperor Qianlong requested that the pavilion be converted into eight directions and replaced with stone pillars, each of which was engraved with pillars. This is the famous Eight Pillars of Lanting in Yuanmingyuan. Dagong Kuanran, later also known as Shuanghezhai, was modeled after Jichang Garden in Huishan, Wuxi. The northern part of this scene is in the middle period of Qianlong, which is modeled after the Yunlin stone chamber rock of Panshan Jingji Mountain Villa. Jiaqing poem praised "Shuanghe Zhai": the structure is deeply like Huishan, and the famous garden is quiet and leisurely. The winding path is steep, the pine and cypress are lush, the hole is rugged, and the stone is not stubborn. People know that the humorous garden in the Summer Palace is modeled after Huishan Airport Garden. In fact, there was a Jichang Garden in Yuanmingyuan at that time. It's just that the artistic conception of the two imitations has its own merits. Spring scenery in Wuling describes the artistic conception of Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden. Built at the end of Kangxi, it was called Taohuawu during Yongzheng. This used to be the place where Li Hong studied, and the library was called "Leshan Hall". In this scene, it is said that there are 10 thousand mountain peaches. There is an ancient Taohuawu in Nagato, Suzhou, which is said to be the former residence of Tang Bohu. Although the name of Taohuawu in Yuanmingyuan is adopted, it is a peach blossom garden that Wu Xia can't compare with. There are more than 100 gardens and scenic buildings in Yuanming Three Gardens, which are usually called Hundred Scenery. It integrates various garden buildings such as halls, pavilions, pavilions, halls and corridors, covering an area of about 6.5438+0.6 million square meters. More than the total construction area of the Forbidden City 10000 square meters. The buildings in the park not only absorbed the advantages of the palace-style buildings of past dynasties, but also broke through the shackles of official norms in many aspects such as plane configuration, appearance modeling and group combination, and recruited a wide variety. It has created many rare architectural forms in the north and south, such as Zixuan, Ma Yuexuan, Tian Zi Temple, fan-shaped, bow-shaped, round mirror-shaped, I-shaped, mountain-shaped, cross-shaped, square-shaped, book-shaped and so on. In addition, in the layout of the garden, the scenery changes with the situation; All kinds of scenery in the park are interlocking and distinct, forming a colorful, natural and harmonious overall beauty. Wang Zhicheng, a French missionary, once had an image description. He said: there are many changes in the form of the buildings in Yuanmingyuan, which are uneven and have no stereotypes. Each of its small palaces seems to be made according to a strange model, which seems to be randomly arranged, and none of them is the same as the others. Everything is so interesting that people can't enjoy the scenery at a glance. They must study it carefully bit by bit.
The temple gardens in Yuanmingyuan are also a reflection of the ancient culture of China. Anyou Palace (Hongci Permanent) was built according to the old practice of Jingshan Shouhuang Hall. It is the royal ancestral temple in the park, dedicated to the "Emperor" of Kangxi and Yong Zhengdi. There are nine palaces with a ridge and double eaves and covered with yellow glazed tiles. This is the largest building in the garden. There are two pairs of China watches at the southern end of the central axis, which are surrounded by Qiao Songyan's cover, giving people a sense of solemnity. Fanghu Scenic Area is located in the northeast bay of Fuhai, built according to the imaginary fairy mountain Qiongge. According to historical records, there are more than 2,200 Buddha statues and more than 30 pagodas here. The front base of the building is made of white marble, which is in the shape of a mountain and extends into the water. The whole building is huge and magnificent. Whenever the mist first rises in the morning, the building appears and disappears in the smoke, just like Qiongge Yaotai. The style and momentum of this building are rare among the existing garden buildings in China. The Acropolis is a typical Buddhist building. It is said that it was built by imitating the layout of the capital of Sharo, and it is an ancient Indian bridge. There are 326 temples and houses in this city. Since Kangxi, whenever the emperor and the empress dowager celebrated their birthdays, the Buddha statues presented by princes and ministers were stored here. Among them, there are pure gold, silver-plated, jade carving and copper plastic, and there are hundreds of thousands of them year after year. Yuanmingyuan was ransacked and burned, and the losses caused by this place alone, whether it is economic value or cultural and artistic value, are difficult to measure by numbers.
Yuanmingyuan, which embodies the essence of ancient gardening art in China, was the most outstanding large-scale garden at that time. Emperor Qianlong said: "There is no better place than this. This is a place of treasure and spirit, and it is also a place where the emperor travels." But also occupies an important position in the history of world landscape architecture. Its reputation spread to Europe, and it was called "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". Hugo, a great French writer, commented on 186 1: "Just imagine that it is a fascinating building like the castle of the Moon Palace, and the Summer Palace is such a building." People often say: Greece has the Parthenon, Egypt has the pyramids, Rome has the Colosseum, and the East has the Summer Palace. This is an amazing and unparalleled masterpiece.
654381October 6, British and French forces bypassed the northeast suburb of Beijing and rushed to Yuanmingyuan. At that time, the remnants of Monk Qin and Rui Lin resisted in the north of the city for a while and then fled. The French army went first, passed Haidian in the afternoon and arrived at the gate of Yuanmingyuan Grand Palace in the evening. At this time, more than 20 skilled eunuchs in Yuanmingyuan were fighting with the enemy at the entrance to Jindemen. "Don't be afraid of being killed, and strive to advance", but in the end, Ren Liang, the "eight-product head" of Yuanmingyuan, and others died because they were outnumbered. At 7 pm, the French invaders captured the Yuanmingyuan. Wenfeng, Minister of Landscape Management, died in Fuhai.
65438 10/7, the leader of British and French aggression against China broke into Yuanmingyuan, and immediately "sent three members of the British and French Committee to discuss the distribution of treasures in the garden." On the same day, French Army Commander Montaubon wrote to the French Foreign Minister: "I ordered French members to pay attention to the most valuable objects in art and archaeology first. Yu Xinghui dedicated the rare things of France to His Majesty the Emperor (Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte) and kept them in the French Museum. " British commander Grant immediately "sent officers to collect things that should belong to the British." The day after the British and French invaders entered the park, they could no longer resist the temptation of things. The officers and men rushed forward in droves to snatch the treasures of gold and silver and cultural and artistic treasures in the park.
According to the descriptions of British and French officers, priests and journalists who witnessed the looting, officers and men, British and French people flocked to Yuanmingyuan from all directions in order to seize the treasure, and they were eager to take whatever they wanted. They beat each other and even fought for the treasure. Because there are so many treasures in the garden, they don't know what to take at the moment. Some of them moved cloisonne porcelain bottles, some coveted embroidery, some chose high-grade leather clothes, and some went to get wall clocks inlaid with pearls and jade. Some carry big bags, which are full of all kinds of treasures. Some people put gold bars and leaves in the big pockets of their coats; Some are wrapped in brocade; Some hats are filled with rubies, pearls and crystals; Some people wear jade collars around their necks. There is a mountain of high-grade silks and satins in one wing, which is said to be enough for half of Beijing residents, and all of them are carried away by soldiers in carts. A British officer plundered a golden Buddha from a temple with 500 Buddha statues, with a value of 1 200. A French officer robbed property worth 600,000 francs. The treasure plundered by the son of Montaubon, commander-in-chief of the French army, was worth 300 thousand francs and filled several carriages. A British private named Hollis once stole two golden Buddha pagodas (all three stories, one 7 feet high and the other 6.4 feet high) and a lot of other treasures from the garden, and found seven strong men to carry them back to the barracks for him. This man got the nickname "China Zhan Mu" because he plundered and enjoyed his life in Yuanmingyuan. In addition to robbery, the invaders destroyed countless things. Several rooms were full of silks and satins, and clothes were dragged out of the box and thrown all over the floor. People can almost cover their knees when they walk into the room. The engineer with a big axe smashed all the furniture and took the jewels from it. Some people break big mirrors, others shoot candlesticks for fun. Most French soldiers waved sticks and smashed everything they couldn't take with them. 654381October 9 When the French army temporarily evacuated Yuanmingyuan, this beautiful garden was destroyed.
Just as the Qing government bowed to the invaders and promised to accept all the conditions of "negotiation and peace", on the other day, when signing the contract, British leaders Erjin Palace and Grant brazenly ordered the burning of Yuanmingyuan on the pretext that their prisoners were abused in order to give people the impression that their aggression against China was "extremely bad". 65438+1October 18 and 19, three or four thousand British troops set fire everywhere in China, and the fire didn't go out for three days and three nights. This unique garden masterpiece, a rare artistic treasure at home and abroad, was burned together. Afterwards, according to the official investigation of the Qing Dynasty, there were only 20 or 30 temples, pavilions, temples, official doors, value rooms and other buildings in the huge Yuanming Three Gardens, but many doors and windows were uneven, and the indoor furnishings and several cases were looted. Since then, some buildings of Qingyi Garden in Wanshou Mountain, Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan Mountain and Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain have also been burned down.
According to relevant records, when the British invaders burned Anyou Palace on June 6th, 10, the eunuch in charge of Anyou Palace locked the gate, and 300 people including eunuchs, maids and craftsmen in Anyou Palace were burned alive.
When Yuanmingyuan fell into a sea of fire, Erjin proudly declared: "This move will shake China and Europe, and its effect far exceeds the imagination of people thousands of miles away." . The main emissary of the fire regarded this behavior as a great achievement, and upright people all over the world were angered by this barbaric crime. Hugo wrote in 186 1: "One day, two robbers walked into Yuanmingyuan, one robbed something and the other set fire. It seems that if you win the war, you can engage in robbery. In the face of history, these two robbers, one is called France and the other is called Britain. " This passage represents the voice of millions of upright people.
When Yuanmingyuan was still burning, Prince Gong, who was ordered to stay in Beijing, agreed to all the conditions of the invaders. Soon, the Tianjin Treaty text was exchanged with Britain, France and Russia, and the Beijing Treaty was signed. In this way, the imperialist powers occupied China's Kowloon Peninsula and a large area of northern territory, and extorted huge military compensation of162,000 silver.
Why did the British and French allied forces burn the Yuanmingyuan? Or what was the reason or excuse for the British and French Coalition forces to burn the Yuanmingyuan?
On the one hand, people think that the blood and fire nature of imperialism's external expansion determines the barbarity wherever it goes.
On the other hand, it is caused by "kowtow diplomacy". At that time, Britain and France asked for negotiations with the Manchu, "Beijing embassy, mainland exchanges, Yangtze River trade." In other words, people will establish diplomatic relations with you and set up embassies and consulates with each other. Foreigners can travel to Chinese mainland and trade with China.
At that time, Britain and France requested to negotiate with China on the above three points. According to the current understanding, various disputes between China and Britain are very normal in state-to-state relations and should be resolved through bilateral consultations and negotiations.
However, Di Hua believes that China has been the center of the world since ancient times, the emperor is the master of the world, all countries are vassals of China, and everyone kowtows when they see the emperor. The traditional diplomatic theme of the Manchu Dynasty was to make Yidi kowtow, which established a complete diplomatic model called "Tribute System" by Fei Zhengqing. Therefore, the trouble is that Yidi refuses to kowtow, and they will stay in Beijing for a long time. When an envoy enters Beijing, he is bound to see the emperor, but the ceremony of not bowing to the emperor will violate the concept of "the world is unified." At that time, the British and French allied forces demanded to negotiate with the Manchu, and if they wanted to negotiate, they had to see the emperor. Meeting the emperor, according to tradition, foreign envoys kneel down when meeting the emperor, that is, kowtow instead of kowtow.
The culprit in the burning of Yuanmingyuan was James Bruce, the eighth Earl of Elgin. Erjin ordered the Yuanmingyuan to be burned in retaliation for the Qing government's arrest of ministers and mistreatment of prisoners of war. In September, 1860, Harry Parkes, the British envoy, and Henry Locke, the private secretary of Erjin, went to Tongxian County to negotiate with the Qing government under the white flag of truce, and were arrested by Zai Yuan and Sengqin. He was taken to Beijing with a group of British and French soldiers who were ambushed and captured alive, and was imprisoned for more than a month. The Manchu emperor and government always regarded Parkes as the commander-in-chief of the British and French allied forces. According to the traditional strategy of "catch the thief first, then capture the king", they planned to capture Parkes before the Tongzhou negotiations, expecting that after Parkes was captured, the British and French allied forces would be leaderless and chaotic, and then seize the opportunity to suppress it on a large scale, which would undoubtedly win. During their imprisonment, these people suffered all kinds of torture and humiliation. Of the 39 prisoners, 20 died in custody, including Thomas Balbi, a reporter from The Times of London.
When Erkin learned of the atrocities committed by the Qing government, he decided to take revenge. Erjin will burn the Forbidden City. Later, after several days of deliberation, he chose Yuanmingyuan as the target of revenge. Erjin's decision to burn Yuanmingyuan instead of the Forbidden City has another meaning. Erkin believed that the Forbidden City was the seat of the China government (Britain and France were negotiating the Beijing Treaty with the Qing government at that time); Yuanmingyuan is a royal garden, privately owned by Emperor China. Erkin wanted to send a message by burning Yuanmingyuan: It is the Emperor China and his minions who should be responsible for the atrocities such as arresting officials and abusing prisoners, not the people of China. A few days before the retaliation, Erkin ordered the following announcements to be posted all over Beijing, declaring the purpose of the British and French allied forces to burn the Yuanmingyuan: "No one, no matter how high his position, can escape responsibility and punishment after committing fraud and atrocities; Yuanmingyuan will be burned on (1860 10) 18 as a punishment for the treachery of Emperor China; Only the Qing imperial government should be responsible for this, and people who have nothing to do with atrocities do not have to worry about being hurt. " (translated from English)
The detention and mistreatment of British and French diplomats not only violates the Western international law as viewed by Lord Elgin, but also violates China's code of conduct of "the two countries should hand in their troops and not cut their envoys" since ancient times. The destruction caused by the burning of Yuanmingyuan is not only the crime of the British and French allied forces, but also the historical reason caused by the pedantry and incompetence of the Manchu emperor and government.
After the destruction of Yuanmingyuan, it is still a royal forbidden garden. During the Tongzhi period, he was ordered by Empress Dowager Cixi to try to rebuild it. At that time, it was planned to restore more than 20 temples, mainly in Qian Chao District, Houhu District, West District and North District of Yuanmingyuan, as well as Gongmen District of Wanchun Garden and Xiaqing Hall at the entrance of Fuchun Hall. However, less than 10 months after the project started, it was forced to stop work for maintenance due to the exhaustion of funds. Since then, Empress Dowager Cixi has repaired the Summer Palace, but she has not completely abandoned the restoration of Yuanmingyuan. Until Guangxu 22-24, she also restored Shuanghezhai and Jinongxuan in Yuanmingyuan. 1900 (in the 26th year of Guangxu), Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing, and Empress Dowager Cixi fled to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu, which led to chaos in both capital city. Eight Banners soldiers, bandits and local ruffians took advantage of the fire to rob, and nearly 100 buildings that remained in the park and were basically restored were demolished and robbed one after another, which completely destroyed the buildings and ancient and famous trees in Yuanmingyuan.
Later, the cultural relics of Yuanmingyuan were plundered by bureaucrats, warlords and profiteers for a long time, and even destroyed by government authorities in a planned way. The dignitaries of Beiyang government, including some people responsible for the protection of Yuanmingyuan site, relied on their power to transport a large number of stone carvings and Taihu stones from the park to repair their gardens. Such as Wang Huaiqing, Commander-in-Chief of the Garrison in Gyeonggi, Cao Kun, the Governor's Ambassador (who was later bribed to be elected President of the Republic of China), Nie Xianfan, Commander of the Bujun Army, Che Qingyun, Commander of the Gendarmerie in the capital, and Wang Lanheng, Secretary-General of the Government, all have such misdeeds. Only Jing (equivalent to the later mayor of Beiping) Liu Menggeng forcibly removed 623 cars of Taihu Stone from Changchun Garden within 25 days of 1922. At that time, the 13th Division of the Army, the 16th Division of the National Army, the 11th Division, the 53rd Army of the Northeast Army and the 29th Army of the Song Dynasty were stationed in Xiyuan area successively. They have forcibly demolished the walls of Yuanmingyuan, sold bricks and stones privately, or used them to build a playground in Xiyuan. The Summer Palace, Zhongshan Park, yenching university, Beiping Library and other places also carried away a large number of stone chips. In the early 1930s, when the high beam bridge was rebuilt on the ballasted road from Haidian to Yuquan Mountain, with the approval of the Beiping Special Government, all the tiger-skin stone fences in the south (4,800 meters) and east of Yuanmingyuan were demolished and smashed into ballasts to pave the way. Prior to this, it also publicly sold bricks, tiger skin stones, mica flakes, and even the remaining marble columns of the West Building for many times, which turned the Yuanmingyuan into ruins.